Motor Fuels Research Articles

Possibility of synthesis of high-octane components of motor fuels via oxidation of the industrial isobutane fraction

The necessity of deep conversion of heavy oil gives rise to an increase in the production of hydrocarbon gases. The formed butanes are not always marketable. In the paper, the possibility of the production of high-octane oxygenate mixture via oxidation of the industrial isobutene fraction is discussed. The reaction was conducted in the absence and in the presence of catalysts such as Au/Silicalite-1 and Cu/SiO 2 . The factors were studied that allowed the formation of undesirable impurities (hydroperoxides, peroxides, acids) to be minimized. The target product was tert-butyl alcohol (TBA); it was produced at the selectivity of 64–69 % at the butane conversion of 55–69 %. RON number of TBA is 113. Along with TBA, alcohols and ketones with RON 106–115 were produced. The best result was obtained with the Cu/SiO 2 ; in the presence of this catalyst the yield of TBA was 18 % higher and the yield of ketones was as high as 2.9 times of the yields obtained by the noncatalytic reaction. The total yield of products to be used as high-octane reached 40 g/L·h, while RON was ca. 111 of this mixture. The mixture of TBA-based oxygenates are less volatile than methyl-tert-butyl alcohol that is of particular importance to provide gasoline stability in summertime.

Activation of Motor Fuels Under Operating Conditions

Activation of Motor Fuels Under Operating Conditions

Environmental Component in Development of Requirements for the Quality of Motor Fuel in Russia

Environmental Component in Development of Requirements for the Quality of Motor Fuel in Russia

Priming dose in distributed injection systems of overheated alcohol fuel

The expansion of the use of alcohol-containing fuels is evidenced by the release to the market of vehicles operating on benzoethanol mixtures E85 and E90, as well as on pure fuel ethanol E100. For regions with a temperate and cold climate (Russia, USA, Canada, Western Europe), the lack of fuel systems, which make it possible to launch and operate engines on pure alcohols (n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl), restrains, among other reasons, the widespread use of alcohols as motor fuels. According to numerous studies, an engine operating on pure alcohols can be started at temperatures above 10 ° C, at lower temperatures it becomes impossible to start and for its implementation at least 10-15% of the priming dose of gasoline is introduced into alcohols. The priming dose of gasoline in gas-alcohol mixtures can be replaced by a priming dose of alcohol injected into the intake manifold in a superheated state. This technical solution is proposed in patents for inventions of the Russian Federation of the authors. This article is devoted to the scientific and technical rationale for the efficiency of the use of pure superheated alcohols in injection systems and their impact on the effective performance of internal combustion engines with forced ignition.

Processing of heavy residual feedstock on Mo/Al2O3-catalytic systems obtained using polyoxomolybdate compounds

The urgency of creating new efficient catalysts for the processes of deepening oil refining rises on the background of stricter requirements for the quality of motor fuels, as well as the deterioration of the quality of crude oil for processing, and an increase in the number of distillates of secondary processes involved in the production of commodity petroleum products. In this work, alumina-catalytic systems were synthesized using polyoxomolybdate compounds. The morphology, structure and phase composition of the synthesized catalytic systems were studied using the following analysis methods: scanning electron microscopy, microelement analysis, X-ray phase analysis, X-ray diffraction, electron spectroscopy. It has been established that the Mo / AI2O3 system is active in the process of thermal catalytic conversion of heavy residual raw materials.

Production of Motor Fuel Hydrocarbon Fractions from Pine Wood (Short Communication)

The possibility of producing motor fuel hydrocarbon fractions from pine sawdust with the use of a Co–SiO2/HZSM-5/Al2O3 hybrid catalyst at the stage of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was demonstrated. It was determined that 163.6 kg of liquid hydrocarbons consisting of 87.6% gasoline (with an octane number of 92) and diesel (with a cetane number of 51) fractions can be obtained from 1000 kg of dry sawdust.

Diversification at Giprokoks: New Products from Carbon-Bearing Materials

Abstract—The diversification of activity at Giprokoks is discussed, including a large-scale project for the production of synthetic motor fuels (gasoline, dimethyl ether) by the gasification of coal; the conversion of solid domestic waste; the gasification of lignite for sponge-iron production; plasma technology for coal gasification; and the production of commercial hydrogen and biofuels.

СOMPLEX FOR СULTIVATION AND РROCESSING OF АLGAE AS РART OF THE PROJECT TO CREATE IN UKRAINE A HIGH-TECH COMPLEX FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC MOTOR FUEL

The International Investment Project «Creation in Ukraine of a High-Tech Complex for Processing Coal into Motor Fuels» provides for the use of a technological line for growing algaes, by utilizing significant technological waste from the main technological lines of the Project (low potential heat; methane gas from degassing of a raw mine; the remainder of the air distribution for the production of process oxygen; carbon dioxide obtained from coal gasification, etc.). Hydrothermal carbonization is currently the most advanced biomass processing technology. It completely prevents pollution and has a number of significant advantages over other methods of biomass treatment. These advantages make it possible to consider hydrothermal carbonization to be the best available technology for the production of biochar, liquid biofuel and other products from non-food biomass. Bibl. 11, Fig. 6.

Energy-Saving Environmental Projects: approaches to evaluation and results of environmental impact

Recently, much attention has been paid to reducing environmental damage to the environment throughout the country. Over the past twenty years, Public Joint-Stock Company “Gazprom” has been working on the implementation of environmental projects for the transfer of motor vehicles to alternative motor fuels. The report suggests a toolkit for assessing the impact of energy saving projects on the environment, based on the adaptation of the input-output model for the fuel and energy complex. The model is based on the assumption that the main amount of greenhouse gas emissions is produced by burning fossil fuels. As an indicator for estimation of environmental efficiency of the projects has proposed the coefficient of carbon intensity - the amount of carbon dioxide released per unit of the final product of the industry. This ratio reflects the impact of industries on the environment. The advantage of the input-output model is the opportunity to conduct a comparative analysis of the environmental load of industries on the environment and to determine the multiplicative effect of implementing energy-saving projects.

Сomparative Efficiency of Motor Fuels and Electricity for Automobile Transport

Сomparative Efficiency of Motor Fuels and Electricity for Automobile Transport

Refinement of Gas Condensate Straight-Run Gasoline on MFI-Type Zeolites Modified with Binary Compounds

The work to the study catalytic properties of high-silica MFI-type zeolite (silicate module 50) modified by Sn2O3 + V2O5 and Sn2O3 + Bi2O3 binary system is devoted. In present article influence of the promoting additives concentration on the catalytic properties of high-silica MFI-type zeolite in the process of gas condensate straight-run gasoline conversion into motor fuels high-octane components are investigated. It is shown that the introduction of binary system modifying additives makes it possible to increase in octane number of liquid catalyzate on 2-3 points according to the research method, as well as the yield of the liquid catalyzate weight on 6-8 % mass.

Vulnerability to motor fuel price increases: Socio-spatial patterns in England

In high-motorisation, car-dependent countries, transport affordability is intimately linked to the price of oil derived motor fuels, which may become increasingly volatile in the future due to global oil price movements and environmental taxation. The negative impacts of fuel price spikes in terms of increased household expenditure and economic stress are unevenly spatially and socially distributed. Previous research has found that vulnerability to fuel price increases is higher in peripheral, peri-urban and rural areas, and that low income tends to be co-located with high car dependence and low vehicle fuel efficiency, with a compounding effect on vulnerability. The goal of this article is to test these hypotheses for England, providing new evidence on spatial patterns of vulnerability to fuel price increases at the small-area level. We propose a composite vulnerability indicator combining data on income, accessibility, vehicle inspection and vehicle registration for 2011. Within English city-regions, we find little evidence of the socially regressive patterns previously identified in the literature. This is explained by the persistent concentration of poverty in urban cores, as well as by the poor fuel economy of the vehicle fleet in wealthier areas, due to the prevalence of powerful vehicles there. On the other hand, our analysis suggests that the impacts of fuel price increases would be very unequal between city-regions, as the least sensitive metropolitan area (Greater London) is also characterised by high levels of adaptive capacity. We conclude by setting out an agenda for future research on spatial vulnerability to fuel price increases.

ADDITIVES TO BITUMENS

Objectives.Improving the quality of road bitumen is currently particularly relevant, since allows you to extend the life of road asphalt coatings with the ever-increasing fleet of cars. The main task of research was to study the effect of used oils on the process of structure formation of oxidized bitumen.Method.The introduction of additives of different nature, i.e. its modification, both itself and raw materials, is one of the main ways to improve the physicomechanical properties of bitumens. Introduction to bitumen of small additives containing carboxyl groups, hydroxy acids and resin acids allows one to control not only the adhesion properties of bitumens, but also to ensure the stability of the asphalt concrete mixture at high temperatures. As components of a polyfunctional modifier, to improve the physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of bitumen and their asphalt concrete, the following distilled talovoe oil TU 13-00281074-26-95, petaerythritol GOST 9286-76 and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are proposed. -97.Result.A technology has been developed to draw used oils into tars in order to obtain high-quality road bitumen grades BND 60/90 and to investigate the qualitative characteristics of bitumen raw materials, used synthetic and mineral oils and bitumen. Waste oils with deter-gent - dispersant additive CPD (colloidal dispersion of calcium carbonate in oil M-14 stabilized with calcium sulfonate, used in the preparation of motor fuels) can be used in the composition of the residual raw materials of refining processes as an activating additive.Conclusion.Improvement of the physicomechanical properties of high-quality bitumen is possible by complex modification with various additives, which allows creating conditions for the long-term operation of pavements under the influence of modern traffic loads and adverse weather conditions. In order to obtain modified bitumen of improved quality, selection of modifying additives and the technology for their preparation are required.

Reducing Motor Fuel Consumption Using Mechanochemical Methods

Results and hypotheses are presented concerning the reasons for decreasing fuel consumption by automotive-and-traction internal combustion engines in the case of fuel activation using a combined static mixing activator (RF patent no. 2411074) designed for the economically efficient operation of motor transport, and for the production of various grades of motor fuel.

Aerobic Biodegradation of Liquid Motor Fuels under Extreme Acidic Conditions

Biodegradation of liquid petroleum motor fuels and fuel mixtures containing biodiesel fuel (methyl ethers of rapeseed fatty acids) by aerobic acidophilic actinobacteria Mycobacterium sp. AGS10 was studied. Strain AGS10 was found to be able to grow on aviation kerosene Jet A-1 as the sole carbon and energy source under highly acidic conditions. After 21 days of cultivation at 30°C and pH 2.5, bacterial numbers increased from 4.2 × 106 to 7.0 × 108 cells/mL, while the hexane-soluble part of the fuel was degraded by 90.4%. The strain also utilized components of the winter diesel fuel, including С8–С20n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and aromatic compounds. Overall hydrocarbon consumption under the same conditions was 99.4%. The ratio of (iso-С19 (pristane) + iso-С20 (phytane))/(n-С17 + n-С18) changed from 1.21 in the control to 2.39 in the experiment with bacterial degradation, which indicated preferable utilization of n-alkanes, rather than isoprenoids. Over 90% of diesel fuel hydrocarbons were consumed from day 4 to day 12 of cultivation, while abundance of the bacterial population increased by three orders of magnitude. Strain AGS10 consumed both hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing (plant-derived) components of the fuel mixtures with biodiesel fuel. Bacteria preferentially consumed hydrocarbons, and the ratio between oil diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel in the mixture changed in the course of incubation.

Determination of Antioxidant Additive and its Decomposition Products in Working Motor Fuels

Sulfur compounds are formed during the oxidation of motor oil under the influence of high temperatures, and it is quite difficult to determine the residual content of an active additive. To determine the DF-11 additive the M-10G2k oil was oxidized in a thermostat. It was established that with oxidation times of 8 and 10 hours it is only possible to determine the amount of mercaptan sulfur from the potentiometric titration curve. An algorithm and some methods of determination that make it possible to predict the wear and service life of lubricating oil are proposed for complete determination of sulfur-containing compounds in oxidized oil under working conditions.

Formation of the component composition of blended hydrocarbon fuels as the problem of the multi-objective optimization

The problem of energy efficiency has always been the most significant in the economy. Its solution is related to the technologies of many industries. The most significant are the reserves of energy efficiency of the use of hydrocarbon fuels, which are observed at all stages of production of high-energy hydrocarbon fuels. This is largely due to the extensive scientific search for alternative energy sources and stagnation in the conduct of search and fundamental studies of the processes of producing motor fuels from hydrocarbon raw materials. A new energy-efficient technology for the production of high-energy, low-freezing hydrocarbon fuels for the Arctic was created by solving the problem of multi-object optimization.

Antiplatelet, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroquinone.

Platelets play crucial roles in thrombosis and hemostasis through platelet activation and aggregation that are crucial in cardiovascular diseases. Hydroquinone (HQ) and its derivatives are present in many dermatological creams, paints, motor fuels, air, microorganisms, and plant products like wheat bread, fruit, coffee, and red wine. The effect of HQ on humans is not clear. In this study, we found that HQ (>25 μM) inhibited arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation. HQ suppressed AA-induced thromboxane B2 production of platelets. HQ (>10 μM) also attenuated ex vivo platelet-rich plasma aggregation. HQ prevented the interleukin (IL)-1β-induced 8-isoprostane, and PGE2 production, but not IL-8 production of pulp cells. These results indicate that HQ may have an antiplatelet effect via inhibition of thromboxane production. HQ has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and possible inhibition of COX. Exposure and consumption of HQ-containing products, food or drugs may have antiplatelet, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Calculation of the optimal blending component ratio by using mathematical modeling method

This paper assumes a preliminary calculation of the costs of the components of the mixture using a software-implemented mathematical model. The operation of mixing is carried out in accordance with the predetermined costs and physical-chemical properties of the products of the processes of secondary and deep oil refining. The flow rate and flow properties depend on the hydrocarbon composition of the feedstock and the activity of the catalysts used and are determined numerically. Resource efficiency of gasoline production is achieved only through the correct proportions of the composition, determined using software that allows you to adjust the conditions of production of gasoline, taking into account changes in the composition of the processed raw materials and the activity of catalysts. Within the framework of the research, the results of optimization of the processes of preparing motor fuels, as well as prediction of optimal volumes and formulas for mixing components to obtain gasoline of the required quality, taking into account changes in the composition of the processed raw materials and the activity of reforming catalysts, isomerization, alkylation and catalytic cracking, are obtained.

A Comparative History of Motor Fuels Taxation, 1909–2009: Why Gasoline Is Cheap and Petrol Is Dear

A Comparative History of Motor Fuels Taxation, 1909–2009: Why Gasoline Is Cheap and Petrol Is Dear