Mosquito Aedes Albopictus Research Articles

Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I variation in Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus): Determination of the different and multiple introduction situations in Turkiye

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is an invasive mosquito species that can transmit many arboviral diseases. In Turkiye, this species was found first in Thrace in 2011, then in the Eastern Black Sea in 2014, and in the Aegean regions in 2018. We analyzed the COI gene region of 554 samples from 13 different locations in the Black Sea, Aegean, and Marmara regions to determine the COI diversity and possible introduction origin of A. albopictus in Türkiye. Three haplotypes derived from two segregation sites were detected, and the Hd and π values were 0.175 and 0.00029, respectively. Hap_1 was a common haplotype and was detected in all regions. Hap_2 was detected in the Black Sea and Marmara regions, while Hap_3 was rare, and recorded only in Aegean lineages. In pairwise FSTs of 13 geographical populations, the Marmara lineages were statistically different from the Black Sea and Aegean lineages (except the Mugla samples). AMOVA test results indicated significant differences between the three studied regions (df = 2, f = 0.01784). Although Turkish Aedes albopictus lineages appear to have originated from temperate Northern Italy lineages and Aegean lineages may have originated from a mix of Italy and Albania lineages, the results revealed multiple introduction events via various routes.

Aktivitas Menggigit Nyamuk Aedes spp di Tiban Baru, Kota Batam

Tiban Baru area is one of the endemic areas of Dengue Fever (DHF) in Batam City. Previous studies have reported nocturnal blood-sucking activities of Aedes spp mosquitoes in several regions in Indonesia. The behavioral change of the blood-sucking activity of Aedes spp mosquitoes may impact the transmission of dengue fever. The study aimed to determine the activity of Aedes spp, a vector of DHF in the Tiban Baru area, Batam City. The research was descriptive with a cross-sectional design. This study was conducted in 25 houses, with mosquito collection in the field using the resting mosquito collection method starting from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am. Measurement of environmental parameters including temperature and humidity in the environment around the study. The results stated that there was a change in the blood-sucking activity of Aedes spp mosquitoes from 16.00 to 17.00 to 18.00 to 21.00. The distribution of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in the Tiban Baru area was 89.4% of the total Aedes spp mosquitoes collected with a Man Bitting Rate (MBR) value of 56.6%. The average temperature and humidity in the Tiban Baru area were 280C and 75%. Changes in the blood-sucking activity of Aedes spp mosquitoes can increase the risk of dengue transmission so efforts are needed for the prevention and control of dengue vectors in the study area.

2D finger-printing and molecular docking studies identified potent mosquito repellents targeting odorant binding protein 1

Personal protection measures against the mosquitoes like the use of repellents constitute valuable tools in the effort to prevent the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Therefore, the discovery of novel repellent molecules which will be effective at lower concentrations and provide a longer duration of protection remains an urgent need.Mosquito Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs) involved in the initial steps of the olfactory signal transduction cascade have been recognized not only as passive carriers of odors and pheromones but also as the first molecular filter to discriminate semiochemicals, hence serving as molecular targets for the design of novel pest control agents. Among the three-dimensional structures of mosquito OBPs solved in the last decades, the OBP1 complexes with known repellents have been widely used as reference structures in docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies for the structure-based discovery of new molecules with repellent activity.Herein, ten compounds known to be active against mosquitoes and/or displaying a binding affinity for Anopheles gambiae AgamOBP1 were used as queries in an in silico screening of over 96 million chemical samples in order to detect molecules with structural similarity. Further filtering of the acquired hits on the basis of toxicity, vapor pressure, and commercial availability resulted in 120 unique molecules that were subjected to molecular docking studies against OBP1. For seventeen potential OBP1-binders, the free energy of binding (FEB) and mode of interaction with the protein were further estimated by molecular docking simulations leading to the selection of eight molecules exhibiting the highest similarity with their parental compounds and favorable energy values. The in vitro determination of their binding affinity to AgamOBP1 and the evaluation of their repellent activity against female Aedes albopictus mosquitoes revealed that our combined ligand similarity screening and OBP1 structure-based molecular docking successfully detected three molecules with enhanced repellent properties. A novel DEET-like repellent with lower volatility (8.55 × 10−4 mmHg) but a higher binding affinity for OBP1 than DEET (1.35 × 10−3 mmHg). A highly active repellent molecule that is predicted to bind to the secondary Icaridin (sIC)-binding site of OBP1 with higher affinity than to the DEET-site and, therefore, represents a new scaffold to be exploited for the discovery of binders targeting multiple OBP sites. Finally, a third potent repellent exhibiting a high degree of volatility was found to be a strong DEET-site binder of OBP1 that could be used in slow-release formulations.

Mosquito densovirus significantly reduces the vector susceptibility to dengue virus serotype 2 in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

BackgroundDengue virus (DENV) is a major public health threat, with Aedes albopictus being the confirmed vector responsible for dengue epidemics in Guangzhou, China. Mosquito densoviruses (MDVs) are pathogenic mosquito-specific viruses, and a novel MDV was previously isolated from Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou. This study aims to determine the prevalence of MDVs in wild Ae. albopictus populations and investigate their potential interactions with DENV and impact on vector susceptibility for DENV.MethodsThe prevalence of MDV in wild mosquitoes in China was investigated using open access sequencing data and PCR detection in Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou. The viral infection rate and titers in MDV-persistent C6/36 cells were evaluated at 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h post infection (hpi) by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The midgut infection rate (MIR), dissemination rate (DR), and salivary gland infection rate (SGIR) in various tissues of MDV-infected mosquitoes were detected and quantified at 0, 5, 10, and 15 days post infection (dpi) by RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. The chi-square test evaluated dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) and Aedes aegypti densovirus (AaeDV) infection rates and related indices in mosquitoes, while Tukey's LSD and t-tests compared viral titers in C6/36 cells and tissues over time.ResultsThe results revealed a relatively wide distribution of MDVs in Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles mosquitoes in China and an over 68% positive rate. In vitro, significant reductions in DENV-2 titers in supernatant at 120 hpi, and an apparent decrease in DENV-2-positive cells at 96 and 120 hpi were observed. In vivo, DENV-2 in the ovaries and salivary glands was first detected at 10 dpi in both monoinfected and superinfected Ae. albopictus females, while MDV superinfection with DENV-2 suppressed the salivary gland infection rate at 15 dpi. DENV-2 titer in the ovary and salivary glands of Ae. albopictus was reduced in superinfected mosquitoes at 15 dpi.ConclusionsMDVs is widespread in natural mosquito populations, and replication of DENV-2 is suppressed in MDV-infected Ae. albopictus, thus reducing vector susceptibility to DENV-2. Our study supports the hypothesis that MDVs may contribute to reducing transmission of DENV and provides an alternative strategy for mosquito-transmitted disease control.Graphical abstract

First record of the invasive Asian tiger mosquitoAedes albopictus in Cyprus based on information collected by citizen scientists

Aedes invasive mosquitoes are a serious human health concern worldwide. The Asian tiger mosquitoAedes albopictus is considered one of the world’s worst invasive alien species. It is a nuisance species and a vector of arboviruses andDirofilaria spp., causing negative socio-economic impacts. This article reports the detection ofAe. albopictus by citizens on the island of Cyprus for the first time. Specimens were collected from urban sites situated within Limassol district. Records were verified by experts, using both morphological and molecular methods. Given both the human health risks associated withAe. albopictus and with the recent rediscovery ofAe. aegypti on the island, intensive monitoring efforts and collaboration between the authorities are required to assess the current distribution of theseAedes invasive mosquitoes and rapidly implement elimination measures. Citizen scientists should be encouraged to monitorAedes invasive mosquitoes as this could significantly contribute to the surveillance and control efforts undertaken by the authorities.

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Micro- and nanostructures of the white and black scales on the tarsi of the mosquito Aedes albopictus are analysed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Reflectance spectra of the white areas are measured. No clear difference is present in the morphology of micro- and nanostructures of black and white scales in SEM and TEM, but black scales contain a dark pigment. The white colour of the scales has a structural origin. The structural white produced by the micro- and nanostructures of the scales on the tarsi of Ae. albopictus appears bright and is angle-dependent, since the reflected light changes according to the angle detection and according to the tarsus orientation. The optical appearance of the scale system of Ae. albopictus has a complex nature and can be explained by the combination of several effects. Among them, multiple refraction and reflection on the micro- and nanostructures of the scales are mainly responsible for the white appearance. The results suggest that mosquito scales, in addition to their superhydrophobic function, produce structural white. The biological role of white and black patches in mate recognition and defensive behaviour in the mosquitoes of the genus Aedes is hypothesized.

Impact of larvae of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus on larvae of the Culex pipiens complex from Germany in laboratory co-breeding studies.

Since the first detection of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) eggs in Germany in 2007, several populations of this species have established in Germany. Although colloquially Ae. albopictus is called an 'invasive species', it is not considered 'invasive' and therefore to be controlled according to the European Union (EU) Environmental and Nature Protection Act since evidence of displacement of native species is missing. To test the competitive potential of Ae. albopictus towards mosquito species native to Germany, laboratory experiments were conducted with larvae of this species and indigenous Cx. pipiens complex species/biotypes. First instar larvae of Ae. albopictus and of one of the native taxa were exposed to different temperatures and fed with different food sources. The ratio of individuals developing into adults as well as the time the larvae needed for development were taken as a measure of competitive outcome. In addition, the size of emerging adults was compared between control and experimental groups. Regarding developmental time, no significant differences were found between treatments and controls while significant differences were found regarding developmental rate and average wing size of individuals. Because no evidence of competitive repression of the native species was found, Ae. albopictus cannot be included in the EU list of invasive species.

Evaluation of the manhole physical pest management system UNFO-PLS for mosquito control in southern Switzerland

The expanding distribution of theAedes albopictus mosquito (also known as the Asian tiger mosquito) throughout Europe is a health and safety threat due to its potential to spread tropical and sub-tropical arboviruses to temperate climate regions. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to broaden the use of all tools within integrated pest management systems to control this threat. Since this mosquito species in Europe breeds mainly in manhole drains, managing them is therefore essential. The UNFO-Pest Lock System (UNFO-PLS) mechanical control device fits in siphoned manholes and prevents mosquitoes from entering the manhole and breeding in the water below. We tested and quantified the efficacy of these UNFO-PLS devices against standard control manholes (no mechanical devices attached) in Balerna, Switzerland (Canton Ticino). Weekly counts of five developmental stages (larval stages L1-L4 and the pupal stage) were conducted at 12 experimental and 12 standard control manholes during the mosquito breeding and activity periods of 2020 and 2021. For each developmental stage, we compared the counts of mosquitoes in manholes fitted with and without the UNFO-PLS devices using generalised mixed-effect models. Results show that these devices reduced the presence of mosquitoes at all developmental stages between 92.6-97.2%. The use of the UNFO-PLS mechanical control device, or similar devices, should be considered for use in integrated mosquito pest management plans, especially in places that might present challenges for maintaining adequate larvicide applications, such as around schools and secondary homes.

Status Resistensi Nyamuk Aedes Albopictus Terhadap Insektisida Sipermetrin Di Pelabuhan Meral Kabupaten Karimun Provinsi Kepulauan Riau Tahun 2022

<p><em>The use of cypermethrin insecticide is one of the strategies in vector control that has been carried out by the Port Health Office of Karimun Regency. It is necessary to evaluate the use of insecticides because of the threat of resistance in controlling dengue hemorrhagic fever. The purpose of this study was to determine the resistance of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes to cypermethrin insecticides in the Meral Port area at the Port Health Office of Karimun Regency. This type of research was a quasi-experimental with a posttest only control group design. The population of this study was Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in the Meral Port area while the samples taken were 100 Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The results showed that the resistance status of the Aedes albopictus mosquito to cypermethrin in the Meral Harbor area was in the vulnerable category with a mortality percentage of >98%. The Port Health Office of Karimun Regency is expected to be able to evaluate and follow up regularly on vector control activities that have been carried out in the Meral Port area and the need to periodically test mosquito susceptibility to insecticides with different methods. It is necessary to rotate the use of insecticides for mosquito control and re-do mosquito nest eradication (PSN) in the Meral Port area.</em><em></em></p>

WebGIS-Based Real-Time Surveillance and Response System for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases.

The diseases transmitted through vectors such as mosquitoes are named vector-borne diseases (VBDs), such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis. Malaria spreads by a vector named Anopheles mosquitos. Dengue is transmitted through the bite of the female vector Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquito. The female Phlebotomine sandfly is the vector that transmits leishmaniasis. The best way to control VBDs is to identify breeding sites for their vectors. This can be efficiently accomplished by the Geographical Information System (GIS). The objective was to find the relation between climatic factors (temperature, humidity, and precipitation) to identify breeding sites for these vectors. Our data contained imbalance classes, so data oversampling of different sizes was created. The machine learning models used were Light Gradient Boosting Machine, Random Forest, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and Multi-Layer Perceptron for model training. Their results were compared and analyzed to select the best model for disease prediction in Punjab, Pakistan. Random Forest was the selected model with 93.97% accuracy. Accuracy was measured using an F score, precision, or recall. Temperature, precipitation, and specific humidity significantly affect the spread of dengue, malaria, and leishmaniasis. A user-friendly web-based GIS platform was also developed for concerned citizens and policymakers.

Metatranscriptomic Sequencing Reveals Host Species as an Important Factor Shaping the Mosquito Virome.

Mosquitoes are important vector hosts for numerous viral pathogens and harbor a large number of mosquito-specific viruses as well as human-infecting viruses. Previous studies have mainly focused on the discovery of mosquito viruses, and our understanding of major ecological factors associated with virome structure in mosquitoes remains limited. We utilized metatranscriptomic sequencing to characterize the viromes of five mosquito species sampled across eight locations in Yunnan Province, China. This revealed the presence of 52 viral species, of which 19 were novel, belonging to 15 viral families/clades. Of particular note was Culex hepacivirus 1, clustering within the avian clade of hepaciviruses. Notably, both the viromic diversity and abundance of Aedes genus mosquitoes were significantly higher than those of the Culex genus, while Aedes albopictus mosquitoes harbored a higher diversity than Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Our findings thus point to discernible differences in viromic structure between mosquito genera and even between mosquito species within the same genus. Importantly, such differences were not attributable to differences in sampling between geographical location. Our study also revealed the ubiquitous presence of the endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia, with the genetic diversity and abundance also varying between mosquito species. In conclusion, our results suggested that the mosquito host species play an important role in shaping the virome's structure. IMPORTANCE This study revealed the huge capability of mosquitoes in harboring a rich diversity of RNA viruses, although relevant studies have characterized the intensively unparalleled diversity of RNA viruses previously. Furthermore, our findings showed discernible differences not only in viromic structure between mosquito genera and even between mosquito species within the same genus but also in the genetic diversity and abundance of Wolbachia between different mosquito populations. These findings emphasize the importance of host genetic background in shaping the virome composition of mosquitoes.

Microbiome Composition and Microbial Community Structure in Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Northeastern Thailand, a Dengue-Endemic Area.

Bacterial content in mosquito larvae and adults is altered by dynamic interactions during life and varies substantially in variety and composition depending on mosquito biology and ecology. This study aimed to identify the microbiota in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and in water from their breeding sites in northeastern Thailand, a dengue-endemic area. Bacterial diversity in field-collected aquatic larvae and subsequently emerged adults of both species from several locations were examined. The microbiota was characterized based on analysis of DNA sequences from the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and exhibited changes during development, from the mosquito larval stage to the adult stage. Aedes aegypti contained a significantly higher number of bacterial genera than did Ae. albopictus, except for the genus Wolbachia, which was present at significantly higher frequencies in male Ae. albopictus (p < 0.05). Our findings also indicate likely transstadial transmission from larva to adult and give better understanding of the microbial diversity in these mosquitoes, informing future control programs against mosquito-borne diseases.

The evolution of chikungunya virus circulating in Indonesia: Sequence analysis of the orf2 gene encoding the viral structural proteins.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has caused several major epidemics globally, including in Indonesia. Although significant progress has been achieved in understanding the epidemiology and genotype circulation of CHIKV in Indonesia, the evolution of Indonesian CHIKV isolates is poorly understood. Thus, our study aimed to perform phylogenetic and mutation analyses of the orf2 gene encoding its viral structural protein to improve our understanding of CHIKV evolution in Indonesia. Complete orf2 gene sequences encoding the viral structural proteins of Indonesian-derived CHIKV were downloaded from GenBank until August 31, 2022. Various bioinformatics tools were employed to perform phylogenetic and mutation analyses of the orf2 gene. We identified 76 complete sequences of orf2 gene of CHIKV isolates originally derived from Indonesia. Maximum likelihood trees demonstrated that the majority (69/76, 90.8%) of Indonesian-derived CHIKV isolates belonged to the Asian genotype, while seven isolates (9.2%) belonged to the East/Central/South African (ECSA)genotype. The Indonesian-derived CHIKV isolates were calculated to be originated in Indonesia around 95 years ago (1927), with 95% highest posterior density (HPD) ranging from 1910 to 1942 and a nucleotide substitution rate of 5.07 × 10-4 (95% HPD: 3.59 × 10-4 to 6.67 × 10-4). Various synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions were identified in the C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1 genes. Most importantly, the E1-A226V mutation, which has been reported to increase viral adaptation in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, was present in all ECSA isolates. To our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive research analyzing the mutation and evolution of Indonesian-derived CHIKV based on complete sequences of the orf2 genes encoding its viral structural proteins. Our results clearly showed a dynamic evolution of CHIKV circulating in Indonesia.

Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Wolbachia pipientis in mosquitoes

Wolbachia is an intracellular, maternally inherited bacteria that infect a wide variety of arthropods, including several mosquito such as Aedes albopictus, Armigerus, Culex, and Manzonia. However, until now there have been no reports of the existence of endosymbionts from several genera of mosquitoes from Indonesia. Therefore, we screen Wolbachia on several mosquito genera. The aim of the study was to determine the spreading of Wolbachia endosymbiont in mosquitoes from Indonesia. Mosquitoes were taken from various breeding and resting places, the captured mosquitoes were identified, the PCR product was carried out by gel electrophoresis. Visualization of amplicon bands under ultraviolet light. The result showed that the mosquitoes (Manzonia, Aedes albopictus, and Armigerus) tested were positive for the Wolbachia endosymbiont. Analysis phylogeny shows, that Wolbachia in three genus mosquitoes consists of two clades where the first clade consists of Wolbachia from Aedes albopictus and Manzonia, and the second clade consists of Wolbachia from Armigerus and other Wolbachia from some insects as outgroups. Subsequently, the phylogenetic trees based on the wsp revealed that Wolbachia from Aedes samples 1, 2, and Manzonia include monophyletic while Wolbachia from Armigerus is paraphyletic. Wolbachia from Armigerus close to Wolbachia from Tetranychus urticae.

Sterility of Aedes albopictus by X-ray Irradiation as an Alternative to γ-ray Irradiation for the Sterile Insect Technique.

The mosquito Aedes albopictus can transmit various arboviral diseases, posing a severe threat to human health. As an environmentally friendly method, sterile insect technology (SIT) is considered an alternative to traditional methods such as chemical pesticides to control Ae. albopictus. In SIT, the sterility of male mosquitoes can be achieved by γ-ray or X-ray radiation. Compared with γ-rays, X-rays are easier to obtain, cheaper, and less harmful. However, there is a lack of comparative assessment of these two types of radiation for SIT under the same controlled conditions. Here, we compared the effects of X-ray and γ-ray radiation on the sterility of Ae. albopictus males under laboratory-controlled conditions. Neither type of radiation affected the number of eggs but significantly reduced the survival time and hatch rate. The same dose of γ-rays caused a higher sterility effect on males than X-rays but had a more significant impact on survival. However, X-rays could achieve the same sterility effect as γ-rays by increasing the radiation dose. For example, X-rays of 60 Gy induced 99% sterility, similar to γ-rays of 40 Gy. In the test of male mating competitiveness, the induced sterility and the male mating competitiveness index were also identical at the same release ratio (sterile males/fertile males). At a release ratio of 7:1, nearly 80% of eggs failed to hatch. Sterile males produced by X-ray and γ-ray radiation had similar male competitiveness in competition with field males. In conclusion, a higher dose of X-rays is required to achieve the same sterility effect, compared to γ-rays. When γ-rays are not readily available, high-dose X-rays can be used instead. This study provides data supporting the selection of more suitable radiation for the field release of sterile male mosquitoes.

Aedes albopictus host odor preference does not drive observed variation in feeding patterns across field populations

Laboratory and field-based studies of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus demonstrate its competency to transmit over twenty different pathogens linked to a broad range of vertebrate hosts. The vectorial capacity of Ae. albopictus to transmit these pathogens remains unclear, partly due to knowledge gaps regarding its feeding behavior. Blood meal analyses from field-captured specimens have shown vastly different feeding patterns, with a wide range of anthropophagy (human feeding) and host diversity. To address this knowledge gap, we asked whether differences in innate host preference may drive observed variation in Ae. albopictus feeding patterns in nature. Low generation colonies (F2–F4) were established with field-collected mosquitoes from three populations with high reported anthropophagy (Thailand, Cameroon, and Florida, USA) and three populations in the United States with low reported anthropophagy (New York, Maryland, and Virginia). The preference of these Ae. albopictus colonies for human versus non-human animal odor was assessed in a dual-port olfactometer along with control Ae. aegypti colonies already known to show divergent behavior in this assay. All Ae. albopictus colonies were less likely (p < 0.05) to choose the human-baited port than the anthropophilic Ae. aegypti control, instead behaving similarly to zoophilic Ae. aegypti. Our results suggest that variation in reported Ae. albopictus feeding patterns are not driven by differences in innate host preference, but may result from differences in host availability. This work is the first to compare Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti host preference directly and provides insight into differential vectorial capacity and human feeding risk.

Dynamic behavior of a reaction-diffusion dengue model with spatial heterogeneity

Dengue is one of the most prevalent vector-borne viral diseases, which is transmitted through the bite of Aedes mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus). In this study, using the global exponential attraction theory, the dynamic behavior of the dengue model in a spatially heterogeneous environment was studied. The existence and uniqueness of positive global solutions were proven using the semigroup theory. The basic reproduction number was defined using the spectral radius of the next-generation operator. Furthermore, a global exponential attractor set was given, and the results of globally asymptotically stable and disease uniform persistence were obtained for the dengue model. A numerical simulation showed the dynamic behavior and revealed that increasing the diffusion coefficient and spatial heterogeneity rate is beneficial for disease control.

Hubungan Status Gizi Dan Praktik 3M Dengan Kejadian DBD Di Kota Bengkulu Tahun 2022

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), commonly called Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), is a disease caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted by Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that the number of reported cases of dengue fever has increased more than eightfold over the last four years, from 505,000 cases in 2013 to 4.2 million in 2019. Based on data from the Ministry of Health for 2020, cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Indonesia reached 71,700 cases. According to data from the Bengkulu Provincial Health Office, the incidence of DHF in Bengkulu Province is relatively high, with morbidity and mortality rates above the national target. There were 1,261 cases of DHF that occurred in Bengkulu Province in 2020 (Bengkulu Provincial Health Office, 2020). This research is a quantitative descriptive analytic research with a case-control design, namely an analytic observation research conducted by comparing the case group and the control group based on their exposure status (retrospective). This design moves from the effect (illness) to the cause (exposure). aims to determine whether there is a relationship between nutritional status and 3M practises and the incidence of DHF. The results of this study show that there is a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of DHF in Bengkulu City in 2022, and there is a relationship between 3M practises and the incidence of DHF in Bengkulu City in 2022.

Seasonal occurrence and biological parameters of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) as management tactics in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

Understanding the seasonal prevalence and biological parameters of mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) are indispensable for population estimates, efficient vector control and dengue prevention tactics. The sampling of Ae. albopictus was completed through the collection of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults throughout the study seasons by use of nets and ovitraps at least once a week. Occurrence of Ae. albopictus was distinguished heterogeneously and populations were observed maximum in October post-monsoon season. The populations increased progressively from January-May and sharply deteriorated in June-July and September-November months revealing the highest breeding. However, the lowest density was observed during December-February. Growth of Ae. albopictus evaluated under standardized laboratory conditions with the provision of Balb/C mice as blood meal to adult mosquitoes, exhibited eggs hatching, and first, second, third and fourth instar larvae development in 3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.7 and 2.8 days, respectively. Nevertheless, pupation development, adult emergence, total life duration from egg hatching to adult emergence, male and female life spans persisted for 7, 3, 20, 25 and 30 days, respectively. Aedes albopictus accounted for 1% density of other mosquito genera collected (Culex and Anopheles), while, Aedes aegypti (L) was 3% abundant and indicated that both Aedes species had coexistence.

The Relationship of Parents Knowledge with DHF Prevention Behavior in Children's Room, Santo Vincentius Hospital Singkawang

DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) is a disease caused by Aedes Aegepty and Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes that can appear throughtout the year, and can attack all age groups, expecially children. Individual behavior in preventing Dengue fever depends on knowledge, which can bring real action for individuals to prevent DHF. The study aims to determine the relationship between parents knowledge level and DHF prevention behavior in the childreen’s room at St. Vincentius hospital Singkawang. The study was conducted in Agustus 2022 with a cross sectional design use in a study of 30 respondens whose childreen where in a emergency in pediatric ward of at.St. Vincentius Hospital because of DHF case. The level of knowledge of parent was measured by a Guttman scale questionnaire and for DHF prevention behavior using aquestionnaire with a Likert scale. The result of statistical test using fisher extract test on chi square obtained p-value 0,039 &lt; 0,05, so that H0 rejected , which mean that there is a relationship between the level of parental knowledge and the prevention behavior of DHF in the Childreen’s room, St.Vincentius Hospital Singkawang. Parental knowledge about DHF desease greatly influences parental behavior in preventing DHF. Based on research that behavior based and knowledge will be more durable than behavior that is not based on knowledge people will prevent DHF transmission if they know what the goal and benefits are for health. Thus, the suggestion for the Santo Vincentius Hospital is to increase further counseling related to the prevention of DHF both in the hospital environtment and in the community arround the hospital in collaboration with the local government.