Moscow Center Research Articles

GEOTECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A UNIQUE BUILDING THROUGH THE OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN METHOD

Introduction . In geotechnical design practice, it is common to find objects whose underground structure behavior is difficult to predict based on calculation or experimental work. Such cases permit the use of the observational method allowing for design adjustments during construction according to the results of geotechnical monitoring. The paper describes a practical example of applying the observational method at the construction site of a unique building in the center of Moscow. Aim : to evaluate the actual performance of underground structures and, if necessary, to develop and apply corrective measures within the observational design method using the results of geotechnical monitoring. The subject matter of the study is a unique unfinished building with a five-story underground part exhibiting an uncertain mechanical performance of the foundation at the interface with the retaining wall of the foundation pit due to the long-term suspension of the construction site. The behavior of the underground structures, including their interaction with the bearing soil and the slurry wall, was controlled using a comprehensive system of geotechnical monitoring implemented at the site. Results . The adopted design solutions and the use of corrective actions within the observational design method reduced the effect of existing adverse geotechnical conditions at the site in question, specifically increasing the stiffness of the underground part and minimizing the settlement difference between the central and edge parts of the foundation slab. Conclusions . It is established that geotechnical monitoring provides a means to evaluate the behavior of the building exhibiting an uncertain mechanical performance of structures within the observational design method.

Carola Neher – zapomniana ofiara Wielkiego Terroru

Aurelia Kotkiewicz’s article is devoted to the tragic story of Carola Neher’s life. Carola Neher was an extraordinary German actress and a close associate of Bertolt Brecht. In the 1930s, she escaped from the Nazi regime to the Soviet Union, there to become one of the victims of the Great Terror. The fate of Carola Neher was the inspiration for an exhibition put up by the International Memorial Society in 2017 called “Carola Neher’s Theater of Life” and for the theatrical spectacle Memoria, staged by the Меyerhold Center in Moscow and directed by Anastasia Patlai.

Meaning of life as a resource for coping with psychological crisis: Comparisons of suicidal and non-suicidal patients.

IntroductionMeaning is an important psychological resource both in situations of accomplishment and in situations of ongoing adversity and psychological crisis. Meaning in life underlies the reasons for staying alive both in everyday and in critical circumstances, fulfilling a buffering function with respect to life adversities.AimThe aim of the present study was to reveal the role of both meaningfulness, including specific sources of meaning and reasons for living, and meaninglessness (alienation) in patients suffering from profound crisis situations with or without suicidal intentions and behavior.MethodsThe sample included 148 patients (all Caucasian) who were referred to a crisis center in Moscow, Russia. Seventy-seven patients (54 females, mean age 32.00 ± 11.98 years) reported a current crisis situation in their life but denied suicidal thoughts or behavior. Twenty-nine patients (21 females, mean age 31.55 ± 13.76 years) reported suicidal ideations but denied suicidal attempts or self-harming behavior. Forty-two patients (31 females, mean age 30.64 ± 11.38 years) had episodes of suicidal attempts or self-harming behavior accompanied by suicidal intentions. There were no significant gender or age differences between groups.Participants completed a number of measures of different aspects of meaning and meaninglessness, well-being, ill-being and psychological resources. For some patients (N = 74), a clinical checklist was completed by their doctors assessing 28 various characteristics associated with the patient’s clinical status.Results and discussionMeaningfulness and reasons for living were more helpful in distinguishing between reactions to profound crisis situations (suicidal intentions versus non-suicidal behavior) than were measures of well-being, ill-being, meaning crisis or personality resources. In both suicidal and non-suicidal crisis patients meaningfulness predicted more positive reasons for living. The relationship between meaningfulness and most reasons for living remained significant after controlling for clinically appraised suicidal “readiness,” acute stress and lack of social support. Self-transcendence was the major specific source of meaning predicting higher reasons for living after adjusting for general meaningfulness.ConclusionThe data cast some light on the psychological meaning of suicide. It follows that prevention efforts are to be focused not on eliminating the factors “pushing” one to suicidal behavior, but rather on supporting inner strengths conducive of a positive decision, to be, through enhancing meaningfulness and reasons for living.

«Воинствующий баптизм» в оценке группы исследователей для Отдела пропаганды и агитации ЦК КПСС

Draft document, currently stored in a single copy in the personal fund of A.I. Klibanov in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is published in the article. The document consists of 31 sheets of typewritten text, prepared in June 1966 by a group of scientists (A.I. Klibanov, P.K. Kurochkin, L.N. Mitrokhin, E.G. Filimonov and G.S. Lyalina) for the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party. The authors analyze a lot of material, on the basis of which the first part of the document gives an assessment of the internal schism taking place in the Soviet Baptist Church. A special narrative is given to the activities of Council of Churches of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (CC ECB) and its May protest action, held in the center of Moscow, in which several hundred believers took part. Emphasizing the anti-Soviet sentiments among the followers of the SC ECB, the authors of the document refer to this religious organization first as a «militant church», and later clarify this name in the form «militant Baptism». In the final part, the document contains nine constructive proposals to suppress the conflict between the CC ECB and the state, as well as to normalize interaction between the authorities and various religious organizations. The surviving copy of the document has several losses that could not be replenished. Attempts to find a complete document in various archives and personal funds did not bring any result. Parts of the published document have become the basis for a number of books, pamphlets and articles written by members of the research group who prepared the document. The May protest action and the document published in this article played an important role in the publication of the entire popular science publishing series «Library “Modern Religions”».

Labor migrants’ knowledge of the Russian language in the focus of combating corruption

The article contains the proposals for improving the current legislation in the field of migration, aimed at eliminating corruption factors. The author demonstrates that the lack of proper control over the work of multifunctional migration centers in Moscow and the Moscow Region is noted not only by lawyers who assist migrants in obtaining and replacing a patent, but also by almost 90% of the respondents (hereinafter - 162 foreign citizens and 129 organization representatives). This, as shown in the article, requires certain measures on the part of the relevant state structures, since the protection of the national labor market is one of the main goals of the state policy in the field of migration.

Soviet Espionage in France during the Cold War: An Overview

During the Cold War, France remained a soft touch for Soviet intelligence. Among the large communist population—war veterans and about 25% of the postwar electorate—Soviets found fertile ground for recruiting agents and collaborators who would betray their country, although it is fair to say most philosophical and political communists did not engage in espionage. Spy rings led by the State Committee for Security (KGB) and Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) controllers in the Russian embassy’s rezidence overwhelmed French security precautions. In addition, the Soviet espionage apparatus maintained an extensive infrastructure in the Moscow Center that supported quantitative intelligence collected in France on a massive scale. The addition of agents from satellite countries stretched French counterintelligence beyond its limits. All this is not to say that French security was completely ineffective. Security agencies unmasked spies and arrested hundreds for espionage; so too, hundreds of Soviets with diplomatic immunity were expelled. French security also benefited from consequential defections of Soviet agents and the crowning but fortuitous achievement of a mole inside the KGB itself. But poor French security exacerbated deteriorating relations with the United States and compromised North Atlantic Treaty Organization secrets. Regardless of the détente between East and West, Soviet espionage continued unabated.

Contribution of N. M. Rimashevskaya to development of gender economic research

The article is devoted to the contribution of the great Russian scholar economist N. M. Rimashevskaya to development of gender economic studies in the USSR and in Russia. N. M. Rimashevskaya found a scientific school of gender studies in the USSR, then developed it in Russia, amid the changing economic and socio-political order. The authors consider the scientific and socio-political path of N. M. Rimashevskaya and the directions of her work in the field of gender economic studies in the Soviet, transitional periods and in the new Millennium. The article shows the role of N. M. Rimashevskaya in institutionalization of gender studies in the USSR and Russia, in particular, in creation of the Moscow Center for Gender Studies, academic journal "Population", in conducting the Taganrog project, which is unique in terms of duration and its socio-economic and gender analysis' depth. Ahead of the spread of the gender agenda among international organizations such as the UN, as early as in the 1960s and 1970s, N. M. Rimashevskaya conducted gender comparison of the daily time-use and its distribution to paid and unpaid work based on the data collected in Taganrog, predetermining one of the most relevant areas for development of gender economic analysis and gender budgeting, as well as economic analysis in general. The article also pays attention to the research and development of strategic concepts concerning the country's socio-economic policy and the programs carried out by the Moscow Center for Gender Studies. The impact of the scientific school of gender studies in Moscow on the formation and institutionalization of women's social and political movements in the newly formed democracy in the early 1990s also deserves a special attention. And finally, the key areas of economic research on gender inequality conducted under the leadership of N. M. Rimashevskaya are structured and described. Keywords: gender inequality, gender economic studies, N. M. Rimashevskaya, Moscow school of gender studies, gender economic theory.

The Impact of the Sanctions Policy of Unfriendly Countries on the Russian Financial System

In the context of unprecedented sanctions pressure, the author examined the current situation in Russian financial system analyzing the reasons for the current trends in the growth of public finances against the backdrop of a low growth in gross domestic product. The study identified main directions taken at the state level and discussed their consequences. The measures are the following: introduction of a financial policy to combat the «Dutch disease»; maximum openness of the Russian financial system for international finance; active policy of borrowing in international financial markets; improvement of tax administration and concentration of financial resources of budget organizations in the treasury system; development of a system to stimulate the demand of individuals, which forms «long money» in the economy and the consumer behavior of the population; formation of a financial center in Moscow; and imbalance of regional budgets. The aim of the study was to examine the financing of the regional economy in the context of EU and Anglo-Saxon sanctions. The author highlighted two unresolved problems: underestimation of the role of finance in economic growth and development of the regions and the problem of direct link of finance and reproduction. The paper analyzed the impact of sanctions against Russia on the functioning of the country's financial system as a whole and on the factors of production. The study revealed that a significant adjustment of the scientific paradigm of financing at the state and sub-federal levels is necessary to ensure economic growth and development of Russia.

Sputnik V Effectiveness against Hospitalization with COVID-19 during Omicron Dominance

Mass vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 affected more than 90% of the population in most developed countries. The new epidemiologic wave of COVID-19 has been ongoing since the end of 2021. It is caused by a virus variant B.1.1.529, also known as “Omicron” and its descendants. The effectiveness of major vaccines against Omicron is not known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the Sputnik V vaccine. The main goal is to assess its protection against hospitalization in the period of Omicron dominance. We conducted our study based on a large clinical center in Moscow (Russia) where 1112 patients were included. We used the case-population method to perform the calculations. The data we obtained indicate that the Omicron variant causes at least 90% of infections in the studied cohort. The effectiveness of protection against hospitalization with COVID-19 in our study was 85.9% (95% CI 83.0–88.0%) for those who received more than one dose. It was 87.6% (95% CI 85.4–89.5%) and 97.0% (95% CI 95.9–97.8%) for those who received more than two or three doses. The effectiveness in cases of more severe forms was higher than for less severe ones. Thus, present study indicates the high protective efficacy of vaccination against hospitalization with COVID-19 in case of Omicron lineage.

Benzo[a]pyrene in Moscow road dust: pollution levels and health risks.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the priority pollutants in the urban environment. For the first time, the accumulation of BaP in road dust on different types of Moscow roads has been determined. The average BaP content in road dust is 0.26mg/kg, which is 53 times higher than the BaP content in the background topsoils (Umbric Albeluvisols) of the Moscow Meshchera lowland, 50km east of the city. The mostpolluted territories are large roads (0.29mg/kg, excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in soils by 14 times) and parking lots in the courtyards (0.37mg/kg, MPC excess by 19 times). In the city center, the BaP content in the dust of courtyards reaches 1.02mg/kg (MPC excess by 51 times). The accumulation of BaP depends on the parameters of street canyons formed by buildings along the roads: in short canyons (< 500m), the content of BaP reaches maximum. Relatively wide canyons accumulate BaP 1.6 times more actively than narrow canyons. The BaP accumulation in road dust significantly increases on the Third Ring Road (TRR), highways, medium and small roads with an average height of the canyon > 20m. Public health risks from exposure to BaP-contaminated road dust particles were assessed using the US EPA methodology. The main BaP exposure pathway is oral via ingestion (> 90% of the total BaP intake). The carcinogenic risk for adults is the highest in courtyard areas in the south, southwest, northwest, and center of Moscow. The minimum carcinogenic risk is characteristic of the highways and TRR with predominance of nonstop traffic.

Epidemiology, clinical and physiological manifestations of dust lung disease in major industrial centers

BackgroundThe present study aims to determine the structure of morbidity in workers contacting industrial aerosols, assess the timeliness of diagnosing dust-induced lung disease in major industrial centers, and optimize diagnostics for early detection of occupational lung diseases in workers exposed to industrial dust hazards.MethodsThe study on the structure and incidence of occupational lung diseases was carried out in 2016–2020 based on the Moscow Centre for Occupational Pathology data. For a more in-depth clinical examination, 114 patients who were first admitted to the Occupational Pathology Centre with diagnosed pneumoconiosis (PC), chronic dust-induced bronchitis (CDB), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were selected. All patients were subjected to a complex clinical-functional, spirographic, echocardiographic, fibroscopic, radiological, and CT lung examination, with subsequent analysis of the results obtained. The pathology caused by exposure to industrial aerosols within the studied period was first diagnosed in 344 workers. Most patients (64%) with newly detected pathologies were 50–59 years of age, with work experience in adverse conditions of 21–25 years (41%).ResultsThe spirographic study of respiratory function revealed decreased forced vital capacity (FVC) indices in CDB and COPD patients. Changes in expiratory flow rates suggest occupational bronchitis at an earlier stage, whereas no apparent results were noted for the PC diagnosis. The results of fibroscopic examination in PC patients revealed atrophic processes of the bronchial mucosa in 46 (88.5%) of them, and 6 (11.5%) patients had a subtropic process. The results of echocardiographic examination allowed diagnosing pulmonary heart disease in 83 patients (72.8%). Of them, 42 (80.8%) were revealed in the group of patients with PC, 18 (50.0%) in the COB group, and 14 (53.8%) in the COPD group.ConclusionsComputed tomography (CT) detected pathological changes in 52 patients, while the X-ray examination in six people showed no evidence of lung destruction. CT scan also showed that the number of patients with fibrotic PC (including silicosis) in the study groups increased. Timely clinical and functional examination (spirography, fibroscopy, echocardiography) of patients allows detecting PC (including silicosis), CDB, and COPD at an early stage of disease progression.

Обзор деятельности Воронежского клуба международной общественной организации «Ассоциация исследователей Золотой Орды»

The review presents the results of the work of the Voronezh Club of the International Public Organization “Association of researchers of the Golden Horde”, the functioning of which began to be carried out from the moment of opening in January 2021 (thus, the description of the activity for a period of about a year of time is given). The prerequisites and reasons for the opening of a club with a center in Voronezh (along with centers in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Crimea and foreign branches: European, Kazakh and Turkish) are noted. The main meetings organized and conducted by the club, as well as events in which club members actively participated, were noted. The given overview of the club’s activities and analysis of the results and prospects of the community’s work allows us to highlight the fact that the educational and scientific-educational direction has become a feature of the functioning of the Voronezh Club. An important event of the club’s activity was the initiative to hold a contest of scientific reviews, the results of which will be summed up already within the framework of activities in the next cycle of the club’s functioning.

Можно ли поставить диагноз дистанционно?

Limitations for making diagnosis remotely which are contained in the Federal Law “On the fundamentals of public healthcare in Russian Federation” from 21.11.2011 N 323-ФЗ and entered into force on the 1st of January 2018, lead to great discussions in the professional society. In this article we describe hypothetical outcomes of remote diagnostic such as increasing of online consultations and as its consequence – increase in financial expenses, health facilities burden, participance of business representatives and decreased quality of medical care in connection to all of them. Situation is worsened due to the lack of real experience on applying telemedical technologies in clinical practice. The term «diagnosis» is not established in the Federal Law 323 «On the fundamentals of public healthcare in Russian Federation» which also worsens the prohibition of remote diagnosis. In this paper the examples of changing approaches from nosological method of patient management to a syndromal one are described. Attention is paid to an international experience of this method, its effectiveness and logic, and exceptions to the rule such as development of telemedical centers in Moscow in the period of COVID-19 pandemic that allowed to not only make a diagnosis remotely and prescribe treatment but also make a list of temporary incapacity for work. Technological development and appearance of new knowledges not only change diseases classification but also provide new possibilities for receiving objective information of patient health. Medical devices develop and improve becoming more compact and intuitive, available in price for wide range of people including persons without medical education. Now it’s possible for patients to make laboratory studies which previously were available only in clinics, by themselves at home and transfer data to any distance with applying of telemedicine technologies. Nevertheless, patients still need available medical care. Existing legislative limitations for remote diagnosis and treatment prescribing, which are established in the Federal Law 323, don’t allow to approach flexibly for new changing conditions and implement potential opportunities for people but all this possibilities are contained in one of the most powerful cross-cutting technologies – telemedicine.

An Outbreak of a New Coronavirus Infection COVID-19 in an Educational Institution in Moscow

Relevance . The COVID-19 pandemic is still making adjustments to the modern realities of both healthcare and society as a whole. The incidence of COVID-19 in children and adolescents is becoming more and more urgent. At the end of January 2022, in Moscow, the number of registered cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in minors increased 14 times (from 2,000 to 28,000), and the number of hospitalizations increased 10 times, to 120 people per day. During the pandemic, local outbreaks of COVID-19 remain relevant, especially in organized groups. Aim . Description of a local outbreak of COVID-19 in an organized educational group of common residence, preventive measures and characteristics of the infection. Materials and methods . The results of the examination of the focus of COVID-19, medical records of hospitalized patients, regulatory documents, and literary sources were used. A descriptive epidemiological method was used. Statistical data processing was not carried out due to the small sample size. Results . In the spring of 2021, an outbreak of COVID-19 was registered in one specialized educational and methodological center in Moscow with ten victims. The center is located in a five-story brick building designed for the teaching and living of pupils. When registering the first case of COVID-19 in a specialized educational and methodological center, an operating mode was established on the principle of an observatory. Nine children were hospitalized and one teenager was treated for scrap in Moscow. All hospitalized patients underwent computed tomography of the chest organs, no changes in the lungs were noted, which is a significant difference compared to adults, in whom in most cases the SARS-Cov-2 virus enters the lungs. All patients in the hospital received antiviral therapy (Umifenovir 200 mg orally 4 times a day, 5 days), decongestants, local antiseptics, antihistamines were used according to indications. At discharge, all adolescents had positive results for COVID-19 according to the results of PCR swabs from the nasopharynx and oropharynx, and therefore, with an improvement in their general condition, they were transferred for further observation to the observational rehabilitation center COVID-19 «Krylatskiye kholmy». Conclusions . Living in communal dormitories and learning at the place of residence involves close contacts at home and during classes, which predetermines a high risk of infection with the SARS-Cov-2 virus and the occurrence of foci. Promptly carried out anti-epidemic measures make it possible to interrupt the chain of infections in the outbreak. Compared to adults, adolescents experienced fewer and less severe symptoms of COVID-19. Although in most cases, children do not get severely ill from COVID-19 as adults, they can play an important role in the transmission of the infection and in the formation of its outbreak.

Comparison of measles incidence in different age groups with the intensity of specific humoral immunity in healthcare workers in Moscow

The study of the intensity of humoral immunity to the measles virus (Paramyxoviridae: Morbillivirus) (MV) remains relevant due to the ongoing registration of the cluster cases of measles (including nosocomial cases).The aim of the study was to analyze correlation between the intensity of the humoral immunity to measles virus and the measles incidence in different age groups of the Moscow residents. A simple analytic study was carried out under the framework of measles prevention improvement program conducted in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The study included the analysis of the reasons for the increase in the proportion of seronegative individuals and the comparison of the results of seromonitoring with the data of age-related measles incidence. Throughout 2018, total 1,855 blood serum samples obtained from employees of a large hospital center in Moscow who were previously vaccinated against measles were tested for IgG antibodies (ABs) to MV. The subjects were divided into 11 groups according to their age. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using nonparametric criteria. The proportion of seronegative individuals among the staff of the medical facility decreased with age, from 38.5% in persons aged 19-23 to 0% among employees aged 64 and over. Persons aged 19-43 years were the most susceptible to measles infection, which was confirmed also by the highest incidence rate at these age groups (from 6.93 to 14.03 per 100,000 population). The age group most protected against measles was those over 64 years of age, who were all seropositive and had the lowest rates of incidence. This is probably due to the fact that by this age most of them have had a measles infection and have formed a sufficient immune response. At the same time, younger individuals living in the post-elimination era have only vaccine-induced ABs to MV, the level of which declines rapidly to non-protective values in the absence of boosterization due to the exposure to the wild-type strain of the pathogen. The monitoring of the MV-specific IgG- AB levels is required for employees in the medical institutions under the age of 35. Administration of the single dose of the appropriate vaccine is recommended for seronegative individuals.

Does the level of medical facility impact short-term results of surgical treatment of colorectal cancer

The study objective was to evaluate the impact of medical hospital volume on short-term colorectal cancer treatment results.Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 93 patients with colorectal cancer operated on by one surgeon at two medical centers in Moscow from 2018 to 2020: 32 patients of the first group were operated in tertiary medical center (N.I. Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center) and 61 of the second group – in regional low volume hospital (Centrosoyuz Hospital). The endpoints of the study were the short-term outcomes: surgery duration, blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, intra- and postoperative complications, lymph node harvested and the quality of specimen.Results. Surgery duration as well as blood loss in two groups were similar (258 min vs 240 min, p = 0.47 and 100 ml and 100 ml, p = 0.89, accordingly). Hospital stay after surgery was significantly less in the first group (9 days vs 16 days, p &lt;0.01). The frequency of postoperative complications of type I–II according to the Clavien–Dindo classification was higher in the first group (6/8 vs 1/8, p &lt;0.05) but reoperations performed more in the second group due to III Clavien–Dindo complications (2/8 vs 7/8, p = 0.012). Grade 2–3 rectal cancer specimen quality was 94.7 % vs 77.8 %, p = 0.13 and harvested lymph nodes &gt;12 was 71.9 % vs 78.7 %, p = 0.485 in first and second group, respectively.Conclusion. Hospital volume does not affect rectal cancer specimen quality, surgery duration and blood loss, if the surgical interventions are performed by one experienced surgeon but associated with the incidence of postoperative complications and the length of stay.

Why was the surgeon V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky canonized?

Surely everyone has heard of Saint Luke the Blessed Surgeon, whose name is given to many scientific and medical institutions, medical universities and colleges, treatment and diagnostic centers. The Institute of Pediatric and Adult Neurology and Epilepsy in Moscow, the Diagnostic and Treatment Center in Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, and the International Educational Center for Medical Institutions bear his name. Do you know that the famous surgeon Valentin Feliksovich Voyno-Yasenetsky and Saint Luke the Blessed Surgeon are one and the same person, and that he lived and worked not in ancient times, but under the Soviet Union? An outstanding scientist, PhD in Medicine, professor, laureate of the Stalin Prize V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky made a huge contribution to the development of surgery, including purulent surgery. He wrote about 60 scientific papers, and many of the works were accompanied by his own drawings. He was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for Essays on Purulent Surgery and Late Resections for Gunshot Wounds of the Joints. These monographs were a necessary and timely scientific and practical guide in all base and field hospitals during the Great Patriotic War. In this work, the anatomical and topographic principle of the study of suppurative processes, first put forward by N.I. Pirogov, was consistently highlighted. Over the years, the monograph has not lost its relevance; it remains of interest to neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists, dentists, urologists, and doctors of other specialties. The author of these books was PhD in Medicine, a scientist, surgeon, teacher and artist, who took holy orders in the most terrible years of persecution of the church, in 1921. For the courageous confession of Orthodoxy, he was repeatedly arrested. He spent many years in prisons and camps, but he always remembered the high calling of a doctor. While healing the body, he also healed spiritual wounds, and he never betrayed any of his callings.

The 25 years development of the Moscow Center for Diagnostics: through an eyewitness

Today, on the eve of the 25th anniversary of the leader in the Moscow radiological service, Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Healthcare Department (used to be the Research and Practical Center of Medical Radiology until 2019), the bright quarter-century history of this institution comes to life in our me-mory, day after day has passed by since the opening of the Center, our weekdays, scientific breakthroughs, and celebrations.&#x0D; We would like to present to our readers a brief history of one of the aspects of the Centers complex activities, the development of professional education of radiologists. We observe a period from its launching to its recognition as the authority in radiology. The Education Department of the Moscow Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies is currently appointed by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation as an expert to participate in addressing the current challenges of professional training and certification in diagnostic radiology.&#x0D; The article is devoted to well-known scientists and teachers, professors, and leading specialists in the industry, who are actively involved in the development of continuing education of radiologists and other specialists in diagnostic radiology at different stages of the centers existence. Specialists of the Training Center strive for the compliance of the provided professional training following the Bologna Declaration (1999), thereby creating conditions for Russian professionals to obtain European diplomas.

Emission Ratios and Source Identification of VOCs in Moscow in 2019–2020

Measurements of CO and 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the IAP-RAS (A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics) site located in the center of Moscow were analyzed. Acetaldehyde, ethanol, 1.3-butadiene, isoprene, toluene and C-8 aromatics were established to be the main ozone precursors in the observed area, providing up to 82% of the total ozone formation potential of the VOCs measured. Diurnal and seasonal variations of the compounds are discussed. The concentrations of anthropogenic VOCs (acetaldehyde, benzene, 1.3-butadiene, toluene, and C-8 aromatics) did not exceed their maximum permissible levels, reaching their maxima in summer and autumn in the morning and evening hours. Biogenic ethanol and isoprene were the highest in summer midday but their concentrations were low enough (up to 4 and 0.4 ppbv, respectively) due to small vegetation area around the site. Emission ratios (ERs) for the main ozone precursors—acetaldehyde, ethanol, 1.3-butadiene, isoprene, toluene, and C-8 aromatics—were estimated from two-sided linear regression fits using benzene and CO as tracers for anthropogenic emissions, with spatial and temporal filters being applied to account for the influence of chemistry and local emission sources. The best estimates of ERs were obtained using benzene as a reference species. Anthropogenic fractions of VOCs (AFs) were then estimated. As expected, acetaldehyde, toluene, 1.3-butadiene, and C8aromatics were entirely anthropogenic and emitted mainly from urban vehicle exhausts throughout the day, both in summer and in winter. AFs of isoprene and ethanol did not exceed 30% and 50% in summer, respectively, during both daytime and nighttime hours. In winter, the anthropogenic fractions of isoprene and ethanol were slightly higher (up to 35% and 60%, respectively).

3D modeling methods and architectural history of the mansion on Tverskaya 21: a noble estate, the Moscow English Club, a museum

The article presents architectural history of the building of the Moscow English Club, located in the center of Moscow on Tverskaya Street using the methods of three-dimensional modeling. The object of study is an object of cultural heritage, which during its history used to be a city estate, a noble club and now is a museum. Features of its location, historical events, socio-cultural context and change of purpose have influenced both the external design of the building and its internal structure. The author identifies and analyzes causes of changes in the architecture of the building, summarizes information from archival sources, identifies inaccuracies and contradictions that are found in documents. Based on materials from the funds of the Schusev State Museum of Architecture, the Central State Archive of Moscow and published sources, the author systematized the architectural history of the building and information about its owners. The data on the reconstruction of the building, based on the comparison of drawings and explanations to them, applications and projects, sketches and site plans, were shown in the scheme. For 3D visualization in 3Ds max six time periods were chosen: 1830s, 1875, 1883, 1896, 1912, 1940s. Agisoft PhotoScan and Adobe Photoshop were also used in the work.