Mosquito Coil Smoke Research Articles

Histomorphological Changes in Testis of Rats with Prolonged Exposure to Allethrin-Based Mosquito Coil Smoke.

To explore the potential adverse effects of prolonged inhalation of mosquito coil smoke on the testicular histomorphology and serum testosterone levels in rats. An experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January to December 2020. This study was carried out on 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into control Group A (n = 10) and experimental Group B (n = 10). Rats in Group B were exposed to mosquito coil smoke (allethrin-based) for 4 hours / day for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of exposure, serum testosterone levels and testicular morphology (seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, and testicular capsule thickness) were compared between the groups. Rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke showed significantly reduced serum testosterone levels (p <0.001) along with testicular histological disruption in terms of significantly dilated seminiferous tubules (p <0.001), reduced germinal epithelial height (p <0.001), and thickened testicular capsule (p <0.001), as compared to the control group. Prolonged inhalation of allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke reduced serum testosterone levels and caused testicular histological disruption in the exposed group of rats. Allethrin, Germinal epithelium, Mosquito coil, Seminiferous tubules, Testicular capsule, Testosterone, Testis.

Protective Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Testicular Histology in Rats Exposed via Chronic Mosquito Coil Smoke Inhalation.

To determine the preventive effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the testicular histology of rats exposed chronically to mosquito coil smoke. Experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College/National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January to December 2020. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Group A was the healthy control. Group B rats were exposed to allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke for 12 weeks (4 hours/day). Group C rats received coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, 10mg/kg/day) through oral gavage, in addition to 12 weeks of mosquito coil smoke exposure (4 hours/day). At the end of the study, testicular histology was compared among three groups including the germinal epithelium height, seminiferous tubule diameter, and testicular capsule thickness, while adjusting for the body weight variations among rats. The rats in Group B, exposed only to mosquito coil smoke showed testicular disruption, characterised by dilated seminiferous tubules (p <0.001), reduced germinal epithelial height (p <0.001), and thickened testicular capsule (p <0.007), as compared to the control group rats. However, the germinal epithelium height (p = 0.73) and testicular capsule thickness (p = 0.31) of rats receiving CoQ10 in addition to mosquito coil smoke inhalation were not significantly different from the control group. Prolonged inhalation of allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke can cause testicular disruption among rats. The oral CoQ10 administration can effectively prevent the histomorphological adverse effects on the testis among rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke. Allethrin, Coenzyme Q10, Germinal epithelium, Mosquito coil, Seminiferous tubules, Testicular capsule.

Toxicological Effects of Commonly Used Mosquito Coil Smoke on Liver and Lung Function in Rats

The utilization of mosquito coils as a household-level strategy for mosquito control is widely practiced in malaria-endemic regions spanning Africa, Asia, and South America. However, the continuous application of mosquito coils has prompted significant apprehensions concerning environmental and health implications. This research aims to evaluate the potential hepatic and pulmonary toxicities associated with the inhalation of mosquito coil smoke in rat subjects over both sub-chronic and chronic durations. A questionnaire was used to make inquiries regarding the prevalent types and brands of mosquito coils employed, the manner in which they are used, the durations for which they are utilized. A total of twenty-four albino rats were categorized into three distinct groups: the control group and two exposed groups. These groups were subjected to distinct brands of mosquito coil smoke across two distinct exposure regimens – a sub-chronic exposure lasting 4 weeks and a chronic exposure spanning 12 weeks. Following the exposure periods, blood samples were collected for the analysis of serum-based and biochemical markers, including serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin, serum bicarbonate, and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), oxygen saturation, C-reactive protein, total protein, and microscopic analysis of lung tissue and liver tissue. The histopathological analysis of lung tissue was appropriately included. However, the analysis of liver tissue was omitted. The results demonstrated a significant elevation in the levels of these biochemical markers among the exposed rats in comparison to the control group. Concurrently, a decrease in blood oxygen saturation was noted in the exposed rats when contrasted with the control group. Conversely, the serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, total protein, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) did not exhibit notable differences in relation to the control group. Additionally, microscopic analysis of lung tissue indicated the presence of histopathological lesions in the exposed rats, suggesting a detrimental impact of mosquito coil smoke exposure in a time-dependent progression.

Histopathological Changes Induced by Exposure of Mosquito Coil Smoke on the Liver of Adult Wistar Albino Rats – An Experimental Study

Background: Mosquito coils are widely used to control mosquitoes due to their low cost. However, their combustion releases harmful pollutants. Objective: This study investigates the histological changes in rat liver due to exposure to mosquito coil smoke containing d-trans allethrin. Methods: Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (Group A), exposed for 4 weeks (Group B), and exposed for 6 weeks (Group C). The rats were exposed to the smoke for 8 hours daily. Liver tissues were collected, fixed, sectioned, and stained for histological analysis. Results: Prolonged exposure to mosquito coil smoke leads to significant liver damage and inflammation due to the release of fine particles and toxic compounds. Conclusion: Long-term exposure to mosquito coil smoke is hepatotoxic. Public awareness and measures to minimize exposure are necessary.

The Teratogenic Effect of Dimefluthrin-Based Mosquito Coils on Pregnant Mice (Mus musculus L.)

Dimefluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, claims to be safe and harmless to mammals. However, the potential risk of mosquito coils containing dimefluthrin to pregnant mice remains uncertain. This study aimed to examine the teratogenic effect of dimefluthrin when inhaled by pregnant mice at different stages of gestation. The study used mosquito coils with 0.031% dimefluthrin as the active ingredient and was exposed to pregnant mice at various pregnancy stages. The results revealed that mosquito coils with dimefluthrin had teratogenic effects, reducing the number of live fetuses and increasing the number of dead fetuses, especially from the seventh to the eighteenth day of pregnancy. Additionally, there was a decrease in fetal weight, length, and volume, particularly during the seventh to eighth day of gestation. Hemorrhages were observed as fetal abnormalities and were highest three hr after exposure every day during pregnancy. The conclusion of this research is pregnant mice exposed to mosquito coil smoke containing dimefluthrin experienced a decrease in the number of live fetuses and an increase in fetal mortality. While there was no significant impact on reabsorption, the fetuses showed reduced weight, and size, and an increased incidence of hemorrhages when exposed for three hr daily during pregnancy.

Ameliorative effect of Quercetin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on haematological and liver function impairment induced by mosquito coil smoke in male Wistar rats

The use of mosquito coils is one method adopted to control malaria Inhalation of the coil smoke causes adverse effects, including hepatic and haematological toxicities associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of phytochemical antioxidants (Quercetin and Omega-3) on mosquito coil smoke-induced haematological and hepatic impairments. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups viz control, mosquito coil-only (MC), mosquito coil+Quercetin (MC+Q) and mosquito coil+Omega-3 (MC+OM3) groups of five rats each. Quercetin and Omega-3 were administered daily at 20mg/kg and 600mg/kg respectively. The duration of daily exposure and treatment was 42 days after which blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for determination of relevant haematological and hepatic parameters. The RBC count was significantly reduced in the MC group compared with the control (P&lt;0.05) but was higher in the MC+Quercetin group than in the MC group. Haemoglobin was decreased in the MC and MC+Omega-3 groups compared with the control (P&lt;0.05). White blood cell count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P&lt;0.05) but lower in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups than in the MC group (P&lt;0.05). The lymphocyte count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P&lt;0.05). Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) in the MC group compared with the control group but were reduced (P&lt;0.05) in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups compared with the MC group. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in the MC group than in control (P&lt;0.05) but significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) in the MC+OM3 group than in the MC group. Serum total bilirubin was significantly elevated in the MC group compared to that in the control group (P&lt;0.05). The serum concentration of direct bilirubin was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in the MC group than in the control group. We conclude that Omega-3 and Quercetin ameliorate haematological and hepatic function impairments in Wistar rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke.

Toxicological and histopathological alterations in the heart of young and adult albino rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke

Mosquito coil repellents are well-known indoor air pollutant with significant health concerns. The present study investigated the toxic effects of mosquito coil smoke on the heart of young and adult male rats. The animals were subjected to the smoke for 6 h/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Within the first hour after lighting the coil, significant amounts of formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were detected. Both exposed ages, particularly the young group, showed a significant increase in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, and the levels of troponin I, myoglobin, Na+ levels, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) as well as a significant decrease in K+ levels and cardiac Na–K ATPase activity, indicating development of cardiac inflammation and dysfunction. Furthermore, the toxic stress response was validated by significant downregulation at expression of the detoxifying enzyme cytochrome p450. Histopathological studies in both age groups, especially the young group, revealed cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrotic areas. Moreover, upregulation at the pro-apoptotic markers, caspase3, P53, and cytochrome C expressions, was detected by immunohistochemical approach in heart sections of the exposed groups. Finally, the myocardial dysfunctional effects of the coil active ingredient, meperfluthrin, were confirmed by the docking results which indicated a high binding affinity of meperfluthrin, with Na–K ATPase and caspase 3. In conclusion, both the young and adult exposed groups experienced significant cardiac toxicity changes evidenced by cell apoptosis and histopathological alterations as well as disruption of biochemical indicators.Graphical

Combined Effect of Prenatal Mosquito Coil Smoke Exposure and Early Postnatal Nutritional Status on Obesity among Preschoolers

Informed by the theory of developmental origins of health and disease, we conducted a survey among 66,854 mother–preschooler dyads in all kindergartens within the Longhua District of Shenzhen in China for exploring the combined effect of prenatal mosquito coil smoke (MCS) exposure and early postnatal nutritional status on obesity in preschoolers. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by mothers to collect parents’ and children’s socio-demographic characteristics, prenatal MCS exposure, child nutritional status at 1–3 years, etc., and children’s heights and weights were measured at the same time. After controlling for potential confounders, a series of logistic regression models and cross-over analyses were used to examine the independent and combination effects of prenatal MCS exposure and postnatal nutritional status on preschoolers’ obesity. We found that prenatal MCS exposure significantly increased the risk of preschoolers’ obesity (AOR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.08–1.21). Additionally, early postnatal well-nourished nutritional status also increased the risk of preschoolers’ obesity (AOR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.47–1.66). The cross-over analysis showed that the combination of prenatal MCS exposure with early general postnatal nutrition status (AOR = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.10–1.36) and early postnatal well-nourished nutrition status (AOR = 1.81, 95%CI = 1.65–1.97), respectively, increased the risk of preschoolers’ obesity. Our results indicated that prenatal MCS exposure and early postnatal nutritional status can independently and jointly increase the risk of preschoolers’ obesity.

Duration Exposure effect of Anti Mosquito Coils smoke on Lung and Microscopic condition of Heart and Haemoglobin in Mice (Mus musculus)

The use of mosquito coils for a long time will harm the body, including the lungs and heart. Therefore, this study aims determine the microscopic condition of the lungs and heart and hemoglobin levels. The design of this study was a laboratory experiment that used sample of 24 mice divided into 4 groups, named P0(control), P1(4 hours), P2(6 hours), and P3(8 hours) for 30 days. Then the hemoglobin level was measured using the POCT method. After that, the mice were necropsied the observe the condition of the lungs and heart which had been stained with HE. Observations were conducted inscoring and process data using statistical test of one way ANOVA, if the data are not qualified, then Kruskal-walis test is used The results showed that the degree of lung damage obtained a score of P0, P1, P2, and P3 of 1.5;2;2,167; and 2,667. While the degree of hearth damage P0, P1, P2, and P3 obtained score of 0.5;1.5;1.3; and 1.67. The results of hemogobin levels (g/dl) showed that P0, P1, P2, P3 of 14.61; 17.4; 15.05; and 17.4. Microscopically, lung cell tissue was damaged when exposed to mosquito coil smoke, it is the presence of pycnotic nuclei in P2 and P3 treatments. The results of One Way ANOVA test on hemoglobin levels of mice showed significant results (p&gt;0.05), while microscopically, heart cells using the Kruskal Wallis test showed significant differences (p&gt;0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant chane between the leghth of time of exposure to mosquito coils with lung microscopy and the level of mice. However, there were no significant changes in the microscopic heart of mice.

Effects of Mosquito Coil Smoke Inhalation on the Haematological, Biochemical, and Histopathological Parameters of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Malaria remains the most important mosquito-borne parasitic disease in sub – Saharan Africa and one of the ways of reducing the risk of the disease is by preventing mosquito–human contact. Mosquito coil (MC) is a coiled substance having one or more insecticides that slowly burns to emit smoke that repels mosquitoes. Some emissions from mosquito coil smoke (MCS) have however been reported to have various health implications. In this study, we investigated the effect of MCS inhalation on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Twenty adults male Wistar rats weighing between 160 and 180g were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group I (G1) served as unexposed control while groups 2 – 4 (G2, G3, G4) were exposed to MCS for 2, 4, and 6 hours respectively each day for eight weeks. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were weighed and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical parameters while kidney, liver and lung samples were harvested for histopathology. There was a significant increase (P&lt;0.5) in the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and electrolyte level of exposed rats compared to the control. Histopathological evaluation of the kidney showed severe congestion of the renal cortex and moderate diffused degeneration of the renal tubules. Sections of the exposed liver showed mild to moderate periportal cellular infiltration, mild congestion of interstitial capillaries, and mild diffuse hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes. Similarly, sections of exposed lungs revealed severe congestion and oedema of the lungs, moderate diffuse proliferation of alveoli pneumocyte, multiple foci of congestion, and oedema with haemorrhage into the alveoli. These findings suggest that exposure to MCS may have toxic effects on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Friendlier mosquito control alternatives like Long Lasting Insecticidal–treated Nets should therefore be encouraged.

Effects of Passiflora foetida on the Number of Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellum of Albino Rats

Permot (Passiflora foetida) is one type of plant that has been used as a mosquito coil. Besides being effective at killing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, mosquito coils made from permot leaf extract are also effective at killing German cockroaches and house flies. Until now there have been no reports stating the side effects of using permot leaf extract in humans. This study was designed to demonstrate the harmful side effects of inhalation of smoked mosquito coils made from permot leaf extract on the cerebellar cortex of adult male rats. Thirty-five adult male rats were used in this study. Rats were divided into 7 groups, namely group 1 as a negative control (without exposure), group 2 as a positive control (transfluthrin exposure 3000 ppm), groups 3 to 7 were treatment groups of permot leaf extract with graded doses (500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm, and 4000 ppm), and was treated for 12 weeks. All rats were sacrificed in a timely manner and cerebellar specimens were taken, prepared and observed using a light microscope. Previously, rats were weighed periodically to determine the effect of toxicity. The results showed that exposure to mosquito coil smoke made from 3000 ppm Transflutrin and 4000 ppm permot leaf extract caused weight loss in rats. Likewise on the weight of the rat cerebellum. The effect of decreasing the number of Purkinje cells also occurred in the group exposed to mosquito coils made from Transflutrin 3000 ppm and permot leaf extract 4000 ppm. Therefore, the safe and effective dose of mosquito coils made from permot leaves is less than 4000 ppm, because exposure to doses of more than 4000 ppm can cause degenerative changes in the cerebellar cortex.

First Trimester of Pregnancy as the Sensitive Period for the Association between Prenatal Mosquito Coil Smoke Exposure and Preterm Birth.

Mosquito coils are efficient mosquito repellents and mosquito coil smoke (MCS) contributes to indoor air pollution. However, no prior population-based study has investigated whether prenatal MCS exposure is a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB) and whether exposure to MCS in different trimesters of pregnancy is associated with different levels of risk. The sample involved 66,503 mother–child dyads. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between prenatal MCS exposure during different trimesters of pregnancy and PTB. We found that prenatal MCS exposure was associated with a greater likelihood of PTB (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.05–1.20). The prenatal MCS exposure during the first trimester was associated with 1.17 (95%CI: 1.09–1.25) times the odds of being PTB, which was higher than exposure during the second trimester (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03–1.19) and during the third trimester (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01–1.16). In the stratified analysis, prenatal MCS exposure significantly increased PTB risk among girls but not among boys. Our results indicated that maternal MCS exposure during pregnancy was associated with PTB and that the first trimester might be the sensitive period. In light of these findings, public health interventions are needed to reduce prenatal exposure to MCS, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Thinness negatively affects lung function among Sri Lankan children.

BackgroundThere have been conflicting findings on the effect of body mass index (BMI) on lung functions in children. Therefore, we studied the relationship between spirometry parameters and BMI among healthy Sri Lankan school children aged 5–7 years.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 school children (5–7-year-old) without apparent lung disease. Recruitment was done with stratified random sampling. Spirometry parameters, FEV1, FVC, PEFR, and FEV1/FVC ratio were determined. The acceptable and reproducible spirometry recordings were included in the analysis. Simple and multivariate linear regression analysis examined possible associations of lung function parameters with BMI, socio‐demographic variables and indoor risk factors. Also, the mediator effect of gender on lung function through BMI was explored.ResultsThe participants’ mean age (SD) was 6.4 (0.65) years. One-third were thin/severely thin (37%). A statistically significant difference in FVC (p = 0.001) and FEV1 (p = 0.001) was observed between BMI groups (obesity/overweight, normal, and thinness). Yet, PEFR or FEV1/FVC did not significantly differ among BMI groups (p = 0.23 and p = 0.84). Multivariate regression analysis showed that FEV1 and FVC were significantly associated with BMI, child’s age, gender, family income, father’s education, having a pet, and exposure to mosquito coil smoke. Interaction between gender and BMI for lung functions was not significant. The thin children had significantly lower FVC (OR: -0.04, 95%CI: -0.077, -0.012, p = 0.008) and FEV1 (OR: -0.04, 95%CI: -0.075, -0.014, p = 0.004) than normal/overweight/obese children. Family income demonstrated the greatest effect on lung functions; FVC and FEV1 were 0.25L and 0.23L smaller in low-income than the high-income families.ConclusionLower lung function parameters (FVC and FEV1) are associated with thinness than normal/overweight/obese dimensions among children without apparent lung disease. It informs that appropriate nutritional intervention may play a role in improving respiratory health.

Protective Role of Vitamin C Against Biochemical Enzymes Alterations Induced by Exposure of Allethrin Based Mosquito Coil Smoke on Cerebellum of Male Albino RatsAn Experimental Study

Introduction: Among synthetic pyrethroids allethrin is widely used as active ingredient in mosquito coils. Many experimental studies have proved that pyrethroids cause neurotoxicity and result into derangements of biochemical enzymes including oxidative stress markers and antioxidant levels in brain. Aim: To study alterations in biochemical markers (oxidative and antioxidant enzymes) in cerebellum of male albino Wistar rats induced by the exposure of allethrin based mosquito coil smoke along with protective role of withdrawal and exogenously administered vitamin C on these markers. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, during October 2014-September 2015. Total 42 male albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group contained 12 rats was used as control, group II with 12 rats was given 8 hours daily exposure of allethrin based mosquito coil smoke via whole body inhalation for 6 days in a week for a total of 12 weeks. Group III contained eight rats and was given exposure same as group II and were further kept for 8 weeks to see the withdrawal effect. Group IV with 10 rats was given same exposure as group II, along with oral administration of 20 mg/kg body weight vitamin C. After 12 weeks of exposure cerebellum was dissected and then sent for biochemical enzyme estimation. Rats in group III were dissected after 8 weeks post 12 weeks of exposure. Comparisons were made between groups by using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: The exposure Group II showed significant rise (p&lt;0.001) in level of oxidative stress marker enzyme Malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant (p&lt;0.001) reduction in activities of antioxidants Glutathione Peroxidase (GPO), reduced Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) in comparison to Group I, III and IV. In vitamin C administered group IV the above parameters were found to be less affected. Intergroup comparison of oxidative stress markers level showed significant intergroup difference between Group I, II, group II, III and group II, IV. Conclusion: Allethrin based mosquito coil smoke causes oxidative stress in cerebellum of albino Wistar rats and vitamin C has ameliorative effect on biochemical alterations induced by sub-chronic whole body exposure of mosquito coil smoke.

Histological Changes of Wistar Rats' Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex After Prenatal Exposure to Mosquito Coil Smoke

Background: The structural integrity of the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex appears to be a prerequisite for normal acquisition of information about relational and contextual representation. Increased exposures to pyrethroids by pregnant women and children have raised concerns over their potentials as developmental neurotoxicants. Objectives: We studied the histological changes on the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of adolescent Wistar rats prenatally exposed to mosquito coil smoke (MCS). Methods: 30 adult Wistar rats (20 females, 10 males) were used for the study. Mating was induced, and pregnancy was confirmed. Pregnant animals were grouped into four, 3 animals per group. Group I was exposed to fresh air. Groups II, III, and IV were exposed to mosquito coil smoke for 4, 6 and 8 hours daily respectively throughout gestation period. On Post-natal day (PND) 29, experimental animals were humanely sacrificed and regions of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were processed for histological studies using H &amp; E stain. Results and Conclusion: Our results showed that prenatal exposure to mosquito coil smoke caused neuronal degeneration, distortion in cytoarchitecture of cellular layers and vacuolations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of prenatally exposed groups.

Evaluation of Memory Impairment Following Prenatal Exposure to Mosquito Coil Smoke

Background: Developmental Neurotoxicity can lead to the buildup of reactive oxygen species which is an indicator to oxidative stress in the prenatally exposed offspring. Neuronal oxidative stress induces neuroinflammation, precedes tangle formation, and disrupts synaptic plasticity. The result of such changes may be expressed into adulthood as behavioral deficits. All together, these mechanisms are implicated in memory disorders. Objectives: To investigate the histochemical changes in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of Wistar rats' offspring after prenatal exposure to mosquito coil smoke and its effect on memory. . Methods: 12 pregnant Wistar rats were grouped into four, 3 animals per group. Group I was exposed to fresh air. Groups II, III, and IV were exposed to mosquito coil smoke for 4, 6 and 8 hours daily respectively throughout gestation period. On Post-natal day (PND) 28 and 29, shortterm spatial and recognition memory of adolescent wistar rats were assessed using water licking task and novel object recognition test respectively. For each animal group (I-IV), a total of 8 animals were randomly selected from the litters for neurobehavioral studies. Experimental animals were humanely sacrificed and sections from the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were processed for histochemical studies using Bielschowsky stain. Data were presented as mean ± SEM; analysed using One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test (p&lt;0.05). Results and Conclusion: Our results showed significant impairment in short-term recognition and spatial memory of group III and IV adolescent wistar rats when compared with the control (p&lt;0.05) and the formation of neurofibrillary tangle-like structures in neurons of the studied regions. .

THE EFFECT OF BEETROOT JUICE (Beta vulgaris L.) ON THE CONCENTRATION OF SPERMATOZOA IN WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO MOSQUITO COIL SMOKE

Background: Mosquito coil smoke contains Allethrin that can increase the free radical effect. This process may result in the damage of the cell membranes that triggered by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can affect spermatogenesis and decreasing the quality of spermatozoa, including the spermatozoa concentration. Beetroot contain flavonoid as an antioxidant which can counteract the free radicals in the body.Purpose: To identify the effect of beetroot juice in the spermatozoa concentration of Wistar rats that exposed by mosquito coil smoke.Method: This study used Post Test Only control group design. The samples were 28 male Wistar rats that divided into 4 groups. The Control Group(-) was a group without treatment. The Control Group(+) was only exposed by mosquito coil smoke. Group P1 was exposed by mosquito coil smoke and given 8 ml of beetroot juice. P2 group was exposed by mosquito coil smoke and given 16 ml of beetroot juice. For 56 days, on the 57th day all rats were terminated and spermatozoa concentrations were examined.Results: The average concentration of spermatozoa was: Group K(-)=20,00; Group K(+)=8,00; P1 group=12,40; P2 group=17,20. One Way ANOVA test found there were significant differences among the five treatment groups. Post-Hoc test found there were significant differences among K(-) with K(+), K(-) with P1, K(-) with P2, K(+) with P1, K(+) with P2 and P1 with P2.Conclusion: Beetroot juice administration increasing the spermatozoa concentration of male wistar rats that exposed by cigarette smoke.Keywords: Mosquito coil smoke, beetroot juice, spermatozoa concentration

Numerical study on settlement characteristics of inhalable particles in under-floor air distribution system

Particles deposited on the surface and floor will again enter the air in a suspended state due to airflow disturbance, which will threaten people's health. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the effects of different particle sizes on the settlement and trajectory of floor particles in the under-floor air distribution (UFAD) system. In this paper, the indoor temperature distribution and particle concentration of office room in Shanghai are simulated by numerical simulation, and verified by experiments. On the basis of ensuring that the numerical simulation results are consistent with the experimental results, the numerical model is used to further analyze the trajectory and settlement characteristics of particles with different sizes in the UFAD system. The results show that the particles less than 1 μm are easy to be suspended in the air under the influence of floor air supply, and the particles larger than 2.5 μm are less affected and mainly settle on the floor. Moreover, the particles close to the air inlet are easier to suspend, so the personnel stay area should keep a certain distance from the air inlet area. Finally, the mosquito coil smoke diffusion simulation is carried out to simulate the unsteady diffusion process of particles when there is particle pollution source on the floor. It is found that most mosquito coil particles could be discharged from the air outlet in 10 min.

Evaluation of Toxic Effect of D-alletrin Based Mosquito’s Coil on the Lungs and Selected Haematological Parameters of Adult Wistar Rats

The effect of inhaling mosquito coil smoke on the haematology and histology of rat’s lungs was studied. Mosquito coils while slowly burning emit smoke containing one or more insecticides, each coil burns for several hours and are used in close proximity to persons requiring protection against mosquitoes in order to prevent malaria, a disease of wide distribution. This study is aimed at determining the effects of mosquito coil on lungs of adult wistar rats. A total of 16 adult wistar rats were used in this study weighing 100g – 200g. They were randomly divided into four groups of four rats each. Rats in group 1 served as control and received only food and distilled water; while the experimental groups II – IV were exposed to mosquito coil smoke for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours respectively for a period of 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood was collected from each rat through ocular puncture for blood analysis. The rats were sacrificed with the lungs harvested and fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histological analysis. The body weight of the exposed groups observed showed insignificant decrease when compared with the control group. The organ weight of lungs showed significant increase when compared to the control group. Haematological analysis for blood obtained revealed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC counts in all exposure groups when compared with the control group. Histological analysis of the lungs showed severe hemorrhage and severe inflammation of the lungs. Results from this study demonstrates that mosquito coil smoke not only challenges the immune system but also affects the blood oxygen regulation level through damage in the lungs.

PROPHYLACTIC EFFECT OF COENZYME Q10 ON GROSS PARAMETERS OF RAT TESTIS EXPOSED TO MOSQUITO COIL SMOKE INHALATION

Objective: To determine the toxic effect of mosquito coil smoke inhalation on gross parameters of rat testis and explore the protective effect of Coenzyme Q10on testicular toxicity profile.&#x0D; Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health, Islamabad, from Jan 2020 to Dec 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: This study was carried out among 30 male Sprague Dawley rats, distributed into three groups as 10 rats/group; group A served as control group, rats in group B were exposed to allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke 4hours/day for 12 weeks. Rats in group C were administered Coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for 12 weeks along with mosquito coil smoke exposure. At the end of study, gross parameters of body weight gain, testicular weight and volume, and relative tissue body weight index of testis were compared among groups.&#x0D; Results: Rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke alone showed significantly less weight gain (p&lt;0.001)), testicular weight (p&lt;0.001), volume (p&lt;0.001), and relative tissue body weight index (p&lt;0.001) as compared to control group. Rats administered Coenzyme Q10 along with mosquito coil smoke exposure exhibited significantly higher weight gain (p&lt;0.001), testicular weight (p&lt;0.001), volume (p&lt;0.001) and relative tissue body weight index (p&lt;0.001) as compared to rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke alone.&#x0D; Conclusion: Long-term inhalation of allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke caused testicular atrophy among rats, as evident by reduced testicular weight, volume and relative tissue body weight index. Whereas, prophylactic oral administration of Coenzyme......................