Simulation Of Motor Research Articles

Electric Motor Simulator for Didactic Support by Means of an Electromechanical Mathematical Model

Electric Motor Simulator for Didactic Support by Means of an Electromechanical Mathematical Model

Application of Soft Magnetic Composite in XEV Motor Core Manufacturing: Process Effects and Performance Analysis

This study explores the application of AncorLam HR (Höganäs, Sweden), a soft magnetic composite material, in the stator core of an axial flux permanent magnet drive motor. Building on previous research that provided mechanical and thermal properties of the material, the focus is on analyzing how the manufacturing process affects the motor core’s shape. A bulk prototype was created based on case 3, which demonstrated the least deviation in density and internal stress. The prototypes were produced under the conditions of SPM 7 and 90 °C, and a heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere for 1 h, resulting in an average density error of 0.54%, confirming process effectiveness. A microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on Sample 2, with the highest density, confirmed consistency between simulation and prototype trends. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that the internal phase structure remained unchanged. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified the elimination of phosphorus (P) during molding, affecting the insulating layer, a critical factor for SMC materials. In motor simulations and actual measurements, the average torque was recorded as 37.7 N·m and 34.7 N·m at 1500 rpm and 27.7 N·m and 25.1 N·m at 2000 rpm, respectively. The torque comparison observed in the actual measurements compared to the simulation results indicates that the output loss increases in the actual measurements due to the deterioration of the insulation performance judged based on the microstructure evaluation. This study confirms the viability of using AncorLam HR in motor cores for electric vehicles and provides key data for improving the performance.

Experimental Passivity-based Control for PMSM

Abstract This paper presents the design, simulation and experimental validation of a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) speed control. The technique applied was passivity based-control. All the process of design, simulation and experimental test is described for each state. The experimental test is carried out with the system TMDSHVMTRPFCKIT of Texas Instruments, all processes for implementation are described and the final diagram for obtaining the code. The simulation and experimental results validating the control strategy are illustrated and analysed.

Understanding effects of observing affordance-driven action during motor imagery through EEG analysis.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of observing affordance-driven action during motor imagery. Affordance-driven action refers to actions that are initiated based on the properties of objects and the possibilities they offer for interaction. Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) are two forms of motor simulation that can influence motor responses. We examined combined AO+MI, where participants simultaneously engaged in AO and MI. Two different kinds of combined AO+MI were employed. Participants imagined and observed the same affordance-driven action during congruent AO+MI, whereas in incongruent AO+MI, participants imagined the actual affordance-driven action while observing a distracting affordance involving the same object. EEG data were analyzed for the N2 component of event-related potential (ERP). Our study found that the N2 ERP became more negative during congruent AO+MI, indicating strong affordance-related activity. The maximum source current density (0.00611 A/mm ) using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) was observed during congruent AO+MI in brain areas responsible for planning motoric actions. This is consistent with prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex activity for AO+MI reported in the literature. The stronger neural activity observed during congruent AO+MI suggests that affordance-driven actions hold promise for neurorehabilitation.

Numerical and experimental research on the hydro-electromagnetic levitation micropump

Micropump is the core component of the microfluidic systems. However, most mechanical micropumps are using the traditional contact bearings that are troubled by wear-out failure. Hydraulic levitation, which can make the rotating components levitate without any solid-solid contact, provides efficient solution to this long-standing challenge. Nevertheless, the current hydraulic levitation technology must utilize micron microgroove structure to produce thrust forces, therefore enlarging the assemble difficulty and manufacture cost. Alternatively, a novel kind of hydro-electromagnetic levitation micropump (HELP) without grooved thrust bearing is designed in this study. Taking advantage of the coupling behavior between the electromagnetic force and hydraulic force, the rotor of the HELP can levitate in the working fluid in all directions. Thereafter, the mechanisms of levitation forces formation are elucidated by the simulations of fluid flow and motor. Results indicate that the levitation bearing can provide sufficient load capacity in all working conditions, especially in high speeds. Based on the hydro-electromagnetic levitation principle, the HELP prototype is manufactured, whose overall size is as large as a coin, but can output the hydraulic performance of over 3160 mL/min and 90.5 kPa at 20000 RPM, which is several times over other micropumps. To verify the rotor levitation performance, the levitation trajectory test benches are built on the basis of laser displacement sensors. Results prove that the designed HELP can levitate stably in all directions at all rotational speeds. The proposed levitation micropump may be an excellent choice for powering the liquid cooling systems with high performance and high reliability.

Motor domain phosphorylation increases nucleotide exchange and turns MYO6 into a faster and stronger motor

Myosin motors perform many fundamental functions in eukaryotic cells by providing force generation, transport or tethering capacity. Motor activity control within the cell involves on/off switches, however, few examples are known of how myosins regulate speed or processivity and fine-tune their activity to a specific cellular task. Here, we describe a phosphorylation event for myosins of class VI (MYO6) in the motor domain, which accelerates its ATPase activity leading to a 4-fold increase in motor speed determined by actin-gliding assays, single molecule mechanics and stopped flow kinetics. We demonstrate that the serine/threonine kinase DYRK2 phosphorylates MYO6 at S267 in vitro. Single-molecule optical-tweezers studies at low load reveal that S267-phosphorylation results in faster nucleotide-exchange kinetics without change in the working stroke of the motor. The selective increase in stiffness of the acto-MYO6 complex when proceeding load-dependently into the nucleotide-free rigor state demonstrates that S267-phosphorylation turns MYO6 into a stronger motor. Finally, molecular dynamic simulations of the nucleotide-free motor reveal an alternative interaction network within insert-1 upon phosphorylation, suggesting a molecular mechanism, which regulates insert-1 positioning, turning the S267-phosphorylated MYO6 into a faster motor.

Electrical Simulation of Ring Type Motor and Radial Motor with One Spool One Magnet Test Method for Green Transportation Electric Vehicle Using Finite Element Method (FEM)

Electrical Simulation of Ring Type Motor and Radial Motor with One Spool One Magnet Test Method for Green Transportation Electric Vehicle Using Finite Element Method (FEM)

Relationship between severity of hypomimia and basic emotion recognition in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence of motor symptoms including hypomimia, and by non-motor symptoms including alterations in facial recognition of basic emotions. Few studies have investigated this alteration and its relationship to the severity of hypomimia. The objective is to study the relationship between hypomimia and the facial recognition of basic emotions in subjects with Parkinson's disease. Twenty-three patients and 29 controls were evaluated with the test battery for basic emotion facial recognition. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the intensity of their hypomimia. The comparison in battery test performance between the minimal/mild hypomimia and moderate/severe hypomimia groups was statistically significant in favour of the former group. This finding shows a close relationship between expression and facial recognition of emotions, which could be explained through the mechanism of motor simulation.

Linear Motor System Identification and Simulation Experiments Based on LabVIEW

Linear Motor System Identification and Simulation Experiments Based on LabVIEW

Multi-objective optimization of permanent magnet motor based on Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm and Spearman correlation

In order to weaken the torque ripple caused by cogs torque and increase the output torque of permanent magnet synchronous motor, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization method of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on Improved Multi-Objective Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (IMOSSA) and Spearman correlation analysis. Firstly, the improved strategy of Multi-Objective Salp Swarm Algorithm (MOSSA) was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved algorithm was further verified by the performance test of the algorithm. Then, the motor simulation model was established, and the high correlation parameters were filtered out by Spearman correlation analysis. The response surface model was established by Response Surface Method (RSM), and the regression equation was given. The IMOSSA was used for iterative optimization. Through optimization, the experimental results show that under the premise of meeting the efficiency design requirements, the average output torque of the motor is increased by 21.35%, the torque ripple and cogging torque are reduced by 45.04% and 39.17% respectively, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

Investigating the Higher Education Students’ Perception of an Interactive DC Motor Simulator

This study investigates the perceptions of higher education students regarding an interactive DC (Direct Current) motor simulator, shedding light on the evolving landscape of virtual education. By utilizing five aspects of learning dimension, visual elements, software functionality, usability, and portability of a four-point Likert scale questionnaire, the research uncovers a generally positive reception of the simulator among students, who view it as a valuable complement to traditional hands-on laboratories, enabling self-paced learning and offering repeatable experiments in a safe environment. Nevertheless, our research highlights notable concerns, such as challenges related to user interface design and pre-installation software. These findings offer crucial insights into the strengths and limitations of a DC motor simulator in higher education, providing guidance for educators and instructional designers striving to optimize digital learning experiences.

In the eye of the beholder: Social traits predict motor simulation during naturalistic action perception

Previous research has robustly demonstrated that eye contact between actor and observer promotes the simulation of perceived actions into the observer's own motor system, which in turn facilitates social perception and communication. The socially relevant connotation embedded in eye contact may however be different for individuals with differing social traits. Here, we examined how “normal” (i.e. non-clinical) variability in self-reported social responsiveness/autistic traits, social anxiety and interpersonal relationship style (secure, avoidant or anxious attachment) influences neural motor simulation during action observation in different gaze conditions. To do so, we analyzed an existing dataset involving 124 adult participants (age range: 18–35 years) who underwent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while observing an actor performing simple hand actions and simultaneously engaging in eye contact or gazing away from the observer. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes were adopted as an index of motor resonance. Regression-based analyses highlighted the role of social responsiveness and secure attachment in shaping motor resonance, indicating that socially responsive motor resonance during dyadic gaze (i.e., MEPdirect > MEPaverted) was only observed in participants displaying high levels of these traits. Furthermore, a clustering analysis identified two to three distinct subgroups of participants with unique social trait profiles, showing a clear differentiation in motor resonant patterns upon different gaze cues that is in accordance with a recent neurobiological framework of attachment. Together, results demonstrate that motor resonance within a given social interaction may serve as a sensitive tracker of socio-interactive engagement, which allows to capture subclinical inter-individual variation in relevant social traits.

Assessment of Fractional and Integer Order Models of Induction Motor Using MATLAB/Simulink

The definition of derivatives and integrals of any real or complex order can be found in fractional calculus, which is an extension of ordinary calculus. Many real-world processes might be more accurately modeled by these fractional calculi. Flexibility and nonlocality are the two fundamental benefits of fractional derivatives. These derivatives, which are of fractional order, are more flexible than classical derivatives in how they might approach real data. Due to its applications in numerous domains, the fractional order model has grown in significance and popularity. The simulation results have been performed for three squirrel cage induction motors which have different parameter values. To perform fractional order calculus, the Fractional Order Modeling and Control (FOMCOM) toolbox has been added to MATLAB. To determine the value of the order of differentiation (α) that best represents the induction motor, speed and torque simulations for several orders of differentiation (α) were performed. According to the results of the speed and torque simulation, an integer order (α=1) model is the optimal representation of the induction motor. The main goal of this paper is to investigate which model, either integer or fractional order model, best represents an induction motor.

On the Role of Sensorimotor Experience in Facial Expression Perception.

Humans recognize the facial expressions of others rapidly and effortlessly. Although much is known about how we perceive expressions, the role of facial experience in shaping this remarkable ability remains unclear. Is our perception of expressions linked to how we ourselves make facial expressions? Are we better at recognizing other's facial expressions if we are experts at making the same expressions ourselves? And if we could not make facial expressions at all, would it impact our ability to recognize others' facial expressions? The current article aims to examine these questions by explicating the link between facial experience and facial expression recognition. It includes a comprehensive appraisal of the related literature and examines three main theories that posit a connection between making and recognizing facial expressions. First, recent studies in individuals with Moebius syndrome support the role of facial ability (i.e., the ability to move one's face to make facial expressions) in facial expression recognition. Second, motor simulation theory suggests that humans recognize others' facial expressions by covertly mimicking the observed expression (without overt motor action) and that this facial mimicry helps us identify and feel the associated emotion. Finally, the facial feedback hypothesis provides a framework for enhanced emotional experience via proprioceptive feedback from facial muscles when mimicking a viewed facial expression. Evidence for and against these theories is presented as well as some considerations and outstanding questions for future research studies investigating the role of facial experience in facial expression perception.

Analyzing the Impact of Discretization Techniques on Real Time Simulation of DC Servo Motor Using FPGA

Analyzing the Impact of Discretization Techniques on Real Time Simulation of DC Servo Motor Using FPGA

Explicit and implicit motor simulations are impaired in individuals with aphantasia.

Individuals with aphantasia report having difficulties or an inability to generate visual images of objects or events. So far, there is no evidence showing that this condition also impacts the motor system and the generation of motor simulations. We probed the neurophysiological marker of aphantasia during explicit and implicit forms of motor simulation, i.e. motor imagery and action observation, respectively. We tested a group of individuals without any reported imagery deficits (phantasics) as well as a group of individuals self-reporting the inability to mentally simulate images or movements (aphantasics). We instructed the participants to explicitly imagine a maximal pinch movement in the visual and kinaesthetic modalities and to observe a video showing a pinch movement. By means of transcranial magnetic stimulation, we triggered motor-evoked potentials in the target right index finger. As expected, the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials, a marker of corticospinal excitability, increased for phantasics during kinaesthetic motor imagery and action observation relative to rest but not during visual motor imagery. Interestingly, the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials did not increase in any of the conditions for the group of aphantasics. This result provides neurophysiological evidence that individuals living with aphantasia have a real deficit in activating the motor system during motor simulations.

No increase in corticospinal excitability during motor simulation provides a platform to explore the neurophysiology of aphantasia.

This scientific commentary refers to 'Explicit and implicit motor simulations are impaired in individuals with aphantasia', by Dupont et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae072) in Brain Communications.

The Effects of Signal Processing Techniques in Damage Detection and Structural Health Monitoring

This work focuses on the application of the well-known signal processing techniques such as the time series models, Fourier transform, and wavelet transform in visualizing peaks of vibration and their pattern that are used in structural health monitoring. The primary objective of this study is to compare the ability of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) series and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) series in detecting mechanical faults, specifically looseness and bearing condition, in an electrical motor simulator through the visualization of vibration peak changes. By utilizing these two signal processing techniques, the frequency peaks caused by alterations in the structure have been compared. It is done on a vibration experiment under different bearing conditions such as normal condition, looseness of bearing mountings at the mid of the shaft and loose end condition, bearing damage at mid and end condition. These defects are performed using two different speeds. The vibrations were measured with a Dytran Triaxial Accelerometer with three different axis which were X, Y and Z axis. Then, the raw data obtained in acceleration transformed into time series, Fourier transform and finally wavelet transform using Matlab software. As the raw data was collected in time series, they are transformed to frequency spectrum using the Fourier transform. The frequency data have been chosen by the comparison of the X, Y and Z axis in time series based on the most significant amplitudes in respective to the three-axis stated. Finally, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) series are compared with the frequency peaks obtained using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). CWT used to plot the data by using magnitude scalogram method. It is shown that this method has provided a better way to visualize and identify the vibration peaks through all frequency ranges with respect to time and magnitude of vibration. One notable advantage of employing CWT is the simultaneous display of magnitude and time measurements alongside color-scaled frequency peaks on the plot. This scalogram visualization permits more precise detection of the fluctuation of vibration peaks than the FFT, which can be laborious. Therefore, CWT has the better effective techniques in detection of high vibration in scope of this work.

Thermal simulation and optimization of a Curie-based thermomagnetic motor harnessing concentrated solar energy

This work reports on a numerical study of a thermomagnetic motor with the active material being a Nickel (Ni) plate using the Curie effect. The main goal is to use thermal simulation and parameter optimization to increase the motor’s efficiency. With respect to beam width, heat exposure duration, and rotation frequency, the study focuses on multiparametric simulations of a thermomagnetic wheel exposed to a concentrated sun beam. An efficient configuration for real-world application is found using the finite element-based computational tool COMSOL Multiphysics. The outcomes show that, when taking into account n = 5 cycles, the ideal configuration displays parameter settings with the lowest quadratic deviation around the Curie temperature during the thermal excitation process and the lowest quadratic deviation around the ambient temperature during the thermal relaxation process. Furthermore, a cooling method is presented, which includes supporting the active material with an Aluminum (Al) heat sink. In order to speed up the remagnetization of the Curie wheel, this method seeks to decrease heat accumulation and regulate the deposited thermal flux on the Ni plate. We also found that the reduction in quadratic deviation is most pronounced between zAl = 1 mm and zAl = 2 mm. At zAl = 10 mm, the quadratic deviation achieves its lowest value (σθmin=5.65K) at the end of the thermal relaxation process. The results of this study will forward the design of a high-performance thermomagnetic motor for mechanical and electrical applications.

Manipulating objects during learning shrinks the global scale of spatial representations in memory: a virtual reality study

Goal-directed approaches to perception usually consider that distance perception is shaped by the body and its potential for interaction. Although this phenomenon has been extensively investigated in the field of perception, little is known about the effect of motor interactions on memory, and how they shape the global representation of large-scale spaces. To investigate this question, we designed an immersive virtual reality environment in which participants had to learn the positions of several items. Half of the participants had to physically (but virtually) grab the items with their hand and drop them at specified locations (active condition). The other half of the participants were simply shown the items which appeared at the specified position without interacting with them (passive condition). Half of the items used during learning were images of manipulable objects, and the other half were non manipulable objects. Participants were subsequently asked to draw a map of the virtual environment from memory, and to position all the items in it. Results show that active participants recalled the global shape of the spatial layout less precisely, and made more absolute distance errors than passive participants. Moreover, global scaling compression bias was higher for active participants than for passive participants. Interestingly, manipulable items showed a greater compression bias compared to non-manipulable items, yet they had no effect on correlation scores and absolute non-directional distance errors. These results are discussed according to grounded approaches of spatial cognition, emphasizing motor simulation as a possible mechanism for position retrieval from memory.