Motivational Patterns Research Articles

Motivational profiles of kindergarten teachers in minority areas of China and their association with outcomes.

Academic discourses regarding teacher motivation have been on-going for decades for those who teach in ethnic minority areas. Yet research findings failed to provide a consistent conclusion regarding if kindergarten teachers' motivation pattern would vary based on a case-to-case scenario. Therefore, further studies are needed to probe the motivation patterns among this population. The study firstly examined kindergarten teachers' motivational profiles based on Expectancy Value Theory (EVT), and then examined how teachers' motivation related to outcome variables (work engagement, workplace wellbeing, and retention intention). Participants included 1,199 kindergarten teachers from ethnic minority areas in China. Latent profile analysis identified three motivation profiles for teachers: low value-high cost (profile 1), moderate all (profile 2), and high value-low cost (profile 3). Teacher with different motivation profiles had significant differences in work engagement, workplace wellbeing, and retention intention. In addition, chain mediation analysis revealed that work engagement and workplace wellbeing mediated the relationship between motivation profiles and retention intention. The implications of the findings for study are discussed.

Kiai's leadership in realizing independence through the motivation and communication process (case study in Pesantren At Tanwir)

This study aims to describe and analyze the motivation and communication patterns of the santri (students of an Islamic boarding house or pesantren) to the Kiai (the leader of a pesantren, a kiai is also a religious leader in society) and the community in realizing the pesantren’s independence in Pesantren Kopi At-Tanwir. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. This research reveals some points; first, the motivational patterns developed by the Kiai are: immersing confidence and belief in students and the community, engrossing an entrepreneurial spirit verbally by exemplary, and friendship with all stakeholders, both the community and government officials. Second, the communication patterns developed by the Kiai are direct or verbal communication, open communication, and communication through symbols.

Motivational Factors of Women Entrepreneurs in Agribusiness Entrepreneurial Development in Malaysia

Successful women entrepreneurs are recognized through their strong motivation, desire, and capabilities to enhance economic development and increase entrepreneurial diversity in a range of various economic contexts. Motivation comprises biological, emotional, social, and cognitive components that drive behavior and agribusiness entrepreneurship. Given the important role played by women in contributing to the development of entrepreneurial activities in agribusiness, this study therefore aims to examine the motivating factors for women involved in agricultural entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development in agribusiness. An online survey was conducted among women entrepreneurs in Malaysia, and descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses were employed to analyze the data quantitatively. The findings revealed that women in the study area mostly received support from implicit and explicit motivation, such as psychological characteristics and competencies to achieve their business goals and boost their efforts in uplifting economic wellbeing and developing the agribusiness sector. Women who engaged in community development were highly influenced by connections and attitude motivational patterns that predict entrepreneur behavior. Hence, activities that led to increased motivation for women to improve their competency, power, and involvement in agribusiness should be fully supported. These factors enhanced job creation and built their credibility in agricultural entrepreneurship development.

How students’ motivational profiles change during the transition from primary to lower secondary school

Following the situated expectancy-value model of achievement motivation, this 3-wave study examines the stability and change of motivational patterns of students (Mage at the outset = 12.33 years; SD = 0.37 years; 54.5 % female) transferring from primary to lower secondary school. Four task values (attainment, cost, intrinsic, utility value) and success expectancies (self-concept) in the domains of mathematics and literacy were assessed three times with questionnaires. Latent transition analysis for task values and success expectations with gender and parental education as control variables and test scores of fluid intelligence, math and literacy as outcomes was performed. The results reveal four different motivational patterns: (1) “disengaged strained”, 27–31 % (low motivation and high cost), (2) “disengaged relaxed”, 19–25 % (low motivation and low cost), (3) “positively engaged”, 14–20 % (high motivation and low cost), (4) “struggling ambitious”, 31–34 % (high motivation and high cost). Except for the “positively engaged” profile, probabilities of staying in the same profile were relatively high. During the transition to lower secondary school the groups characterized by high motivation combined with either low (“positively engaged”) or high (“struggling ambitious”) cost became smaller, whereas the two other groups characterized by low motivation combined with either low (“disengaged relaxed”) or high (“disengaged strained”) cost became bigger. Particularly, students with a “positively engaged” profile have a higher probability to change to one of the disengaged profiles over time. Students with a “struggling ambitious” profile had the highest test scores in fluid intelligence, math, and literacy.

Perceived effectiveness of academic leadership development training: The contribution of motivational factors and peer interaction

Due to the radical changes and complexities within academic institutions, leadership development addressed to academic leaders in the digital age has become more critical. In the available literature, the outcome assessment of leadership development and its related factors have not been evaluated rigorously. The current study investigated the contribution of peer interaction and two subscales of motivation to the effectiveness of the leadership development programs perceived by training participants in a diverse context. Of 101 participants, the majority of training workshop attendees were junior and middle-level leaders from both European universities and Chinese universities who participated in the leadership development programs organized under an EU project. PLS-SEM was exploited to validate the measurement model and test the hypotheses. The results showed that self-growth and peer interaction significantly contribute to perceived effectiveness, whereas networking motivator shows nonsignificant impact. The findings also illustrated that the two motivation patterns have significant effects on interaction quality. The mediating role of peer interaction on the relationships between the two motivational factors and perceived effectiveness, respectively, were not found in the current study. The findings contributed to identifying the role of different contributors to the effectiveness of the leadership development program in HE contexts and the potential of such a program to enhance knowledge and capacities of academic leaders regarding university governance and leadership.

Exploring Differences in Academic Motivation Among Teacher Candidates in Higher Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational patterns of the teacher candidates enrolled at the Bahrain Teachers College at the University of Bahrain. The study aimed to investigate the influence of variables, such as the teacher candidates’ specialization, year of study, gender, and Cumulative Grade Point Average CGPA, on candidates’ academic motivation. The sample consisted of 265 teacher candidates enrolled in the bachelor’s program. The sample was drawn from all levels and specializations of the bachelor’s program. Data was gathered using a demographics survey as well as the Academic Motivation Scale. The obtained results revealed that participants scored the highest on extrinsic motivation and they seem to be externally regulated. The results did not reveal any significant differences in the types of motivation based on the candidates’ specialization, year of study, gender, and CGPA.

Drinking among university students with a history of reading difficulties: motivational and personality risk factors for hazardous levels of consumption.

An increasing number of students are entering university with reading difficulties-whether they be diagnosed or self-reported. Research demonstrates that university students who self-report a history of reading difficulties (HRD) have lower academic achievement and higher anxiety about academic performance as compared to peers without this history (NRD). Here we study other aspects of HRD students' university experiences, focusing on alcohol consumption. Specifically, we investigated the drinking motives and personality characteristics likely to increase risk of hazardous alcohol consumption among HRD vs. NRD undergraduates. We identified 42 HRD and 54 NRD participants based on responses to a reading history questionnaire. Participants completed questionnaires assessing hazardous drinking, drinking motives, and alcohol-risk personality traits. Both groups reported similarly high levels of hazardous drinking. HRD students reported drinking more to conform with peers, and less to enhance positive moods, than NRD students. HRD students also scored higher in the alcohol personality risk of impulsivity. Our results support a unique pattern of motives and personality risks among HRD students, a pattern that likely puts them at increased risk for sustained hazardous drinking. Clinical implications for preventing problem drinking among HRD undergraduates are considered.

Patterns and contexts of polysubstance use among young and older adults who are involved in the criminal legal system and use opioids: A mixed methods study

IntroductionOpioid prevention and treatment programs tailored to young adults involved in the criminal legal system are rare. We examined profiles of polysubstance use among younger and older adults involved in the criminal legal system who use opioids, and explored their experiences and motivations related to substance use. Information gleaned can inform the adaptation of existing programs and the development of novel approaches for young adults in the criminal legal system. MethodsUsing a sequential mixed methods design we 1) quantitatively identified typologies of polysubstance users among adults aged 18–24 (n = 92) and those age 25 and over (n = 27) involved in the criminal legal system who use opioids, using latent class analysis and 2) qualitatively explored differences in personal motivations, cultural influences, and psychosocial contexts of substance use by class. ResultsOur quantitative results supported a three-class typology: the majority of participants were in Class I (73 %, n = 87) and reported using primarily alcohol and marijuana. Participants in Classes II (15 %, n = 18) and III (12 %, n = 14) endorsed distinct and complicated polysubstance use profiles. Further, participants in Classes I and III were significantly younger than those in Class II. Qualitative analysis allowed us to understand associations between patterns of use, motivations, and contexts among young and older adults, comparing across classes. ConclusionsOur results highlight the importance of attending to the needs of subpopulations based on age and use patterns to adapt and develop targeted treatment and prevention programs for high-risk adults involved in the criminal legal system.

Gamification and smart exercise travel

ABSTRACT This research note aims to empirically explore what types of gamified experiences affect exercise visitors’ behavioral engagement. After identifying five intrinsically motivational patterns of using gamified features—epistemic curiosity, pace pressure, height pressure, information reciprocity, and posting reciprocity, this study employs spatial analytical methods to capture how the gamification-exercise travel behavior relationship varies across locations. The ordinary least squares regression model shows that exercise visitors with greater information reciprocity and challenging experiences burned more calories. In addition, the geographically weighted regression results demonstrate that gamified experiences have differential (negative or positive) effects on exercise travel outcomes across locations. The results of spatially heterogeneous relationships provide destination managers with advanced marketing implications in terms of place-based gamification and smart tourism design.

Motivational patterns of emergent and fully bilingual children learning English and Japanese at an international school

Purpose: Based on self-determination theory, this study compared the motivation of emergent bilinguals and full bilinguals in English and Japanese learning at an international elementary school in Japan. Methodology: This study employed a questionnaire on motivational orientations in English and Japanese learning. Data and analysis: Participants were 104 children who had either English or Japanese as their first language or had an English and Japanese bilingual background. A mixed-measures analysis of variance and correlation analysis were performed on the survey data. Findings: Although the degree of internalization of motivation differed depending on whether students were emergent or full bilinguals, the pattern of their motivational intensity in learning English and Japanese was similar among the three groups. Specifically, the full bilinguals internalized motivation in English and Japanese learning equally, while members of both the emergent bilingual groups internalized motivation only in learning the main language of instruction, English. Regarding the respective motivational intensity in the learning of the two languages, autonomous motivation (intrinsic motivation and identified regulation) was significantly stronger in English learning than Japanese learning among the groups, except identified regulation in the emergent bilinguals with English as their first language, while controlled motivation (introjected and external regulation) was significantly stronger in Japanese learning than English learning. Correlation analysis between English learning and Japanese learning additionally showed that for the full bilinguals, intrinsic motivation in English learning did not correlate to that in Japanese learning, whereas such motivation was positively correlated among emergent bilinguals. Originality: This is the first cross-lingual study using self-determination theory to compare motivation between emergent children reciprocally learning their first and second languages. It also compares the motivation of emergent children to that of fully bilingual children learning two first languages. Implications: Different patterns of motivation among emergent and full bilinguals necessitate corresponding classroom strategies.

Ghanaian Female Adolescents Perceived Changes in Nutritional Behaviors and Social Environment After Creating Participatory Videos: A Most Significant Change Evaluation

ABSTRACTBackgroundUnderstanding the influence of participatory video-making on the nutrition-related behavior of video creators may help shape nutrition education interventions.ObjectivesThis study assessed the perceived value and influence of a participatory video intervention among participants and stakeholders.MethodsA 2018–2019 cluster randomized controlled trial (registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03704649) selected 20 schools (10 intervention, n = 181; 10 control, n = 170) in 1 Ghanaian rural district, enrolled adolescent girls aged 13–16 y, and provided a nutrition curriculum. Each intervention school also participated in 2 series of activities designed to help adolescents plan, film, and screen 2 nutrition-related videos. The Most Significant Change method involved intervention participants and local stakeholders to assess the value and influence of the intervention – a secondary outcome of the trial. Project staff collected 116 stories of change from the adolescents. Stories described shifts in 4 domains: participant, peer, and family behavior, and structural changes in the school. The project team used a selection rubric to identify 14 stories that reflected heightened nutrition literacy. Staff conducted interviews with the 14 adolescents whose stories were selected to elaborate on details and perceived resonance. Finally, local stakeholders assessed the stories to identify the 4 most significant changes of the intervention – 1 per domain. A separate thematic analysis identified emerging patterns of motivation and action across the 14 interviews.ResultsThe chosen Most Significant Change stories revealed how adolescents found creative solutions to acquire iron-rich foods, encouraged neighbors to eat iron-rich foods, taught their family new agricultural practices, and promoted change in their school canteen. Local stakeholders valued stories that addressed common community nutrition issues in a creative and sustainable way, whereas adolescents prioritized stories that showed a change in health outcomes.ConclusionStories of change revealed that the intervention promoted a transformative influence; participants modified their eating habits, lifestyle, and their environment.

Multiple jobholding motivations and experiences: A typology and latent profile analysis.

Researchers have traditionally suggested that multiple jobholders (MJHers; individuals who work more than one job) are economically deprived and piece together employment to make ends meet. More recently, scholars have demonstrated that MJHers are also motivated for nonpecuniary benefits. In the current research, we employ a mixed-methods, three-study research design on 1,487 MJHers to develop a comprehensive typology of multiple jobholding (MJH) motivations, advance our understanding of how MJH motivations co-occur through the generation of latent MJH motivational profiles, and test how MJH experiences differ by profile. In Study 1 (N = 801), we content analyze qualitative survey responses and uncover eight motivational categories. In Study 2 (N = 260), we find evidence of four MJH motivational profiles based on motivations found in Study 1: Identity Builders, Value Optimizers, Pragmatic Enjoyment Seekers, and Instrumentalists. In Study 3a (N = 426), we empirically replicate the four-profile solution and conceptually replicate three profiles-instead of Instrumentalists, we find evidence of Precarious Workers. In Study 3b, we develop and test hypotheses as to how MJH experiences pooled across the primary and secondary job differ by profile. Findings suggest there are optimal MJH motivational patterns and that some MJHers (Identity Builders, Value Optimizers) are more likely to experience enrichment than other MJHers (Precarious Workers). Theoretically, we integrate the careers and MJH motivation literature with the enrichment and depletion model of multiple role engagement within one domain (work). Finally, we discuss practical implications for MJHers, managers, and organizations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Expectancy-value profiles in math: How are student-perceived teaching behaviors related to motivational transitions?

This longitudinal study aimed to investigate how motivational transitions of adolescents in the domain of mathematics from Grades 9 to 10 were related to student-perceived mathematics teacher support and student-oriented teaching. Data were drawn from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and its German national extension called PISA Plus 2012–2013. We used a subsample of 2605 students (51.0 % girls) from 198 classrooms. Using latent profile analyses, we identified three motivational patterns based on expectancy-value theory that were meaningfully associated with students' mathematics test scores and work ethics. Latent transition analyses showed that these patterns were mostly stable across time. Occurring changes were characterized by a decrease in mathematics motivation across time. Student-oriented teaching as reported by students in Grade 9 impeded maladaptive motivational transitions. Students with particularly low interest and utility value benefitted from teachers who direct their instruction at students' motivational characteristics.

Happy Alone? Motivational Profiles of Solitude and Well-Being Among Senior Living Residents.

Research on solitude in older adulthood is scarce, and findings are mixed on whether time alone at this age is risky or beneficial. A mixed-method study was conducted to examine patterns of motivations for solitude among senior living residents (N = 397, Mage = 83) and associations with well-being. Cluster analyses identified four motivational profiles: Low, Positive, Negative, and Dual. Overall, those with Low and Positive motivations for solitude displayed greater levels of well-being on both hedonic (e.g., life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (e.g., personal growth) measures; in particular, the Positive profile showed significantly higher levels of psychological richness. Themes drawn from responses to open-ended survey questions asking about the benefits and challenges of both socializing and being alone are discussed in light of the four motivational profiles, and implications for aging services are discussed.

Understanding the Pattern of International Migration: Challenges in Human Rights Protection

International Migration can be described as the movement of people from one country to another county. The International Migration is one of the dynamic historical events, which was first legally regulated through the Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire, signed on the 09 March 1857, which give the people who under the religious prosecuted legal permit to enter Turkey territory. Since then, the mass movement of the people between people becoming very common, especially after World War I, and World War II, when millions of people are moving from one region to another because of the displacement and violence. By utilizing Mixed Migration Center Dataset in 2019, which interviewed 9754 respondents, and the Mexican Government data on Migration in the year 2016, the main pattern of migration and motives are tracked and analyzed. It can be concluded, if the pattern of the migration is from East Africa to North Africa, East Africa to North Africa, East Africa to Southern Africa, East Africa to Europe, the Middle East to Europe, the Middle East to southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand), Bangladesh/Myanmar to Malaysia, and from South America to North America. The motives are economics, Violence and General Security, and Lack of Rights. Still, International Migrants protection becoming a big challenge for many destination countries. From the analysis, can be concluded if the challenges in International Migrants Protection are because of the difference in terms, not all of the destination countries ratified the 1951 Convention about refugees and 1967 protocol as the legal basis and cultural and political context which make society in the destination countries refusing the International MigrantsInternational Migration can be described as the movement of people from one country to another county. The International Migration is one of the dynamic historical events, which was first legally regulated through the Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire, signed on the 09 March 1857, which give the people who under the religious prosecuted legal permit to enter Turkey territory. Since then, the mass movement of the people between people becoming very common, especially after World War I, and World War II, when millions of people are moving from one region to another because of the displacement and violence. By utilizing Mixed Migration Center Dataset in 2019, which interviewed 9754 respondents, and the Mexican Government data on Migration in the year 2016, the main pattern of migration and motives are tracked and analyzed. It can be concluded, if the pattern of the migration is from East Africa to North Africa, East Africa to North Africa, East Africa to Southern Africa, East Africa to Europe, the Middle East to Europe, the Middle East to southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand), Bangladesh/Myanmar to Malaysia, and from South America to North America. The motives are economics, Violence and General Security, and Lack of Rights. Still, International Migrants protection becoming a big challenge for many destination countries. From the analysis, can be concluded if the challenges in International Migrants Protection are because of the difference in terms, not all of the destination countries ratified the 1951 Convention about refugees and 1967 protocol as the legal basis and cultural and political context which make society in the destination countries refusing the International Migrants

Why Do We Pursue Ed.D.?: A Qualitative Analysis on the Motivation of Chinese Candidates.

This study aims to explore what motivates Chinese mid-career educational practitioners to pursue Ed. D. A university in South China was selected as a case university, and 18 Ed.D. candidates were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Grounded theory analysis was conducted on the transcripts of the interviewees' information. The findings uncovered four motivational patterns (pre-intrinsic, pre-extrinsic, post-intrinsic, and post-extrinsic) of Ed.D. candidates in China that mutually influence and reinforce one another. A theoretical model was thus constructed in which extrinsic factors moderate intrinsic factors, prepositional factors stimulate post-positional factors, with pre-intrinsic factors act as incentives, pre-extrinsic factors act as preconditions, and post-intrinsic factors and post-extrinsic factors act as internal and external reinforcers, respectively. This study broadens critical understanding of Ed.D. students' motivation and offers several implications that should be of interest to Chinese Ed.D. candidates, educational researchers, universities, and government officials.

A Study on the Relationship Between Consumer Motivations and Subjective Well-Being: A Latent Profile Analysis.

Consumer motivation plays an important role in their purchase decisions and well-being. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between certain consumer motivations and well-being separately. We aim to employ latent profile analysis (LPA) to explore subgroups of participants who display similar patterns of consumer multiple motivations and to examine differences in subjective well-being across these subtypes. The final group of (N = 1,023, ages 18–58) completed the Consumer Motivation scale online, assessing seven dimensions of consumer motivation. Results of LPA identified four subpopulations of participants: the enthusiastic group has high expectations in all aspects; the balanced group values each aspect of the product but has lower expectations; the rational group emphasizes aspects such as value for money, comfort, and quality; the apathetic group has no strong motivation for consumption, and they are relatively concerned with the dimensions of security, social acceptance, and stimulation. Consumers’ subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect) differed significantly across the four profiles. Specifically, scores for positive affect and life satisfaction were highest in the enthusiastic group, medium in the balanced group, and lowest in the rational and apathetic groups. Scores for negative affect were significantly higher in the enthusiastic and apathetic groups than in the rational group. These findings enable marketers to develop customized marketing strategies for different motivation profiles and contribute to helping consumers with varying motivation profiles to consciously pay attention to their well-being.

Dynamics of Language Learning Motivation and Emotions: A Parallel-Process Growth Mixture Modeling Approach.

The present study adopted a novel parallel-process growth mixture modeling (GMM) technique to research the adaptive interaction between foreign language learners’ learning motivation and emotions, with a view to advancing our understanding of how language learning motivation and emotions (enjoyment and anxiety) adaptively interact with each other over time. The present study, situated in the Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) learning context, collected learning motivation and emotion data from 176 Chinese EFL learners over a period of two semesters (12 months). The GMM technique adopted in the study identified three developmental profiles of motivation and two of emotions, respectively. The study further distilled salient patterns of motivation–emotion interaction over time, patterns significant for designing and implementing pedagogical interventions for motivation enhancement. The parallel-process GMM technique was also proven to be a useful approach to parsing learner variety and learning heterogeneity, efficiently summarizing the complex, dynamic processes of motivation and emotion development.

The relationship between brand constructs and motivational patterns in crowdfunding decisions. Evidence from university crowdfunding

PurposeThis study aims to expand the existing body of knowledge on crowdfunding (CF) motivational patterns with special reference to intangible factors, which most scholars assume to be the most important ones, especially in non-investment-based CF. The purpose is to understand how the presence of an established brand in a CF campaign can affect backers’ funding choices and the reasons behind them. To this end, the authors combine principles from identification, brand relationship and self-determination theories.Design/methodology/approachThe authors considered the (altruistic in nature) domain of CF for social causes as the most widespread type of branded CF and chose the relevant empirical setting of “research CF” run by universities which seem to be more and more interested in connecting branding and fundraising efforts through the active involvement of their “relational circles”. Accordingly, the authors surveyed an extensive sample of students as a primary stakeholder group of potentially engaged backers from one of the first Italian universities to launch a CF program and used structural equation modelling to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe authors found that, despite the CF domain considered, the choices made by backers (counterintuitively, women, in particular) manifest themselves as mostly self-oriented. This is partly explained by brand identification, which fully mediates the effect of brand pride and partially mediates the effect of brand respect (BR) on funding intention. Moreover, BR also directly drives CF choices.Originality/valueThis study portrays a remarkably different CF playground compared with conventional campaigns for both project proponents and backers with several theoretical and managerial implications.

Altered motivation of effortful decision-making for self and others in subthreshold depression.

BackgroundAmotivation is a typical feature in major depressive disorders and refers to individuals exhibiting reduced willingness to exert effort for rewards. However, the motivation pattern when deciding whether to exert effort for self versus others in people with depression remains unclear.MethodsWe conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study and employed an adapted Effort‐Expenditure for Rewards Task in subthreshold depressive (SD) participants (n = 33) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 32). This required participants to choose between a fixed low‐effort/low‐reward and a variable high‐effort/high‐reward option, and then immediately exert effort to obtain corresponding rewards for themselves or for unfamiliar people.ResultsCompared with the HC group, the SD group showed blunted activity in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral anterior insula (AI), and right putamen‐left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity when choosing to exert effort for themselves. Additionally, the SD group exhibited increased willingness and greater activation in the bilateral AI when choosing to exert effort for others. Furthermore, these brain activations and functional connectivity were positively related to self‐reported motivation.ConclusionsThese findings show altered motivation during effort‐based decision‐making in individuals with the mild depressive state, particularly with higher motivation for others. Thus, this suggests that motivational behaviors and prefrontal–striatal circuitry are altered in individuals with SD, which can be utilized to discover treatment targets and develop strategies to address mental illness caused by motivation disorders.