Motor Phase Research Articles

Performance Comparison of Fault-Tolerant Control for Triple Redundant 3 × 3-Phase Motors Driven by Mono-Inverter

In this article, the fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy based on current redistribution is compared for three types of triple redundant <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -phase motor: surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM), synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM), and permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM), under a single-phase open-circuit fault. The output torque of SPMSM and SynRM is produced by permanent magnet (PM) torque and reluctance torque, respectively. Nevertheless, for PMa-SynRM, it is necessary to determine the distribution ratio of PM torque and reluctance torque in the proposed FTC strategy. By comparing the FTC performance of motors, the conclusions are as follows: 1) torque ripple of the SPMSM can be completely suppressed; 2) torque ripple minimization for the SynRM and PMa-SynRM can be realized; and 3) optimal solution obtained in SynRM can also be applied to the PMa-SynRM when the load is heavy. In addition, to reduce the complexity and improve the reliability of the control system, a mono-inverter-driven triple-paralleled control system is constructed in healthy and postfault operations. The comparison results of the FTC strategy for three types of motor are obtained by simulation. And the experimental results based on a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\,\times \,3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -phase PMa-SynRM are accomplished to verify the feasibility of the theory.

A Novel Phase Loss Detection Method for Low-Cost Motor Drives

This article proposes a novel method for detection of open-phase faults, which was specifically designed for usage in low-cost motor drives. The proposed algorithm uses analysis of current signals to detect the failure and it was developed for usage with conventional configuration of motor drives, where phase currents are measured with the shunt sensors placed in motor phases, or dc-link and which signals are corrupted with a noise. The author discusses the specifics of inverter hardware design for low-cost applications and explains why the conventional techniques are not applicable. After that a new method capable of operating at high noise to signal ratio is proposed and implemented. The experimental results verified feasibility of the developed technique and demonstrated its reliable operation under different load conditions. In order to perform comparative analysis, several conventional algorithms were implemented and their performance was compared to the performance of the proposed method. After experimental verification, this algorithm was included into the existing control scheme of commercial permanent magnet synchronous motors, as a part of the safety module. The modified motor drive successfully passed standardization according to UL 60730 safety standards and was put into mass production.

A Novel Zero/Reduced Common-Mode Voltage Modulation Scheme for a Dual Three-Phase Motor Drive System in Full Modulation Span

Common-mode voltage (CMV) is one of the major concerns in modern motor drive systems using pulsewidth modulation (PWM) controls. To alleviate the CMV issue, a series of different PWM methods have been proposed. However, due to the physical limits of the three-phase structure, none of those reduced-CMV PWMs (RCMV-PWMs) can fully eliminate the CMV. As the motor phases have been extended to even numbers, such as six phases, opportunities to eliminate the CMV by a proper modulation scheme emerge. This article proposes a new modulation method to fully eliminate or reduce the CMV for the full modulation span of a dual-three-phase motor drive system, thereby helping to shrink the CM filter. Mathematical models are built indicating its effectiveness of eliminating the CMV in the linearity range of the modulation index and reducing the CMV in the overmodulation range. Simulation results along with experiments implemented on field-programmable gate array controlled dual inverters validated the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.

Result Paper on IOT Based Induction Motor Speed Control and Parameter Monitoring

Abstract: Today’s application of single phase induction motor is increased due to it simple operation and availability of single phase supply in every place. The single phase motor available in different rating, Different speed and used for different application. The single induction motor is used for particular operation need to protect motor and need to control parameters of single phase induction motor and monitor this data to user operator. This is possible with help of IOT in this project single phase induction motor parameter monitoring and speed control is done through IOT base system. In this project the parameters of the motor is continuously recorded and send to the user operator through the cloud internet to end user application module. Keywords: Induction Motor, IOT, Speed Control, Monitoring etc.

Dietary genistein and 17β-estradiol implants differentially influence locomotor and cognitive functions following transient focal ischemia in middle-aged ovariectomized rats at different lengths of estrogen deprivation

Genistein possesses estrogenic activity and has been considered a potential replacement for estrogen replacement therapy after menopause. In the current study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of dietary genistein at varied lengths of estrogen deprivation in middle-aged ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats under ischemic conditions. Two weeks of treatment with dietary genistein at 42 mg/kg but not 17β-estradiol implants improved cognitive flexibility (Morris water maze test) after short-term estrogen deprivation (2 weeks) but not long-term estrogen deprivation (12 weeks). 17β-estradiol implants but not dietary genistein improved locomotor asymmetry (cylinder test) after long-term but not short-term estrogen deprivation. Dietary genistein but not 17β-estradiol implant improved early phase motor learning (rotarod test) after long-term estrogen deprivation. Neither 17β-estradiol implant nor dietary genistein reduced infarct size after either short-term or long-term estrogen deprivation. Genistein, however, reduced ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1) expression, a marker of brain inflammation, at the ipsilateral side of stroke injury after short-term but not long-term estrogen deprivation. This study suggests that the neuroprotective effects of dietary genistein on motor and cognitive functions are distinctly influenced by the length of estrogen deprivation following focal ischemia. SignificanceThere is an increasing postmenopausal population opting for homeopathic medicines for the management of menopausal symptoms due to the perceived distrust in estrogen use as hormone replacement. Basic and clinical studies support the notion that early, but not delayed, hormone replacement after menopause is beneficial. Furthermore, evidence suggests that delaying hormone replacement augments the detrimental, rather than the beneficial effects of estrogens. Because of the active consideration of soy isoflavones including genistein as alternatives to estrogen replacement, it is necessary to understand the ramifications of soy isoflavones use when their administration is begun at various times after menopause.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF STAR DELTA SYSTEM IN REDUCE ELECTRIC STARTING SURGE IN 3 PHASE MOTORS

Operations in the industry today use induction motors. There are several types of induction motors, one of which is a 3-phase induction motor. In the use of a 3-phase induction motor, there are several problems at the beginning, one of which is that there is a current surge in the starting received by the windings or rotor of a 3-phase induction motor which will cause damage to the motor windings. In previous research, research has been carried out to reduce electric starting spikes in 3 phase motors by lowering the frequency in a study entitled "Adjusting the Speed ​​of a 3 Phase Induction Motor by Changing the Frequency Using the ALTIVAR 12P Inverter" it was found that the frequency of the regulated voltage was low and stable to minimize inrush current in 3-phase motor starting. Therefore, research was conducted on a system that can reduce these problems, namely the use of a star-delta system on a 3-phase motor to reduce electrical starting spikes in a 3-phase motor. In this study, the electric current value was 0.59 A, the star-circuit voltage value was 219.65 V, and the short-circuit current value was 1.01 A.

Transfer learning of fuzzy classifiers for optimized joint representation of simulated and measured data in anomaly detection of motor phase currents

The generation of simulation data from physical models trying to mimic parts of the real-world process as accurately as possible has received much attention in industry during the last years. A proper augmentation of simulation data with (available or recordable) real-measured data is an intrinsic challenge to increase the performance of machine learning models. In this paper, we propose a joint representation learning approach based on an optimized transfer of fuzzy classifiers from original simulated data (as source task) to real-measured data (as target task). This is particularly done for binary classification tasks under the scope of anomaly detection of phase currents in electrical machines, where only anomaly-free real-measured data can be collected in advance (so, only in the simulated data anomaly samples are present). Our approach combines distribution matching between simulated and real-measured data on the basis of fuzzy rule activation levels with a weighted error term representing the classification loss between anomaly-free and anomaly data. Both are realized on a local basis per rule, which yields good flexibility during optimization with respect to the actual local distributions and their positions in the target task and is particularly possible for fuzzy classifiers due to the local geometric interpretation of the rules. We demonstrate how to find a feasible initial solution for the numerical optimization process. Results on data sets from the application showed significantly improved classification accuracies of up to 25% compared to several conventional fuzzy classifiers training variants and also compared to various renowned machine learning classifiers, while a respectful (slightly worse) performance compared to the two top performers (SVMs and deep MLPs) were achieved. However, a large performance gap between conventional fuzzy classifiers and these ML-based top performers could nearly be closed and due to the local geometric interpretation of the internal fuzzy partitions, explainable insights into the model transfer could be yielded to experts.

Comprehensive and Simplified Fault Diagnosis for Three-Phase Induction Motor Using Parity Equation Approach in Stator Current Reference Frame

In this paper, a complementary and simplified scheme to diagnose electrical faults in a three-phase induction motor using the parity equations approach during steady state operation bases on the stator current reference frame is presented. The proposed scheme allows us to identify the motor phase affected due to faults related to the stator side, such as current sensors, voltage sensors, and resistance. The results obtained in this work complement a detection system that uses the DQ model of the three-phase induction motor and parity equations focused on the synchronous reference frame, which can detect stator-side faults but cannot locate the affected phase. In addition, considering practical and operational aspects, the residual detection set obtained is simplified to three simple algebraic equations that are easy to implement. The simulation results using the PSIM simulation software and the experimental test allow us to validate the proposed scheme.

SCHEMING OF CONTROLLER FOR SINGLE STAGE SOLAR PV FED BLDC MOTOR-DRIVEN WATER PUMP

To optimize the solar photovoltaic (PV) generated power using a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique, a DC-DC conversion stage is usually required in solar PV-fed water pumping which is driven by a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. This power reformation stage leads to an increased cost, size, difficulty, and decreased efficiency. As a unique solution, this work addresses a single-stage solar PV energy conversion system feeding a BLDC motor pump, which eliminates the DC-DC conversion stage. A simple control technique capable of operating the solar PV array at its peak power using a common voltage source inverter (VSI), is proposed for BLDC motor control. The proposed control eliminates the BLDC motor phase current sensors. No supplementary control is associated with the speed control of the motor pump and its soft start. The speed is controlled through the optimum power of the solar PV array. The suitability of the proposed system is exhibited through its performance evaluation using MATLAB/Simulink-based simulated results. keywords: MPPT, solar PV array, BLDC motor, Water pump, Voltage source inverter (VSI)

Particle Swarm Optimization Based Optimal Design of Six-Phase Induction Motor for Electric Propulsion of Submarines

Recent research reveals that multi-phase motors in electric propulsion systems are highly recommended due to their improved reliability and efficiency over traditional three phase motors. This research presented a comparison of optimal model design of a six phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) for electric propulsion by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). A six phase squirrel cage induction motor is designed and simulated by ANSYS Motor-CAD. In order to find the best fit method, simulation results are compared and applied to the motors for electric propulsion, considering the influence of design upon the motor performance. The six-phase squirrel cage induction motor is more energy efficient, reliable and cost effective for the electric propulsion compared to the conventional three phase motor. In this study, first the initial parameters of the six phase squirrel cage induction motor have been determined and then these parameters have been compared with optimized values by Genetic Algorithm (GA) and PSO optimization. The motor designed is optimized using efficiency and power losses as the fitness function. The six phase squirrel cage induction motor is designed using ANSYS Motor-CAD and the simulation results were also presented along with two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometry. The result shows that the weight and power loss are reduced to 161 kg and 0.9359 Kw respectively, while the efficiency and power factor are increased to 0.95 and 0.87 respectively when PSO is used. This shows that the result is promising.

Minimization of Capacitor Voltage Difference for Four-Leg Inverter Dual-Parallel IM System

In the situations where multiple motors operate at the same speed, this article designs a dual-parallel induction motor (IM) system supplied by three-phase four-leg inverter for cost reduction and fault tolerance of the normal system. The dc offset and ac fluctuation of capacitor voltages exist in this system due to the motor phases connected to bus capacitors&#x2019; midpoint. It seriously affects voltage utilization and stable operational range. A novel synchronous control scheme with the ability of ac voltage fluctuation minimization (AVFM) and dc voltage offset elimination (DVOE) is proposed. The unified model of dual IMs is used to design the speed regulator, and the model predictive flux control method is combined with space vector modulation to realize torque and flux control of dual IMs. AVFM is realized by controlling the electrical angle difference of dual IMs as <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pi$</tex-math></inline-formula>, which is first presented in this scheme. An angle regulator is proposed to control the electrical angle by adjusting stator flux amplitude. DVOE is realized by injecting a compensatory voltage vector, which is simplified in this scheme to avoid the voltage filter or additional coordinate transformation in the conventional method. Experiment results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Asymmetric Neutral Point Diode Clamped Topology with Reduced Component Count for Switched Reluctance Machine Drive

The Reduced Asymmetric Neutral Point Clamped converter topology for unipolar driven, multiphase switched reluctance machines is proposed in this paper. This topology shares similarities with the conventional NPC and Asymmetric-NPC topologies, however it is unique in that the components for the capacitor string and outer semiconductor switches are shared among all the phases for a reduced component count. Some switching state combinations are not possible during commutation overlap between motor phases, resulting in minor torque transients during regenerative braking. A custom modulation scheme is implemented with fixed frequency, phase-shifted carrier waveforms that allow for automatic balancing of the neutral point voltage and interleaved switching of the semiconductor switches. A simple torque observer control architecture is used with minor adjustments for arbitrating torque contribution priorities between phases during handover.

Stimulating at the right time to recover network states in a model of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit.

Synchronization of neural oscillations is thought to facilitate communication in the brain. Neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) can result in synaptic reorganization of the motor circuit, leading to altered neuronal dynamics and impaired neural communication. Treatments for PD aim to restore network function via pharmacological means such as dopamine replacement, or by suppressing pathological oscillations with deep brain stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that brain stimulation can operate beyond a simple "reversible lesion" effect to augment network communication. Specifically, we examined the modulation of beta band (14-30 Hz) activity, a known biomarker of motor deficits and potential control signal for stimulation in Parkinson's. To do this we setup a neural mass model of population activity within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit with parameters that were constrained to yield spectral features comparable to those in experimental Parkinsonism. We modulated the connectivity of two major pathways known to be disrupted in PD and constructed statistical summaries of the spectra and functional connectivity of the resulting spontaneous activity. These were then used to assess the network-wide outcomes of closed-loop stimulation delivered to motor cortex and phase locked to subthalamic beta activity. Our results demonstrate that the spatial pattern of beta synchrony is dependent upon the strength of inputs to the STN. Precisely timed stimulation has the capacity to recover network states, with stimulation phase inducing activity with distinct spectral and spatial properties. These results provide a theoretical basis for the design of the next-generation brain stimulators that aim to restore neural communication in disease.

High Efficiency Operation of Brushless DC Motor Drive Using Optimized Harmonic Minimization Based Switching Technique

This article presents a new switching technique to minimize losses in a trapezoidal brushless dc motor (BLDCM) drive. Based on the analysis, a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategy with selective harmonics elimination (SHE) is projected for motor phase current for dynamic loss minimization of BLdc motor drive system. The proposed control technique uses SHEPWM to optimize PWM to minimize different losses at different loads and motor speeds based on a predefined look-up table. The efficacy of the control methodology is presented using proper simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control methodology is also validated with an experimental prototype of 350W BLDCM drive system.

HP40: Aging: An influencing factor in large fibers neuropathy during idiopathic Parkinson disease

The etiology of large fibers neuropathy (LFN) during Idiopathic Parkinson disease (IPD) is still controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to compare 2 groups of Parkinson disease patients with and without LFN in order to better characterize it. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional observational study conducted in Habib Bourguiba Hospital from December 2016 to December 2017 included 60 patients monitored for IPD. The population was divided into two IPD severity matched groups according to electroneuromyography results: G1 (n = 26): patients with LFN and G2 (n = 34): patients without LFN. For each group, we analyzed epidemiologic and clinical features. We also compared LDopa exposure duration and cumulated dose. Results: The mean age of our population was significantly higher in G1 than in G2 (G1: 66.77 ± 11.82 years; G2: 59.97 ± 10.68 years; p = 0.024) with a sex ratio of 1.06. The mean onset age of IPD was 59.58 in G1 and 54.62 in G2 with no significant difference. However, the age of first examination was significantly higher in G1 (G1:61.93 ± 13.29 years; G2: 55.51 ± 9.87 years; p = 0.036). When comparing clinical features (onset signs, pre-motor and motor phases duration ) no significant difference was found between the two groups. Treatment duration and LDopa cumulated dose were also similar among both groups. Conclusion: Being correlated to age and having similar therapeutical features between our two groups are strong arguments for LFN not being an iatrogenic complication of LDopa. Instead, our findings plead that LFN is most probably an intrinsic component of IPD or a degenerative consequence of aging.

Expression of concern—Serotonergic pathology and disease burden in the premotor and motor phase of A53T α-synuclein parkinsonism: a cross-sectional study

On Dec 15, 2021, we received notification from the Research Integrity Office, Department of Research Governance, Ethics & Integrity, at King's College London (London, UK) that an investigation into research misconduct upheld five allegations concerning an Article in The Lancet Neurology.1Wilson H Dervenoulas G Pagano G et al.Serotonergic pathology and disease burden in the premotor and motor phase of A53T α-synuclein parkinsonism: a cross-sectional study.Lancet Neurol. 2019; 18: 748-759Google Scholar These allegations are falsification, misrepresentation of data, fabrication of results, misrepresentation of involvement, and failure to follow accepted procedures. On Dec 22, 2021, the authors of the Article notified us of their intention to appeal the decisions and recommendations of the Inquiry Panel that carried out the investigation. We are therefore issuing an expression of concern to alert readers to the fact that serious scientific and ethical concerns have been brought to our attention. We will update this notice as soon as we have information on the outcome of the appeal and the conclusions of the Research Integrity Office on this procedure. Serotonergic pathology and disease burden in the premotor and motor phase of A53T α-synuclein parkinsonism: a cross-sectional studyThe presence of serotonergic pathology in premotor A53T SNCA carriers preceded development of dopaminergic pathology and motor symptoms and was associated with disease burden, highlighting the potential early role of serotonergic pathology in the progression of Parkinson's disease. Our findings provide evidence that molecular imaging of serotonin transporters could be used to visualise premotor pathology of Parkinson's disease in vivo. Future work might establish whether serotonin transporter imaging is suitable as an adjunctive tool for screening and monitoring progression for individuals at risk or patients with Parkinson's disease to complement dopaminergic imaging, or as a marker of Parkinson's burden in clinical trials. Full-Text PDF

Control engineering kit for power electronics with cloud connectivity

We describe the components of a versatile kit that can be used to teach control engineering in the context of power electronics. With cloud / internet connectivity, the kit can also be used to demonstrate networked systems. It is possible to connect different loads (DC and 3-phase motors, inductors, etc). The control software can be programmed using different environments. The configuration of the kit is simple enough to be used during lectures in the classroom, or also as a home-lab kit for assignments outside of the classroom / lab.

A Nine-Level Inverter With Single DC-Link and Low-Voltage Capacitors as Stacked Voltage Sources With Capacitor Voltage Control Irrespective of Load Power Factor

This paper proposes a multilevel inverter topology with a single DC-link and series-connected capacitors as stacked voltage sources for multilevel voltage generation. The voltage deviation of a DC-link capacitor will occur whenever a phase terminal connects to the balanced neutral points (NPs: terminal joints of DC-link capacitors). On the contrary, if the voltage of a DC-link capacitor deviates from the nominal voltage, the same phase currents can be utilised to balance these neutral points. This new technique is being proposed for the first time in literature. Any voltage disturbance of the DC-link capacitors is balanced using the motor phase currents, irrespective of load power factor and modulation indices. For the balanced neutral points, whenever a phase connects to a neutral point, the other phase terminal tapping positions are varied on the DC-link to establish <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i_{A}+i_{B}+i_{C}=0$</tex-math></inline-formula> for that neutral point. The pole voltage level variation at motor phase terminals is undisturbed by adding extra cascaded H-bridges (CHBs) at each phase leg. The voltages of CHB capacitors are controlled conventionally by inverter pole voltage redundancies. The detailed experimental results for open-loop V/ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> and closed-loop field-oriented control on an induction motor are presented using a nine-level laboratory prototype.

Modeling and Detection of Phase Current Sensor Gain Faults in PMSM Drives

The fault of current sensors in AC electric drives can cause inaccurate tracking of the control reference and torque oscillations, that can lead to damage of mechanical components. Therefore, the development of accurate detection techniques of these faults plays a crucial role for the proper management of the electric drive and for the fault isolation and estimation. In the paper, a model-based method for the detection of phase current sensor gain faults in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive with Field Oriented Control (FOC) is proposed. At first, a mathematical model is presented, which allows an accurate determination of the analytical closed-form expression of the steady-state stator currents, taking into account the effects both of the current control regulators and of any current sensors gain faults. Starting from this model, a low-computation algorithm has been carried out, which allows not only to detect and isolate the current sensors affected by the gain fault, but also to estimate the gain values starting from the measured phase currents and motor speed. The model and the diagnostic algorithm performance is verified by means of numerical and experimental results.

Determination and Functional Implementation of Operating Point of a Centrifugal Pump With BLDC Motor

In the present study, a sensorless method is proposed to determine the operating point on pump curves in a BLDC-driven centrifugal pump, and certain functional implementations of the operating point are investigated. To develop a sensorless system, a calibration method is defined for the setup time. System variables such as head, flow, and power are determined at runtime based on the calibration data and the control algorithm of the BLDC motor. Thus, beneficial improvements are achieved for centrifugal pump systems, since only motor phase current sensors are required at runtime. These parameters are used to force the system into various modes such as “minimum energy,” “maximum efficiency,” or “fastest,” which could be selected by the user. The experimental results for an open-loop pump system setup as a part of the experiment are presented.