MoS2 Research Articles

Measuring the Surface Energy of Nanosheets by Emulsion Inversion.

Solution-processed nanomaterials can be assembled by a range of interfacial techniques, including as stabilizers in Pickering emulsions. Two-dimensional (2D) materials present a promising route toward nanosheet-stabilized emulsions for functional segregated networks, while also facilitating surface energy studies. Here, we demonstrate emulsions stabilized by the 2D materials including the transition metal carbide MXene, titanium carbide (Ti3C2T x ), and develop an approach for in situ measurement of nanosheet surface energy based on emulsion inversion. This approach is applied to determine the influence of pH and nanosheet size on surface energy for MXene, graphene oxide, pristine graphene, and molybdenum disulfide. The surface energy values of hydrophilic Ti3C2T x and graphene oxide decrease significantly upon protonation of usually dissociated functional groups, facilitating emulsion stabilization. Similarly, pristine graphene and molybdenum disulfide increase in surface energy when their surface functional groups are deprotonated under basic conditions. In addition, the surface energies of these pristine materials are correlated with nanosheet size, which allows for the calculation of the basal plane and edge surface energies of pristine nanosheets. This understanding of surface energies and control of emulsion inversion will allow design of emulsion-templated structures and surface energy studies of a wide range of solution-processable nanomaterials.

Amplification‐free sub-femtomolar monitoring of SARS-CoV-2-RNA in serum samples using cDNA-modified MoS2 field-effect transistor

The rapid spread of infectious diseases, exemplified by the well-known case of COVID-19, which has led to a global pandemic, has garnered increasing attention toward the development of simple and efficient biosensors for diagnosis. In this study, a field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor offers an alternative and promising solution for the diagnosis of clinical COVID-19. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in a channel FET modified with a probe complementary DNA (cDNA) can sensitively detect selected specific sequences from SARS-CoV-2 through hybridization. MoS2 was modified with probe cDNA and exhibited a linear concentration range of 1 fM to 0.1 nM in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and serum samples, with low limits of detection (LOD) of 0.21 and 0.73 fM, respectively. In addition, it demonstrated a rapid response time of 3 min in clinical samples. The developed biosensor is capable of analyzing RNA from 19 clinical samples. These results indicate that the biosensor successfully distinguished between healthy and infected samples, which is consistent with the RT-PCR results (kappa coefficient = 1). Additionally, a notable difference was observed between the RdRp samples of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Therefore, we believe that this study offers a reliable and appealing option for the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Molybdenum Disulfide–Zinc Oxide Mixed Phase Network as Water Purifier

AbstractThe present work reports the development of oxide‐sulfide hybrid by simple hydrothermal process where zinc oxide (ZnO) prepared by simple chemical process is added in situ during the growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by hydrothermal process. The as prepared sample is characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX). XRD confirms the coexistence of both ZnO and MoS2 in the sample whereas FESEM shows that fractal kind of sulfide structures get developed over ZnO rod. EDX carries the information regarding the stoichiometry of the sample. The sample is proven to be an excellent remover of textile dyes by synergistic effect of photocatalysis and adsorption with almost 100% efficiency following simple first‐order reaction kinetics. When the porous structure of the sample helps the process of adsorption, the charge transfer mechanism has been assumed to be responsible for photocatalytic dye degradation. The latter involves the transferring of electrons or holes between the photocatalyst and the dye molecules, leading to the generation of reactive species that initiate the degradation process. The combined effect of these two processes takes only 30 min to degrade textile dyes like Bengal rose (BR) and methylene blue (MB). Thus, the present work is supposed to serve as milestone in the associated field.

Analysis and simulation of opto-electronics characterization of two-dimensional Janus monolayers for energy applications

First-principles simulations are conducted to investigate the absorption and optoelectronic efficacy of molybdenum–sulfur–selenium, referred to here as MoSSe, and molybdenum–sulfur–oxygen, referred to here as MoSO, Janus monolayers. The materials MoSSe and MoSO demonstrate characteristics of semiconductors, as they possess bandgaps of 2.00 eV (direct) and 1.61 eV (indirect), respectively. This property renders them highly suitable for efficient light absorption. The efficiency of absorption of the device was calculated for the MoSSe and MoSO families, leading to the observation that these material families demonstrate a broad absorption range spanning from the infrared to the ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This finding represents a novel discovery. Furthermore, the design as a topmost cell is particularly attractive due to its exceptional device absorption efficiency and broader bandgap. This particular family ensures that its band edges remain in alignment with the water-redox potentials. Molybdenum sulfide and molybdenum selenide exhibit promising potential as photocatalysts and in optoelectronic device applications. This is attributed to their appealing photocatalytic properties and notable efficiency in absorbing light for the purpose of water splitting.

Electronic and optical properties of Cr-Mn co-doped in monolayer MoS2: A first-principles study

The effects of Cr-Mn co-doping of neighboring and spacer sites on the electronic and optical properties of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (ML-MoS2) are investigated using a first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential method based on density-functional theory (DFT). The results show that the band structure (BS) and the bandgap of pristine ML-MoS2 are in good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data. Electronic analysis implies that the bandgap of Cr-Mn co-doped ML-MoS2 is smaller than that of the pristine ML-MoS2 and the bandgap of Cr-Mn co-doped ML-MoS2 at spacer sites is the smallest. Moreover, the ML-MoS2 changes from a direct bandgap to an indirect bandgap semiconductor, which facilitates electron-hole pair transfer. In addition, pristine ML-MoS₂ has no magnetism, while Cr-Mn co-doped ML-MoS2 at neighboring and spacer sites present ferromagnetism. Studies of optical properties have shown that doped ML-MoS2 systems, especially Cr-Mn co-doped at spacer sites, exhibit higher sensitivity to visible and ultraviolet (UV) light along the x-axis as well as to UV light along the z-axis. This suggests the possibility of applications in photodetectors, solar cells, and photocatalysis. It is noteworthy that Cr-Mn co-doping at the spacer sites significantly improves the photovoltaic performance and light utilization efficiency of ML-MoS2 by increasing the dielectric tensor, absorption coefficient, and photoconductivity while decreasing the extinction coefficient compared with pristine ML-MoS2.

Engineering Injectable Coassembled Hydrogel by Photothermal Driven Chitosan-Stabilized MoS2 Nanosheets for Infected Wound Healing.

The application of enzyme-like molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in tissue repair was confronted with stable dispersion, solubilization, and biotoxicity. Here, the injectable self-healing hydrogel was successfully designed using a step-by-step coassembly of chitosan and MoS2. Polyphenolic chitosan as a "structural stabilizer" of MoS2 nanosheets reconstructed well-dispersed MoS2@CSH nanosheets, which improved the biocompatibility of traditional MoS2, and strengthened its photothermal conversion and enzyme-like activities, guaranteeing highly efficient radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, the polyphenol chitosan was employed again as a "molecular cross-linking agent" to form the injectable NIR-responsive MoS2@CSH hydrogel by accelerating hydrogen-bond interaction among chitosan and the multicross-linking reaction among polyphenols. The rapid self-healing ability was conducive to wound closure and dynamic adaptability. An experimental study on infected wound healing demonstrated that MoS2@CSH hydrogel could substantially eradicate bacteria and accelerate the angiogenesis of infected wounds. The photothermal-driven coassembly of MoS2 and polycation provided an alternative strategy for infected wound healing.

Electrical Study of Changes in Impedance and Internal Parameters of Nano Structures of Molybdenum Disulfide Semiconductor Type (MoS2-2H/3R) with Changes in Temperature

MoS2 nanostructures were prepared using the hydrothermal method by reacting ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O244H2O) with citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7H2O) in distilled water with the presence of sodium sulfide (Na2S), we have found from the Arenos diagram that the value of the activation energy of (MoS2 -2H/3R) is low and equal to Ea= 0.0505 (e.V). From the atomic force microscope (AFM) images, we found that the size of the surface aggregates of the sample (table - MoS2-2H/3R) ranges between (100-150) n m. From studying the changes in the impedance with different temperatures (T = 15, 30, and 60), we found that impedance is inversely proportional to both the applied frequency and the temperature, and at the frequencies the response corresponding to the temperature reaches a value of (Z = 20 K.Ω, T = 15°C). ) and at temperature (Z = 8.02 K.Ω, T = 30 °C), and at (Z = 17.1 K.Ω, T = 60 °C), It has been shown that the number of electric charge carriers (Nd) increases with increasing temperature. On the contrary, we found a decrease in the number of electronic traps (Ns) and a decrease in the relaxation time τP with increasing temperature.

Efficient production of singlet oxygen via dioxygen activation on Cu0 decorated MoS2 facilitates the elimination of oxytetracycline

Molecular oxygen (O2), a green oxidant, is applied in advanced oxidation processes, which represents one of the current focal points in water treatment research. However, achieving efficient and economical activation of O2 remains a formidable challenge because of its spin-restricted nature. Herein, zero-valent copper (Cu0) modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) materials were applied as O2 activators to degrade organic pollutants. The results showed that Cu0-MoS2 could significantly enhance the activation of O2 and thus accelerate the removal of oxytetracycline (OTC). Notably, 90.0 % of OTC was eliminated within 20 min in the Cu0-F-MoS2 (Cu0-Flower-MoS2) /air system. Quenching experiments, XPS spectra, and DFT calculations confirmed •O2− and 1O2 were pivotal reactive species, with both Mo and Cu playing essential roles. Specially, O2 was activated by Cu0/Cu+ to generate •O2−, then •O2− was oxidized by Mo6+ of MoS2 into 1O2. This research offers an eco-friendly approach for eliminating organic substances by activating O2.

Evaluation of anti-tumor activity of molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers per se and in combination with berberine against mammary gland cancer in rats

Evaluation of anti-tumor activity of molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers per se and in combination with berberine against mammary gland cancer in rats

Study on the performance of MoS2/Au composites for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection

Abstract Glucose concentration is considered an indicator for the diagnosis of diabetes, highlighting the importance of accurate glucose detection. Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors have been extensively studied for glucose detection applications, with nanocomposites composed of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) demonstrating high catalytic activity. In this study, a nanocomposite material composed of MoS2 and Au NPs (MoS2/Au) was synthesized and employed to construct a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor. The detection limit of this sensor was explored, reaching as low as 1 mM. Additionally, compared to MoS2, the MoS2/Au nanocomposite exhibited a higher linear correlation coefficient and sensitivity, with a linear range of 1–25 mM and a sensitivity of 417.556 μA mM−1 cm−2. The sensor demonstrated excellent performance within the range of human blood glucose concentrations, showing potential for real-time monitoring and precise measurement of glucose levels. Furthermore, it exhibited good stability and reproducibility. These findings indicate the potential applications of MoS2/Au in biosensors and immunoassays.

Novel 3S-shaped biophotonic sensor utilizing MoS2–NSs/ZnO–NWs/AuCu–NCs for rapid detection of Shigella flexneri bacteria

This paper describes a unique, extremely sensitive biophotonic sensor with a three-tier S-tapered (3S) structure. It is designed for the real-time detection of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), a common foodborne pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal diseases. The sensor development includes three distinct diameters of S-tapered structures. The performance of tapered sections was improved by using molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2-NSs), zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs), and photoluminescent bimetallic gold–copper nanoclusters (AuCu–NCs). These nanoparticles greatly improve the sensor’s performance. The sensor is further functionalized using anti-S. flexneri antibodies, allowing for the precise detection and capture of the target bacterium. The results show that the sensor can detect S. flexneri rapidly and accurately, with a linear detection range of 1–108 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) and a low detection limit of 4.412 CFU/ml. In addition, the sensor’s ability to identify S. flexneri biofilms is demonstrated. Biofilm detection allows us to better understand and control biofilm concerns in the environment, equipment, and biomedical devices. Aptamer examines confirm the sensor’s ability to detect S. flexneri from the lateral direction. This study makes a significant contribution to the field of biosensing because no biophotonic sensor has previously been developed specifically for the detection of S. flexneri, fulfilling a critical gap in the arena of food safety and pathogen detection. The 3S sensor’s performance, robustness, and potential for practical applications make it an important addition to the field of photonics.

Synergistic effects of advanced MoSe2/MnO2 nanocomposite for direct yellow dye degradation for enhanced photocatalytic applications

MoSe2, a significant component within the class of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), boasts diverse photocatalysis characteristics. Herein, this research focuses on the hydrothermal approach to fabricate and thoroughly characterize Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanoparticles and Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoflakes as their co-catalyst with controllable morphologies size and enhanced photocatalytic activity. The samples were advanced characterizations such as SEM and HR-TEM to examine morphology, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to validate phase and crystal structure, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for analysing functional groups and bonds, and XPS for insights into elemental composition and chemical state of the nanocomposite. Due to the efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs facilitated by the rapid transfer of electrons by the addition of MnO2 and MoSe2/MnO2 nanocomposite demonstrates significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance and excellent stability in Direct Yellow (DY), a common pollutant found in industrial effluents. The MoSe2/MnO2 nanocomposite photocatalytic activity was 1.2 to 1.6 times higher than that of its individual components of MoSe2 and MnO2, indicating synergistic effects leading to enhanced performance. Consequently, this study illustrates that the MoSe2/MnO2 nanocomposite effectively degrades direct yellow dye under base conditions through photocatalysis.

Coupling (NixCo1-x)0.85Se with N-doped MoSe2 for hybrid supercapacitors with remarkable cyclic durability

Despite being a novel supercapacitive material, the widespread application of layered molybdenum diselenide has been hindered by its low specific capacity, significant volume changes during electrochemical reactions, and slow kinetics. In this study, we successfully combined (NixCo1-x)0.85Se nanoparticles with N-MoSe2 to create (NixCo1-x)0.85Se/N-MoSe2 hybrids (labeled as AxB1-xC). The electrochemical performance of AxB1-xC was dramatically improved due to the synergistic effects between nickel and cobalt, as well as between (NixCo1-x)0.85Se and N-MoSe2. Among the various AxB1-xC electrodes, the A0.8B0.2C electrode exhibited the best electrochemical performance when the Ni/Co ratio was 0.8/0.2. It provided a specific capacity of 397.9 C g−1 at 0.5 A/g and retained 220.0 C g−1 after 2,000 cycles at 10 A/g. Furthermore, we constructed an A0.8B0.2C//AC hybrid supercapacitor to assess its energy storage capability. The A0.8B0.2C//AC device achieved a specific capacitance of 72.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A/g with an energy density of 25.8 Wh kg−1 at 400 W kg−1. The capacitive retention of the A0.8B0.2C//AC device was 92.9 % after 40,000 cycles at 3 A/g. Impressively, a self-constructed A0.8B0.2C//AC device could power a timer for about 24 min, demonstrating its potential for practical applications.

Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Hybrid Nano Composites Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Stir Casting Method and Reinforced with Nano-scale SiC and MoS2 Particles

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of adding large quantities of reinforcing agents specifically, 3% MoS2 along with different SiC concentrations 5%, 10%, and 15% to LM25 aluminium alloys. The goal of producing these composites was to improve the material characteristics of hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) by the use of ultrasonic-assisted stir casting. The study looks at the possible benefits of using particulate materials to improve the mechanical properties of metallic composites, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and molybdenum disulphide (Mo­S2). The research assesses the impact of SiC and MoS2 Nano scale additions on the mechanical and structural characteristics of LM25 composites by experimental analysis. The results of mechanical property testing show significant improvements, especially when 15% of Nano-scale SiC is included. This is mainly because the Nano-scale SiC is evenly distributed throughout the host metal.

2D-nanostructures as flame retardant additives: Recent progress in hybrid polymeric coatings

The use of polymers in day-to-day life is undeniable; nevertheless, applicability of these polymers in the fire risk sector poses serious limitations as most of the polymeric materials/coatings employed are prone to fire. Hence to improve the fire retardant (FR) properties of polymers, researchers recommend the use of FR materials/additives, either physically blended or incorporated chemically via suitable modifications. However, to achieve sufficient FR property, usually higher amounts of traditional FRs are required which understandably deteriorates the mechanical and other important properties of the polymers. Moreover, use of halogenated FRs are under immense scrutiny due to the possible release of carcinogenic and organic pollutants. As a result development of halogen-free FRs is an emerging field of research. In this context, incorporation of nanostructured two-dimensional (2-D) materials to form polymer composites that can not only reinforce the mechanical, thermal and other important properties but also improve flame retardancy has opened up new prospects. The 2-D nanostructured materials, particularly, layered double hydroxide (LDH), MXenes, Graphene and its derivatives, Boron Nitride (BN) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) have demonstrated capabilities to enhance the FR properties as a green and environmentally benign material. Incorporation of these 2-D materials into polymers to form nanohybrids can be achieved either as conventional filler or as surface modified systems chemically bonded to the parent matrix. In the present review, the recent development strategies of surface modifications employed on 2-D nanostructured materials (LDH, MXenes, GO, BN and/or MoS2) to form polymeric nanocomposites and the FR properties achieved are discussed. The significant outcomes reported by various research groups, the key insights gained and viewpoints are deliberated. A plausible underlying mechanism for flame retardancy offered by 2-D nanostructured materials (LDH, MXenes, GO, BN and/or MoS2) based polymer nanocomposites as extended by several research groups is discussed.

Ruthenium atoms anchored on oxygen-modified molybdenum disulfide with strong interfacial coupling as efficient and stable catalysts for lithium–oxygen batteries

Rechargeable non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) have garnered increasing attention owing to their high theoretical energy density. However, their slow cathodic kinetics hinder efficient battery reactions. Nanoscale catalysts can effectively enhance electrocatalytic activity and atomic utilization efficiency. However, the agglomeration of nanoscale catalysts (such as cluster and single atoms) during continuous discharge/charge cycles leads to decreased electrochemical performance and poor cyclic stability. Herein, the ruthenium (Ru) atomic sites anchored on an O-doped molybdenum disulfide (O-MoS2) catalyst (designated as Ru/O-MoS2) was fabricated using a facile impregnation and calcination method. Strong Ru-O coupling between Ru atoms and the O-MoS2 substrate optimizes the localized electronic structure, resulting in improved electrochemical performance and enhanced resistance to Ostwald ripening. When employed as a cathode catalyst for LOBs, Ru/O-MoS2 catalyst exhibits a high reversible specific capacity (18700.5 (±59.8) mAh g−1), good rate capability, and enhanced long-term stability (115 cycles, 1200 h). This study encourages facile and efficient strategies for the development of effective and stable electrocatalysts for use in LOBs.

Unveiling the tradeoff between device scale and surface nonidealities for an optimized quality factor at room temperature in 2D MoS2 nanomechanical resonators

A high quality (Q) factor is essential for enhancing the performance of resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). NEMS resonators based on two-dimensional (2D) materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have high frequency tunability, large dynamic range, and high sensitivity, yet room-temperature Q factors are typically less than 1000. Here, we systematically investigate the effects of device size and surface nonidealities on Q factor by measuring 52 dry-transferred fully clamped circular MoS2 NEMS resonators with diameters ranging from 1 μm to 8 μm, and optimize the Q factor by combining these effects with the strain-modulated dissipation model. We find that Q factor first increases and then decreases with diameter, with an optimized room-temperature Q factor up to 3315 ± 115 for a 2-μm-diameter device. Through extensive characterization and analysis using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrate that surface nonidealities such as wrinkles, residues, and bubbles are especially significant for decreasing Q factor, especially for larger suspended membranes, while resonators with flat and smooth surfaces typically have larger Q factors. To further optimize Q factors, we measure and model Q factor dependence on the gate voltage, showing that smaller DC and radio-frequency (RF) driving voltages always lead to a higher Q factor, consistent with the strain-modulated dissipation model. This optimization of the Q factor delineates a straightforward and promising pathway for designing high-Q 2D NEMS resonators for ultrasensitive transducers, efficient RF communications, and low-power memory and computing.

Unlocking hierarchical hollow nanoblocks of NiMo sulfide with extended interlayer spacing of Mo-S units for high-performance supercapacitor

Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) has been investigated as electrode of supercapacitor due to its unique structure. However, the restricted availability of active sites and sluggish behavior at the basal surface impede its improvement. Here we propose an unlocking hierarchical hollow strategy to synthesis the bimetallic sulfide heterostructures loaded on the ultrathin carbon (NiS/MoS2@UC). The unlocking hierarchical hollow structure and extended S-Mo layer provide interconnected channels for rapid electrolyte ion transport, while the heterojunction interface promotes the electron transfer and redox reaction. As a result, NiS/MoS2@UC − 2 exhibits a high specific capacitance of 616.7F g−1 at the current density of 1 A/g, which is approximately 10 times higher than that of MoS2@UC and 6 times higher than that of NiS@UC. Moreover, NiS/MoS2@UC − 2 demonstrates a high energy density of 7.7 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 300 W kg−1 with excellent cycling durability.

Synergistic enhancement of electro-Fenton redox processes by iron-molybdenum dual sites for synchronous removal of Cr (VI) and emerging organic pollutants

Synergy removal of heavy metals and emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) poses a formidable challenge in heterogeneous electro-Fenton processes. Here, we present a three-dimensional iron-doped molybdenum disulfide hierarchical microsphere/graphite felt (Fe-MoS2 HS/GF) system. This system exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic redox activity, achieving a 9.75-fold and 18.96-fold increase in Cr (VI) (2.38 × 10-2 min−1) and BPA (8.29 × 10-2 min−1) removal rates compared to the MoS2 HS/GF system, respectively. And it also exhibited a significantly enhanced mineralization efficiency (59.28 %) for BPA, surpassing that of the MoS2/GF system (5.75 %) by a factor of 10.31. Mechanistic insights indicate that the Fe-Mo dual catalytic sites effectively lower reaction barriers of H2O2 dissociation, generating significant amounts of ·OHsurface and 1O2 species for BPA degradation. Moreover, an electric field-driven the variable valence state of the Fe-Mo dual sites facilitates Fe (II) regeneration and Cr (VI) reduction. Notably, this system shows broad applicability for synchronous removal of Cr (VI) and diverse EOPs, exhibiting robust stability under unsteady-state continuous-flow operation (2 L reactor) with reduced biotoxicity in actual wastewater. This study highlights the synergistic benefits of the dual catalytic sites in the heterogeneous electro-Fenton processes for treating multicomponent wastewater.

Making Patterned Single Defects in MoS2 Thermally with the MoS2/Au Moiré Interface.

Normally, it is hard to regulate thermal defects precisely in their host lattice due to the stochastic nature of thermal activation. Here, we demonstrate a thermal annealing way to create patterned single sulfur vacancy (VS) defects in monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with about 2 nm separations at subnanometer accuracy. Theoretically, we reveal that the S-Au interface coupling reduces the energy barriers in forming VS defects and that explains the overwhelming formation of interface VS defects. We also discover a phonon regulation mechanism by the moiré interface that effectively condenses the Γ-point out-of-plane acoustic phonons of monolayer MoS2 to its TOP moiré sites, which has been proposed to trigger moiré-patterned thermal VS formation. The high-throughput nanoscale patterned defects presented here may contribute to building scalable defect-based quantum systems.