Moscow State University Research Articles

E.M. SOKOLOVSKAYA. CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

Since 1968 on 1992 Eudoxia Mihajlovna Sokolovskaya was the head of the chair of the general chemistry, and up to the beginning of this century she remained the unique woman heading chair of a chemical profi le in the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The main sphere of professor E.M.Sokolovskaya activity – the basic researches on development of the theory of the physical and chemical analysis. Under her management where prepared more than 120 candidates of science and 12 doctors of sciences. The results of the works are published in more than 500 scientifi c articles and in three monographies. For the outstanding merits in the fi eld of a science and for successful pedagogical activity it has been awarded ranks of the Honourable Professor of the Moscow State University, and also ranks “the Honored worker of a science of RSFSR”, awarded the order of Friendship of the people.

"A mind without books is like a bird without wings"

The experience of describing the corpus of cyrillic printed books of the 16–18th, belonging to three regions, allowed to introduce several thousand sources into scientific circulation and raise fundamental issues of classification and further study of book culture. Several thousand sources were introduced into scientific circulation, which allowed for the first time to raise or solve fundamental issues of book culture, traditionally defining not only spiritual, but also and the state life of Russia.The article offers an excursion into the history of the study of the distribution of cyrillic old printed books in the 16–18th and the methodology of their description developed by the staff of the Archeographic Laboratory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The purpose of this study is to disseminate the positive experience gained from the theoretical and practical application of the methodology for further work on cataloging and describing cyrillic printed books in other regions of the Russian Federation.

Ways to implement higher education strategies as a factor in the formation of student’s professional orientations

In the realities of modern Russian society, the question arises of the relevance of a particular profession, a set of knowledge, skills, which is given in educational institutions of higher education, or as it is commonly called now, a set of competencies or competency maps of a future employee. Therefore, the agenda raises the question of how the current education system is currently ready to implement this practice. Or the level of professional development and competence is now more dependent on the personal perceived quality of life of the individual, his cultural capital, and all the symbolic accumulated capital is secondary. Here the question arises of the public recognition of this or that profession, this or that institution of education.The article discusses approaches to understanding the profession and professional choice in domestic and foreign scientific thought. The key issues of the study of professional strategies and professional choice are presented in a historical retrospective.As an empirical basis for the study of this article, students of leading educational institutions of higher education, who have been assigned a special status through the establishment of a specific legal status and educational activity, will be considered — the Federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education “Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov” and the Federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education “St. Petersburg State University”. Based on the empirical data of a sociological study conducted in February 2023, the article analyzes the strategies of universities in terms of the production of knowledge (through the exchange of scientific and teaching staff, scientific events, additional training programs) for the professional self-determination of a student (through his desire to work in this profession and desire to continue their education in this profession).

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIETY, CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. SCIENTIFIC, ECONOMIC AND ETHICO-MORAL ASPECTS

As society develops, its relationship with science and influence on it becomes more and more significant. The ability to navigate the current trends in the development of society and science in particular is the most important factor in choosing new topics for scientific work and understanding the prospects for the development of scientific research. Therefore, training young professionals in this understanding (primarily in the field of natural sciences) is no less important aspect of higher education than the process of teaching fundamental and practical knowledge. This article discusses the development of relationships between society, chemistry and biotechnology (primarily applied enzymology) at different stages of human evolution. The article was written based on the materials of the introductory lecture of the section on biotechnology and applied enzymology as part of the general course “Chemical Foundations of Biological Processes”, read at the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, The features and aspects of the interaction of society, chemistry and biotechnology at different stages of the development of our world, when biotechnology has gone through the stages of development from “cave-memorable” (unconsciously natural) to “smart”, are considered. A great and important contribution to the writing of this article was made by the discussion of this problem at seminars with students of 3-6 courses of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University. The impact of changes in our society as a result of the SARS Cov-2 pandemic is also discussed separately.

THE NORTHERN HARRIER (<i>CIRCUS HUDSONIUS</i> (LINNAEUS 1766), ACCIPITRIDAE, AVES), A SPECIES NEW TO RUSSIA’S AVIFAUNA

Feathers of an unknown bird of prey were collected on the coastal plain tundra near Meinypil’gyno (62°32′ N, 177°03′ E), SE Chukotka on June 5, 2021. An analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and sex chromosome CHD1 gene fragments from DNA isolated from the feathers showed with full confidence that the feathers belonged to a male of the Nearctic Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus 1766)), formerly considered as being a subspecies of the Holarctic Hen Harrier (C. cyaneus (Linnaeus 1766)). No specimens of the American Harrier from the northern Far East of Russia are contained in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University and the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Few other known visual observations of harriers in Chukotka are not properly documented for their correct species identification. The revealed vagrant American Harrier documents the first record of this species in Russia generally and in Chukotka in particular.

Optical Identification and Spectroscopic Redshift Measurements of 216 Galaxy Clusters from the SRF/eROSITA All-Sky Survey

We present the results of the optical identification and spectroscopic redshift measurements of216 galaxy clusters detected in the SRG/eROSITA all-sky X-ray survey. The spectroscopic observationswere performed in 2020–2023 with the 6-m BTA telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory ofthe Russian Academy of Sciences, the 2.5-m telescope at the Caucasus Mountain Observatory of theSternberg Astronomical Institute of the Moscow State University, the 1.6-m AZT-33IK telescope atthe Sayan Solar Observatory of the Institute of Solar–Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of theRussian Academy of Sciences, and the 1.5-m Russian–Turkish telescope (RTT-150) at the TU¨ BI˙ TAKObservatory. For all of the galaxy clusters presented here the spectroscopic redshift measurements havebeen obtained for the first time. Of these, 139 galaxy clusters have been detected for the first time in theSRG/eROSITA survey and 22 galaxy clusters are at redshifts zspec 0.7, including three at zspec 1.Deep direct images with the rizJK filters have also been obtained for four distant galaxy clusters atzspec 0.7. For these observations we chose the most massive clusters and, therefore, most of the galaxyclusters presented here with the spectroscopic redshifts measured by us will most likely enter in future intothe cosmological samples of galaxy clusters from the SRG/eROSITA survey.

Dynamics of Diversity of Spined Loaches of Genus Cobitis (Cobitidae) of Trans-Caucasus in the Anthropogenic Period According to the Data of Museum Collections. II. Morphokaryological Variation, Taxonomic Status, and Diagnostic Characteristics of Adjaran Spined Loaches

The variability of external morphological characters, coloring features, craniological and karyological characteristics of spined loaches from Adjara were studied to clarify the taxonomic diversity of spined loaches of Transcaucasia. The study was based on materials from the collection of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, including the type series of Cobitis satunini, and original results. The morphogenetic homogeneity of the studied populations and their species isolation from other known Transcaucasian species were confirmed. Based on the data obtained, a modern species diagnosis of C. satunini sensu stricto is presented, whose range is limited to the water bodies of Adjara.

HISTORY OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 18th CENTURY: THREE CONFERENCES AT THE FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY OF LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

In 2021–2023 the Department of the History of Russian Literature at the Faculty of Philology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University organized three scholar conferences dedicated to the significant dates in the Russian literature of the 18th century. The first of them was devoted to the 310th anniversary of Mikhail Lomonosov and the 255th anniversary of Nikolay Karamzin (2021), the second — to the 250th anniversary of Nikolay Novikov’s magazine The Painter (2022) and the last of them — to the 320th anniversary of Vasiliy Trediakovsky and the 280th anniversary of Gavriil Derzhavin (2023). The conferences were attended by philologists, historians, bibliologists, translators, including scholars from Moscow State University and other universities and scientific institutions from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara, Ulyanovsk, etc., as well as from Italy, Kazakhstan and China. More than 65 reports were presented, they were devoted to both general and specific problems of studying Russian literature of the 18th century. In this paper we provide a brief review of these materials, that gives an idea of the complicated aspects of scholarly interpretations of 18th-century Russian literature.

Социально-психологическая компетентность учителя: готовность к диалогу через организацию коммуникации (обсуждение в рамках конференции памяти М.Ю. Кондратьева «Социальная психология: вопросы теории и практики»)

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article presents a report on the round table "Socio-psychological competence of teachers: readiness for dialogue through the organization of communication", held in the framework of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference in memory of M.Yu. Kondratiev “Social Psychology: Issues of Theory and Practice”, which took place on May 11-12, 2023 at the Moscow State University of Psychology & Education. The article lays out main directions of discussions within the framework of the round table, the problems identified during the discussions and their relevance for the research and practical activities of social and educational psychologists.</p>

In the Labyrinths of Time and Language: on the 85th Anniversary of Prof. L.G. Zubkova

Lyudmila Georgievna Zubkova was a professor, Doctor of Philology, famous Russian linguist, author of more than 100 works on general and comparative historical linguistics, philosophy and theory of language, history of linguistics, methodology of linguistics, phonology, morphonology, morphology of the Russian language, linguistic semantics and semiotics. She supervised more than 20 candidates of philological sciences. L.G. Zubkova worked at Peoples’ Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba (1960-2002), taught at Lomonosov Moscow State University and was a professor of the Department of Russian Language and General Linguistics at Moscow State Pedagogical University (2002-2021). The study gives a review of the most significant stages of professor L.G. Zubkova’s scientific activity and her scientific heritage.

Мы – поколение оптимистов

The article is an essay on the time of its author's student life, which occurred in 1985–1992, the time of the breakdown of the Soviet system and a sharp change in the research and teaching paradigm in philosophy. From the ideological doctrine, philosophy turns into a broad outlook of worldviews, the “transcendental background of culture” (Yu.M. Lotman), the basis of humanitarian and general cultural knowledge. In the article, in a free author's manner, recollections of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University and the Institute of Philosophy of those years, about the journals “Beginnings” and “Logos”, about the communities that existed at that time are given. It is suggested that in the history of generations, the points of breaks and separations are very important.

Поколение свободной России

In the article, the author reflects on the generation of the Moscow nineties starting from personal memories and his own philosophical career. It is argued that it was the generation of the nineties with the greatest consequences for themselves that relieved the experience of Russia's transition from totalitarianism to freedom in the late 80s – early 90s of the XX century. The author, in particular, argues that this experience is responsible for the individualism characteristic of many representatives of this generation. The article discusses the situation at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University at the turn of the 90s, the achievements of Moscow philosophers from the generation of the nineties and a number of trends and problems of modern Russian philosophy.

Настоящее прошедшее

The article analyzes the professional formation of the generation of philosophers who came to the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in the last years of the USSR and graduated from it already in the “new” Yeltsin’s Russia of the early 90s. In particular, the situation of general cultural lag in which several generations of Soviet and post-Soviet people found themselves in the context of world culture is thematized. By several examples, the thesis of the asynchrony of their acquaintance with the phenomena of Western culture at different levels and, as a result, falling out of the general logic of their formation is substantiated. The article also presents the history of the creation and development strategy of the philosophical journal “Logos” as a project to overcome the mentioned backlog. In conclusion, the authors attempt to explicate the ontological, epistemological and ethical-aesthetic foundations of their generational background.

Logic of Meaning, Digital Science and Mythology from Econom- ics. Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics

The article presents a review of reports at the round-table discussion on the topic: «Logic of Meaning, Digital Science and Mythology from Economics» (in a mixed format) of the international scientific conference held on April 13, 2023 at Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow State University «New Economic Reality: Structural and Regional Aspects» (Lomonosov Readings – 2023).

HR-branding as a strategy for attracting student audience

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of using the tools of employer brand promotion among the youth audience on the example of students and graduates of the economic specialty.Tasks. To analyze the information about the events held with the participation of company representatives at the Faculty of Economics of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) with the help of the Employment Assistance Service of the Faculty of Economics, based on the data on the formats and number of such events.Methods. The study applied general logical methods of cognition: dialectical, systemic, logical and comparative analysis; sociological methods, including surveys.Results. Recent events such as the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and the withdrawal of foreign companies from Russia have significantly affected the structure of the labor market and, consequently, the employment of students and graduates. Using the 2019-2023 graduate employment data collected upon graduation, the top employing companies for graduates of bachelor’s or master’s degree programs of the MSU Economics Department were compiled. As a result of analyzing the activities of the Department of Employment Promotion and Alumni Relations, as well as student units, the key forms of employer brand promotion at the Faculty of Economics were identified: academic and extracurricular events with the participation of representatives of partner companies and Career Day.Conclusions. It is proved that active promotion of the employer brand has a direct positive impact on the employment of young people in these companies. The most effective was the organization of educational and extracurricular activities during the year. Career days had less impact, which is explained by the dominant number of internships and practicums offered at such events, while graduates by the time of the survey are already trying to find a permanent job. In this regard, there are prospects for extending the study to include more junior students.

Russian economic education: Image of the near future

The article considers the main changes taking place in modern economics and economics education. Authors believe that the most important of them are: (1) strengthening of the applied nature of economic research work; (2) declining popularity of purely theoretical economics. Our analysis revealed a dual trend. On the one hand, the notion that neoclassical economics still prevails the academic dis­course seems to be less and less justified. On the other hand, economic education is still based on neoclassical foundations. This adds more urgency to the debate on the state of economic education. In particular, on how to train students to view big socio-economic issues from different theoretical perspectives and to strengthen the practical component of economic education. The authors prove the idea that up-to-date Russian economic education should be based on three main principles: (1) teaching students in a wide range of empirical methods; (2) development of pluralism of economic thinking manifested in the acquaintance of students with various currents of modern economic thought as well as the views of their representatives on solving topical economic and social challenges; (3) delivering to students the most comprehensive picture of the performance of the Russian economy. The potential for incorporating of these principles in the educational process is considered on the example of the bachelor’s of economics curriculum of the Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Memories of Academician Professor Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, on the Occasion of the Fifth Anniversary of His Death

Born on August 21, 1929 in Moscow, Vjačeslav Vsevolodovič Ivanov died on October 7, 2017 in Los Angeles. The beginning of an unprecedented scientific career of Vjačeslav Vsevolodovič was interrupted by a ruthless political campaign of the MGU management in 1959, which ended with Vjačeslav Vsevolodovič's expulsion from the university. Those in power at the time condemned Vjačeslav Vsevolodovič Ivanov for his public ne gation of the official verdict on the novel by B.L. Pasternak doctor Živago and in support of the scientific views of the world-renowned linguist prof. dr. Roman Osipovic Jacobson. The life and work of VJAČESLAV VSEVOLODOVIČ IVANOV, based on the many languages and the literatures that existed through them, which he researched and communicated to people (and especially to student youth) in a rarely encountered way, were through a constant intrusion in science about man and in art and closely linked with a deep humanism and an exemplary empathy. 
 From the Editor. The memoirs of the famous German baltist Rainer Eckert about Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of World Culture at Moscow State University and professor in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures at the University of California, an outstanding scholar of encyclopedic outlook, are dedicated to the fifth anniversary of his death. The Memoirs of Prof. Rainer Eckert are published without changes, with the author's references to the books and articles mentioned in the text.

Search for Signs of Sublimation-Driven Dust Activity of Primitive-Type Asteroids Near Perihelion

—In December 2021 to February 2022, the UBVRI photometry of 29 primitive-type asteroids of the Main Belt, being near the perihelion distances, was carried out at the 0.6-meter RC600 semiautomatic telescope of the Caucasus Mountain Observatory (CMO) of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University. These observations, as well as the data processing and analysis, were aimed at searching for supposed sublimation-driven dust activity on asteroids under maximal subsolar temperatures. Among the tasks to be accomplished was the comparison of the physical and dynamic parameters of active and inactive asteroids. The main result is that substantial spectral signs of quasi-simultaneous sublimation-driven dust activity were detected on six primitive-type asteroids of the Main Belt—145 Adeona, 302 Clarissa, 322 Phaeo, 435 Ella, 690 Wratislavia, and 779 Nina (on 302 Clarissa, 322 Phaeo, 435 Ella, and 690 Wratislavia—for the first time). These six asteroids represent ~21% of all bodies included in the observation program. Probable spectral manifestations of activity at a lower intensity level were detected for the first time on five more asteroids—424 Gratia, 751 Faina, 762 Pulcova, 778 Theobalda, and 859 Bouzaréah. On 145 Adeona and 779 Nina, sublimation-driven dust activity near perihelion was registered for the third time for the last ten years; this time interval corresponds to about three orbital periods of these asteroids around the Sun. We consider the circumstances due to which five of the listed asteroids possess families. General processes and conditions that could and/or can influence the portion of primitive-type asteroids that quasi-simultaneously show signs of sublimation-driven dust activity are discussed.

ACTIVITY CYCLES OF SINGLE G5 III-IV GIANT HD 199178

A unique series of photometric data has been obtained for a period of more than a hundred years for the rapidly rotating single G5 III–IV giant HD 199178 (V1794 Cyg) belonging to the group of stars of the FK Com type. Our analysis of the long-term periodicity of the activity of this star is based on all available measurements of its brightness in B filter. To assess the brightness of HD 199178 in the era preceding photoelectric and CCD observations measurements were made using photographic plates from the archive of the SAI MSU at the Krasnopresnenskaya Observatory of Moscow State University in Moscow (4 plates taken from 1898 to 1903 and 41 plates obtained from 1935 to 1958). As a result, a total of 2142 estimates of the brightness of the star in the B filter were considered . They have a unique duration of 118.3 years and cover the time interval from 1898 to July 2016. Evidence of the existence of long-term cycles of photometric variability with values of the order of 25–60 years has been found. It is assumed that there are possible activity cycles of 2000, 3165, 5050, 9000 and 21600 days (5.5, 8.7, 16.6, 24.7 and 59.2 years). The results obtained are compared with other estimates of activity cycles of HD 199178. The existence of a cycle of 8.7–9 years should be recognized as the most reliable. It is found that to combine data into a single array the conversion of values B into values V using the average value of the color index (\(B{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} V\)) is not possible due to changes (including cyclical) of (\(B{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} V\)) with time.

Spatial-Temporal Variability of the δ<sup>18</sup>O Values and the Snow Cover Structure on the Territory of the Meteorological Observatory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University

Received July 3, 2023; revised September 4, 2023; accepted October 2, 2023The isotopic composition (δ18O values) of snow layers, constructing snow cover to the time of reaching maximum snow water equivalent (SWE), was compared with the isotopic content of snow precipitated over the whole the winter season 2018/19 on the territory of the Meteorological Observatory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia). Snow-sampling was carried out in a trench 20 m long simultaneously with detailed measurements of spatial variability of the structural characteristics of snow depth. Sampling was conducted for each precipitation event over the winter season, with the amount of precipitation also documented. It was found that the spatially-distributed enrichment with heavy oxygen isotopes along the trench fell within the range of 0–3.5‰, with average values for the four main formed snow layers changing from 1.3 to 2.5‰. The enrichment was not much dependent on the age of snow layer in the snowpack, and it was even more pronounced in the upper layers. This suggests that the post-precipitated change in the isotopic composition of snow cover for the conditions of the investigated site mainly took place when the snow was exposed to the atmosphere (due to sublimation and evaporation), while the processes of dry and wet metamorphism were either less important or even led to leveling the effects of isotopic fractionation. A positive correlation was found between the isotope composition of snow and the spatially varying snow density in each layer. This is most probably related to involvement of wind influence into the snow accumulation resulting in more dense snow. The spatial variability of the isotope composition of snow in each layer was smaller than changes in snow density and snow water equivalent.