Motivational Mechanisms Research Articles

How and when does benevolent leadership promote followers’ proactive customer service behavior?

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the impact of benevolent leadership on proactive customer service performance by creating a moderated mediation model. The model focuses on the role of harmonious passion as a mediator in the relationship between benevolent leadership and proactive customer service performance as well as the moderating influence of proactive personality on this mediation.Design/methodology/approachThe model was tested using data from 339 immediate supervisor-subordinate pairs in eight five-star hotels in Egypt. Frontline service employees and their immediate supervisors completed separate questionnaires, and the responses were matched using identification numbers.FindingsThe results indicate that harmonious passion fully mediates the positive relationship between benevolent leadership and proactive customer service performance. Additionally, proactive personality was found to moderate the mediated relationship between benevolent leadership and proactive customer service performance through harmonious passion, such that the mediation was stronger for employees with higher proactive personalities.Research limitations/implicationsBy testing the moderated mediation model, this study contributes to our theoretical understanding of the motivational mechanism through which benevolent leadership influences proactive customer service performance.Originality/valueThis research offers initial evidence of the mediating role of harmonious passion in the positive relationship between benevolent leadership and proactive customer service performance. The moderated mediation model extends existing findings by incorporating proactive personality as a significant moderator in explaining the impact of benevolent leadership on proactive customer service performance.

ПОНЯТТЯ ТА СТРУКТУРА МЕХАНІЗМУ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

The existence of a state without state administration is meaningless and simply impossible without the help of which it broadcasts its will. This is a lever with which regulation can be carried out. The State Administration is designed to activate and actualize the use of all available resources, opening new opportunities, creating stimulating conditions, and maintaining a favorable environment for increasing management efficiency and the population's quality of life. At the same time, a specific dependence is indicated between the full realization of the accumulated potential and the quality of public administration. It is manifested in the following: the higher the professional management level, the better the existing potential is used and multiplied. Thus, the realization of one's potential depends on the level of state administration. The regularity of modern management determines this relationship. The state management system forms a management mechanism and with the help of all the main elements of actions of management bodies, target settings, principles, functions, structures, resources, methods, technologies, and management tools. The control mechanism cannot exist without these system components, and at the same time, without the control mechanism, there is no control system. The paper analyzes the interpretation of the term "mechanism of state management" by researchers. It is emphasized that the structure of the mechanism of state administration includes practical measures, means, levers, and incentives, with the help of which state authorities influence society, production, and any social system to achieve the set goals. The main components of the state administration mechanism were studied, and their classification was considered. It emphasizes the distribution of state management mechanisms depending on state management that apply them. The composition of the complex management mechanism is defined, which may include economic, motivational, organizational, political, and legal mechanisms. The author's vision of defining the term "mechanism of state administration" is given.

Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Motivation and Decision-making.

Motivation is often thought to enhance adaptive decision-making by biasing actions toward rewards and away from punishment. Emerging evidence, however, points to a more nuanced view whereby motivation can both enhance and impair different aspects of decision-making. Model-based approaches have gained prominence over the past decade for developing more precise mechanistic explanations for how incentives impact goal-directed behavior. In this Special Focus, we highlight three studies that demonstrate how computational frameworks help decompose decision processes into constituent cognitive components, as well as formalize when and how motivational factors (e.g., monetary rewards) influence specific cognitive processes, decision-making strategies, and self-report measures. Finally, I conclude with a provocative suggestion based on recent advances in the field: that organisms do not merely seek to maximize the expected value of extrinsic incentives. Instead, they may be optimizing decision-making to achieve a desired internal state (e.g., homeostasis, effort, affect). Future investigation into such internal processes will be a fruitful endeavor for unlocking the cognitive, computational, and neural mechanisms of motivated decision-making.

Women’s career aspirations: a mechanism of family care work conflict and motivation to continue work

PurposeIn closely knitted eastern societies (e.g. Pakistan), women tend to work for their families, and career is a volunteer choice. The working women often face issues in balancing between these roles and often family pressures influence their work i.e. family care work conflict (FCWC). By valuing the prevalent issue of FCWC, this study aims to identify its relationship with the motivation to continue work (MCW) through mediation of career self-efficacy (CSE) and future time perspectives (FTP).Design/methodology/approachData for the current study are collected from a women sample working in education, health, law firms and banking sector. All in all, 309 completely filled questionnaires were used for analysis purposes.FindingsThe findings of the study reveal that women with high FCWC have low MCW, and CSE partially mediate the relationship. Moreover, FTP moderates the relationship.Originality/valueThe study contributes to literature by considering the mechanism of CSE and FTP between FCWC and MCW. Moreover, a women sample from a closely knitted eastern culture also provides some interesting findings.

Share the wealth: Neurophysiological and motivational mechanisms related to racial discrimination in economic decision making

Social interactions are influenced by rapid judgements about interaction partners that are assumed to contribute to various behavioral biases. While often negligible in a given instance, such biases can accumulate to contribute to persistent inequities between social groups. Here, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to determine the extent to which early attention to racial category information during simulated interpersonal interactions contributes to race bias in financial decisions. Undergraduate participants (N = 67; 36 women, 31 men; all White/Non-Hispanic) completed an economic decision-making task in which they decided how much money to invest in a series of male interaction partners (i.e., trustees) who varied in their apparent racial group memberships. Black male trustees received lower investments than White male trustees, replicating prior findings. Of greater interest, an ERP index of attention to trustees' faces predicted racial bias in investments, and was moderated by participants' internalized motivation to respond without prejudice (i.e., a difference score reflecting the extent to which participants' motivation reflected internal [e.g., personal egalitarian values] compared to external [e.g., concerns about social norms] reasons to respond without prejudice). Consistent with motivational models of prejudice control, greater early attention to a trustee's face led to more-biased lending among participants with lower internalized motivation but to less-biased lending among participants with higher internalized motivation. Findings demonstrate a crucial role for within-person variability in attention to race-related cues when interacting with others, along with between-person bias regulation motives, in determining whether attention to race will increase or decrease bias in financial lending.

Motivating Mechanisms of the South Asian Jet Wave Train by Disturbances over the North Atlantic in Winter

Abstract This study investigated the motivation of the South Asian jet wave train (SAJW) and its underlying mechanism, by distinguishing different evolutions of disturbance sources over the North Atlantic. The disturbance sources propagate along the SAJW toward the western North Pacific in the propagating cases, while they are constrained over the North Atlantic and Europe in the interrupted cases. The possible motivating mechanisms are disclosed in the perspectives of energy dispersion and background potential vorticity gradient (PVG) affecting energy attraction. In the propagating cases, wave energy propagates eastward over the North Atlantic and converges into the Mediterranean Sea and Middle East, leading to the amplification and development of the wave train. The enhancement of PVG over south Europe–Mediterranean Sea is a key factor attracting such eastward propagation, which is associated with the positive PV anomaly over north Europe driven by the diabatic heating of precipitation. In the interrupted cases, energy dispersion is more divergent over the North Atlantic because of the weaker PVG, resulting in the failure of the SAJW excitement. The impacts of the SAJW on the temperature and precipitation along its path are evident, with the modulated snow depth agreeing more with temperature rather than precipitation except over the Tibetan Plateau. Hence, understanding the motivating mechanism of the SAJW is essential for improving weather forecasts over subtropical Eurasia by using the disturbances over the North Atlantic.

A full-factorial test of motivational and volitional intervention strategies for promoting exercise habit formation and exercise maintenance among new users of an online exercise class platform.

Interventions often fail to achieve long-term behavioral maintenance. Utilizing motivational and volitional strategies to promote behavioral maintenance factors may improve this. Using a full-factorial experiment, we tested the effects of three intervention components (focused on intrinsic motivation and identity, exercise preparation habit, and exercise instigation habit) on exercise participation over a year, among new users (N = 751; 91% identifying as female, 54% identifying as White race) of a global, online exercise class platform, run by Les Mills International Ltd, called LM+. We also tested the intervention components' theoretical mechanisms of action-habit formation, intrinsic motivation, identity, and self-efficacy. Multi-level models found some support for a main effect of the exercise preparation habit intervention component in promoting self-reported and objective exercise participation (behavioral outcomes measured via monthly surveys and the LM+ platform; mechanisms measured via monthly surveys)-in particular online exercise class frequency (fixed effect estimate = 0.84, p < 0.05, and = 0.12, p < 0.05, respectively). The preparation habit component also significantly increased preparation habit strength (0.30, p < 0.05) and instigation habit strength (0.33, p < 0.05). Other expected effects were nonsignificant. Helping individuals form an exercise preparation habit may facilitate initiating and maintaining exercise over time, in particular for attending online exercise classes, potentially through promoting greater preparation and exercise instigation habit strength.

The adjustment mechanism of social support, learning burnout, and learning motivation of higher vocational college students

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among higher vocational college (HVC) students’ social support (SS), learning burnout (LB), and learning motivation (LM), and to further explore the influence regulation mechanism. By analyzing the questionnaire survey data of 500 HVC students, this study found some important conclusions. First, a positive correlation is found between SS and LM, whereas LB exhibits a negative correlation with LM. Second, regression analysis results indicate significant influences of SS and LB on LM, with the latter serving as a partial intermediary between SS and LM. Lastly, analysis of group disparities reveals noteworthy distinctions in SS, LB, and LM across students of varying grades. These discoveries underscore the pivotal roles of SS and LB in molding the LM of HVC students, offering valuable insights for educational practices and policy recommendations. This study benefits the understanding of the key factors in the learning process of HVC students and provides a new direction for further research.

Intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation strategy use and effectiveness across adulthood: The role of interaction partner age.

One way older adults may be able to maintain emotional well-being despite declining in cognitive ability is through leveraging social resources for intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation. Additionally, given their increased life experience, older adults might also be particularly well-suited to regulate the emotions of others. To examine age difference in use and effectiveness of intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation, community adults (N = 290, aged 25-85 years) were prompted 6×/day for 10 days to report their emotional experience, use of intrinsic emotion regulation strategies (including capitalization, social sharing, co-reappraisal, and reminiscing), and interaction partner age. Older age was associated with being less likely to engage in social sharing of negative emotions, and this effect was stable when controlling for negative emotion experience. Otherwise, there were no age differences in how often or how effectively people use intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation. In terms of interaction partner age, older partner age was only associated with greater likelihood of using co-reappraisal and higher reports of negative emotion after social sharing. In summary, there was no strong evidence for the idea that interpersonal emotion regulation becomes more (or less) common or effective with age. However, though people may be less likely to share negative emotions and be seen as less effective partners for sharing these emotions later in life, older adults are preferable social partners for co-reappraisal potentially due to their life experience. Future work should explore motivational (i.e., attitudes toward negative emotions) and cultural (i.e., perceptions of roles and emotional abilities) mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A Mixed Method Study on the Dimensions of Teacher Mentoring as Correlates of Technical Assistance Performance of Master Teachers: A Future Ready Mentoring Program

The study investigated the correlation between the Dimensions of Teacher Mentoring and the technical assistance performance of Master Teachers, along with the facilitating and hindering factors within the Schools Division of Siargao. Key dimensions evaluated included mentoring structure, motivation, passion, system requirements, pedagogical competence, and feedback mechanisms. Using a mixed-method approach, 91 master teachers from 12 districts participated. Data collection involved questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions, with thematic analysis applied to qualitative data. Findings indicated high administrative support for mentoring structures, with master teachers showing strong motivation and competence. However, challenges such as inadequate internet connectivity, heavy workloads, and lack of resources hindered their performance. Despite these obstacles, master teachers exhibited a strong commitment to mentoring, though they faced significant distractions like health issues and multitasking. The study proposed an intervention program to address these challenges, emphasizing the need for improved administrative support, resources, and time allocation for mentoring activities. The conclusions drawn highlighted the importance of communication and professional development in enhancing mentoring effectiveness. Recommendations included institutionalizing mentoring programs, enhancing school-based mentoring initiatives, and conducting further research to refine and improve mentoring practices.

A Study on the Driving Mechanism of Chinese Oil and Gas Companies’ Transition to Renewable Energy

Encouraging oil and gas (O&amp;G) companies to develop renewable energy sources (RESs) is crucial for China’s energy strategy and sustainable development. The transition from O&amp;G energy to RESs is a complex and systemic process that requires a comprehensive analysis of both internal and external driving factors. This study integrates the theoretical dimensions of energy transition with the operational realities, utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze these factors and their influence on the decision-making process for companies in this sector. A multi-group analysis was conducted to explore differences in motivational mechanisms among groups with varying levels of transition willingness. The findings reveal that environmental awareness, economic value estimation, knowledge accumulation, dynamic capabilities, structural overlap, and government actions significantly promote the energy transition, whereas resource endowment acts as a barrier. Moreover, the willingness to transform moderates the effects of government actions and pressures from other stakeholders on corporate environmental awareness and the transition to RESs. This article provides more comprehensive research perspectives on exploring the driving mechanisms behind the transition to renewable energy, emphasizing the importance of governments playing diverse roles based on the specific internal conditions and highlighting the long-term impact of other stakeholders on sustainable development.

Мотивационные корреляты жизнестойкости и виртуальной идентичности молодых геймеров

The research is relevant due to the necessity to explore how gaming motivational mechanisms reduce internal tension and shape gamers’ identity in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). The aim of the research is to investigate the role of gaming motivation shaping virtual identity and hardiness of young gamers. Hypothesis: gaming motivation correlates with reduced internal tension and influences the formation of gamers’ virtual identity in cyber space. Participants: N = 120 aged 18–25 years (n male = 72; n female = 48; M = 20.4; SD = 2.5) living in the central region of the Russian Federation. Methods (tools): The Gaming Motivation Scale (Nick Yee adapted by N. V. Bogacheva, V. E. Epishina, A. V. Milyanskaya) was used to assess game motivation for playing massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG); an abridged version of the Hardiness Test (S. Maddi adapted by E. N. Osin, E. I. Rasskazova) was used to assess resilience; the Virtual Identity Status Inventory (VISI) (M. V. Klementyeva) was used to assess the status of virtual identities; the Game Experience Questionnaire (W. A. Ijsselsteijn, Y. A. W. de Kort, and K. Poels adapted by M. V. Klementyeva, M. V. Kurguzov) was used to assess players’ competence. Results: the research demonstrated significant differences in the manifestation of gamers’ “hardines”: higher values were recorded during gameplay. We found strong links between gaming motives, hardines, gaming skills and virtual identity. Despite their seamless gaming motivation and perfect gaming competence, gamers experience internal tension, helplessness in real life and strive to escape reality while forming a virtual identity based on the images of their gaming avatars. Main conclusions: in an online game, young gamers are able to cope more effectively with internal stress, compared with the real environment; they are able to maintain identity, and successfully implement gaming motives. Practical application: the research results can be used to develop techniques aimed at strengthening hardines and supporting identity formation in young gamers.

Feedback-based learning from viewpoints of surgical nursing students: A mixed-method study.

Feedback-based learning (FBL) focuses on guiding the learning process according to educational objectives and the student's needs. This study aimed to investigate surgical nursing students' perceptions and explore their experiences of FBL. The present study used a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design that was conducted in the quantitative and qualitative phases. Surgical nursing students participated in the quantitative phase (n = 105). In the first phase, students completed two questionnaires about FBL and clinical feedback. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used to collect qualitative data in the second phase. Graneheim and Lundman's inductive approaches were used to analyse the qualitative data. The mean (SD) score for students' perception of FBL was 3.99 ± 0.70. The qualitative results were explored in two themes, "motivational support for improvement" and "unpleasant learning". In this study, the positive and negative aspects of FBL were explained. FBL is perceived as a motivational support mechanism to improve students' capabilities during their academic courses and also prepare them for future careers. Conversely, FBL may experience unpleasant learning due to negative feedback and negative emotions.

Understanding the motivational mechanisms for smoking and vaping among dual users and exclusive smokers

BackgroundUnderstanding the motivational processes that influence e-cigarette use in a laboratory setting may help elucidate mechanisms that support long-term ecigarette use, which could have significant clinical and public health consequences. MethodsSecondary analyses were conducted on data from exclusive smokers (N=47) and dual users (N=88) who underwent a laboratory ad lib use session. Participants were given 10minutes to smoke (exclusive smokers) or vape (dual users) as much as they wanted. Withdrawal was assessed pre- and post-use. Smoking and vaping behavior was coded from session videos. Person-level predictors included cigarette/ecigarette craving-relief expectancies, demographics, and cigarette/e-cigarette use and dependence. Smoking and vaping status was assessed at Year 1 using self-reported 30-day point prevalence. Data were analyzed using general linear models and logistic regressions. ResultsBoth groups reported reductions in withdrawal after product use, including cigarette craving. Baseline e-cigarette craving-relief expectancies, pre-session ecigarette craving, heaviness of e-cigarette use, and relative e-cigarette dependence were significant univariate predictors of continued vaping in dual users at Year 1 (ORs>1.04, ps<.05). Dual users and exclusive smokers did not differ on use behavior (i.e., average number of puffs, ps>.16). ConclusionsE-cigarette use alleviated withdrawal, including cigarette and e-cigarette craving, in dual users. Laboratory use behavior did not differ between dual users using e-cigarettes and exclusive smokers using cigarettes. Greater e-cigarette craving-relief expectancies, e-cigarette craving, heaviness of e-cigarette use, and morning product use pattern (‘relative dependence’) may reflect mechanisms that sustain e-cigarette use.

Інституціональні засади формування та розвитку стійкого ринку електронної комерції

This research examines the institutional aspects of developing a resilient e-commerce market in Ukraine. The institutional approach allows us to consider various aspects of formation, functioning, and changes within the social institutions and their influence of e-commerce solutions on individuals’ activities and social interaction. During the literature review, the various approaches to the essence of the institution as an economic category were considered. The author proposed considering the e-commerce institution as a socially formed system that structures interaction within the e-commerce market by implementing formal and informal rules that influence subjects’ activities by establishing restrictions and organizing motivational mechanisms that support the desired behavior to maximize the aggregate economic impact. The roles and functions of the leading institutional players, particularly state institutions, market institutions, research institutions, and public and non-profit institutions, are defined. The literature review determined that e-commerce adoption is significantly determined by the response to pressure from external agents (consumers and competitors) and internal agents (employees). The model of the institutional environment of the e-commerce system is presented. The proposed model is based on the interaction of e-commerce institutions that contribute to institutionalizing e-commerce technologies within the Ukrainian business environment. The institutional influence is being implemented by utilizing the interaction of the ‘business-government-society’ triad. Among the expected institutional effects of the general modernization of the socio-economic system, the harmonization of relationships between individual participants and the reduction of resource asymmetry can be highlighted. Three types of institutional pressures that influence the enterprises’ decisions to adopt and develop e-commerce systems are discussed, particularly coercive, regulatory, and mimetic types of pressure. The interaction of these types of institutional pressure thereby influences the enterprises’ perception of barriers and opportunities for adopting and utilizing e-commerce. Keywords: e-commerce, institutionalization, resilience.

A motivational-based learning model for mobile robots

Humans have needs motivating their behavior according to intensity and context. However, we also create preferences associated with each action’s perceived pleasure, which is susceptible to changes over time. This makes decision-making more complex, requiring learning to balance needs and preferences according to the context. To understand how this process works and enable the development of robots with a motivational-based learning model, we computationally model a motivation theory proposed by Hull. In this model, the agent (an abstraction of a mobile robot) is motivated to keep itself in a state of homeostasis. We introduced hedonic dimensions to explore the impact of preferences on decision-making and employed reinforcement learning to train our motivated-based agents. In our experiments, we deploy three agents with distinct energy decay rates, simulating different metabolic rates, within two diverse environments. We investigate the influence of these conditions on their strategies, movement patterns, and overall behavior. The findings reveal that agents excel at learning more effective strategies when the environment allows for choices that align with their metabolic requirements. Furthermore, we observe that incorporating pleasure as a component of the motivational mechanism affects behavior learning, particularly for agents with regular metabolisms depending on the environment. Our study also unveils that, when confronted with survival challenges, agents prioritize immediate needs over pleasure and equilibrium. These insights shed light on how robotic agents can adapt and make informed decisions in demanding scenarios, demonstrating the intricate interplay between motivation, pleasure, and environmental context in autonomous systems.

Beyond Distracted Eating: Cognitive Distraction Downregulates Odor Pleasantness and Interacts with Weight Status.

Considering the widespread issue of distracted eating, our study investigates how cognitive distraction influences the sensory perception of food-related odors among individuals with varying weight statuses. We conducted an exploratory, randomized, and cross-sectional experimental study, using the Tetris game to simulate real-life cognitive distraction, incorporating two distraction levels (low and high) and presenting five distinct odors. A total of 59 participants, categorized into a lean (n = 30) and overweight/obese group (n = 29) based on their body mass index (BMI), received odor stimuli while playing Tetris at low and high difficulty, corresponding to low and high distraction levels, respectively. Participants subsequently rated odor intensity and pleasantness under the two cognitive distraction conditions. Respiratory movements were monitored to ensure accurate olfactory stimulation. Our findings revealed no significant difference in odor intensity ratings across distraction levels (p = 0.903). However, there was a significant reduction in odor pleasantness under high cognitive distraction (p = 0.007), more pronounced in lean participants compared to those with an overweight status (p = 0.035). Additionally, an interaction between gender and cognitive distraction effects was observed in odor pleasantness perception. The differential effects of distraction across weight-status groups and genders are discussed in the context of hedonic motivation and compensatory mechanisms. This study sheds light onto the sensory mechanisms underlying distracted eating and could inform more personalized strategies for promoting healthier eating habits in a world dominated by distractions.

The Motivation Mechanism of Working Medical Students in Public Health Emergencies

Based on the background of the release of New Ten policies in the post-epidemic era and the concentrated outbreak of COVID- 19, based on the two-factor theory of Frederic Herzberg, this study explored the willingness of school regulation students of the Academy of Medical Sciences to stay in the hospital and continue to work in response to public health emergencies from two aspects of health factors and incentive factors and the influencing factors behind it. The results showed that under public health emergencies, the level of motivating factors such as sense of responsibility and mission was high, but the level of health factors such as job salary, workload and job security still needed to be improved, and the key to motivating the school to stay in the hospital was the incentive of health factors.

Putting workers’ safety front and center: Employee-organization exchange and employee safety performance

Introduction: The global occupational accident situation remains severe. As enhancing employee safety performance constitutes a crucial part of accident prevention and safety management, the study aims to examine, from an employment relationship perspective, the cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mechanisms through which employee-organization exchange (EOX), as a social exchange type of employment relationship, can affect employee safety performance. Method: Data were collected from 672 subordinates and their immediate 100 supervisors in three large manufacturing firms in Guangdong province, China. Results: The results shows that: (1) EOX has a positive effect on employees’ safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion, and safety communication; (2) safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion and safety communication (as cognitive, motivational and behavioral mechanisms) mediate the relationship between EOX and safety performance (both safety compliance and safety participation); and (3) management commitment to safety moderates the direct effect of EOX on safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion, and safety communication, and its indirect effect on two forms of safety performance via the three mediating mechanisms. The moderating effect and moderated indirect effect are stronger when management commits more to safety. The study contributes to the employee safety literature. Practical Applications: Employers should establish a long-term oriented social exchange relationship with their employees for effective safety management.

Predicting Adolescents' Leisure-Time Physical Activity Levels: A Three-Wave Prospective Test of the Integrated Model of Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior.

A three-wave prospective study was conducted to provide a better understanding of the ability of the integrated model of self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict future physical activity (PA) engagement among adolescents. Nearly 2500 secondary school students from China were recruited to test the hypothesized pathway from autonomous motivation from SDT at baseline (T1) through the constructs of TPB one month later (T2) on leisure-time PA levels of secondary school students three months later (T3). The findings revealed that the structural equation models yielded excellent fit indices with χ2 = 1858.989, df = 257, CFI = 0.936, TLI = 0.926, RMSEA = 0.050 [90% CI = 0.048 to 0.052], and SRMR = 0.032. In particular, autonomous motivation at T1 was positively associated with attitude (R2 = 0.160), subjective norms (R2 = 0.160), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) (R2 = 0.173) at T2 (β = 0.395 to 0.414, p < 0.001) and subsequently associated with intention at T2 (R2 = 0.875, β = 0.112 to 0.478, p < 0.001). T2 intention was positively associated with leisure-time PA levels (R2 = 0.004) at T3. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the motivational mechanisms and social cognition processes involved in predicting adolescents' leisure-time PA levels among adolescents.