Mortality Of Aedes Aegypti Larvae Research Articles

The Use of Eco-Enzyme as a Larvacide for Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larvae

Nearly half of the world's population is at risk of dengue infection, an arboviral infection that is typically spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Insecticide use and community awareness campaigns are the main vector control strategies currently in use in some countries, and they didn’t done many ways to reduce dengue. Eco-enzyme is the product of fermentation from organic waste such as vegetable, fruit, and sugar. Eco-enzyme can be used in agriculture, medicine, and others. This study aims to analyze the toxicity level of ecoenzyme as the larvicide for Aedes aegypti larvae. An analytical experimental study were conducted in Bionas Parasitology Laboratory from February to March 2024. As many as 20 Aedes aegypti larvae were used in each of exposure. Each exposure were replicated four times. The mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae was analyzed by a two-way ANOVA test, followed by a Fisher's least significant defference (LSD) post hoc test with a significance level of (p<0.01). This data was analysed by Statistical Product and Service Solutions(SPSS)Inc. 25.0. The concentrations of ecoenzyme induce mortality of the third instar of Aedes aegypti larvae were started from 2% concentration, and the highest was found in 10% concentrations which resulted in average of 50% mortality. In this context, the analysis results show that time, concentration, and the interaction between time and concentration have a significant influence on the observed quantities. These findings can have important implications in the context of studies or experiments related to the variables being tested. Below are the profile plots of each variable (concentration and time of exposure) which give significant influence on the mortality of Aedes larvae

THE EFFECT OF FRANGIPANI FLOWER (PLUMERIA ACUMINATA AIT) EXTRACT WITH GRANULE FORMULATION ON MORTALITY OF AEDES AEGYPTI LINN INSTAR III LARVAE

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a disease transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito and is widely found in Indonesia. The main key in dealing with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is to control their spread and eradicate larvae. Vegetable larvicide frangipani flower extract formulated in granule form can be an alternative in vector control. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of frangipani flower (Plumeria acuminata Ait) extract with granule formulation as vegetable larvicide against Aedes aegypti Linn instar III larvae. The study was conducted in the laboratory of B2P2VRP Salatiga in 2015. The research method used was a pure experiment with 6 concentrations of 1.6%; 1.9%; 2.7%; 3.4%; 4.3% and 4.7% were accompanied by 4 repetitions. The total sample of larvae in the study amounted to 800 heads. Observations were made for 2,4,6 and 24 hours. Based on the results of study, the effective concentration of frangipani flower extract with granule formulation against the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae is 4.7% because it is able to kill larvae 100%. The results of probit analysis obtained LC50 values of 1.572% and LC90 3.025%, while the LT50 value at an effective concentration of 4.7% was 2.902 or 3 hours and the LT90 value is 9.421 or 9 hours. The ANOVA test obtained p value = 0.000 (p<0.05). The results showed that there were significant differences in various concentrations of frangipani flower extract granules on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. The conclusion was that the 4.7% concentration in the formulation of frangipani flower extract granule (Plumeria acuminata Ait) was effective as a vegetable larvicide

Formulation, Dosage, and Exposure Time of Natural Substances in Controlling Aedes aegypti Larvae

The incidence of vector-borne diseases in Indonesia, particularly Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), continues to escalate. This surge correlates with climate change, the extreme transition from hot to rainy seasons. The use of synthetic chemicals for control measures can also poses environmental risks; hence, there is a necessity to explore natural control methods by harnessing the biodiversity of plant species within the environment. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of botanical extract mixture on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. Method: This study utilizes an experimental design with a complete factorial random arrangement, which aimed at elucidating the effectiveness of plant extract as a bio-larvacide against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The effectiveness is measured through larval mortality rates based on a formulated equation, with dosage and exposure time as the research variables. The research was conducted in the Environmental Health Departement Laboratory at Health Polytechnic of Tanjungkarang from March to July 2023. The observational sheet serves as the instrument The collected data are processed and analysed using ANOVA to discern variations in larva mortality based on the formula, linear regression is applied to explore the influence of dosage and exposure time on larva mortality. Result: The result of this study exhibits that the most efficacious formulations to terminate larvaes were determined to be the 9th, 10th, and 11th formulations. Furthermore, an extended exposure time correlates with the escalating rate of larval demise. The statistical model prosperously accounts for 88,59% of the variability in the response pertaining to Aedes larval mortality. Conclusion: This study discerns that individually, the formula, dosage, and exposure time, also demonstrates an impact on larval death. This study unveils that an insecticidal formula derived from soursop leaves yields a higher mortality effect compared to formulations based on other materials.

Effectivity test of ethanol extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum) against mortality of Aedes aegypti and its effect on midgut morphological changes

Aedes aegypti is the vector of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Dengue vector management usually depends on synthetic larvicides. However, it can lead to insect resistance and leave chemical pollutant residues. Therefore natural larvicides are needed for their environmentally friendly and do not induce insect resistance. Piper nigrum fruit is expected to contain secondary metabolites beneficial as larvicides to Aedes aegypti. This study aims to test the effectivity of the ethanol extract of Piper nigrum fruit on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae and determine the effect of extract exposure on larval midgut morphological changes. The study used a completely randomized design with five experimental groups and four repetitions as follows: K (aquades + 0% extract), P1 (0.25% extract), P2 (0.50% extract), P3 (0.75% extract), P4 (1% extract). Data analysis used one-way ANOVA and continued to the LSD Post hoc test. The extract's effectiveness was analyzed using the probit test and LC50 confirmation. Changes in the morphology of larval midgut were observed descriptively and presented in the form of tables and figures. The results showed that the 1% treatment resulted in the highest larval mortality of 93% and the lowest in the 0.25% treatment of 43%. The LC50 value was 2,666 based on the probit analysis. The ethanol extract of Piper nigrum fruit affected midgut morphological changes of Aedes aegypti larvae characterized by peripheral membrane damage, microvilli thinning, epithelial cell swelling and vacuolation, and basement membrane damage.

Test The Effectiveness Of Japanese Papaya Leaf Extract (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) On Aedes aegypti Larvae Mortality

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is caused by the dengue virus which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Prevention of DHF can be done by using larvicides. Synthetic chemical larvicides are considered to have side effects in long-term use and can cause environmental pollution. So we need an alternative larvicides with natural ingredients from plants, namely Japanese Papaya plants. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Japanese Papaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf extract on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. This type of research uses an experimental study design. This study used 6 treatments with 4 repetitions consisting of control without treatment, P1 (0.2%), P2 (0.4%), P3 (0.6%), P4 (0.8%), and P5 (1%). Observations were made for 48 hours. From the research results obtained LC50 of 1.095%. The results of statistical tests using One-Way ANOVA showed that there was a significant effect on the mortality of mosquito larvae.

Effectiveness Test of Ketapang Leaf Ethanol Extract (Terminalia catappa L.) with TWEEN and PEG Diluents on the Mortality of Aedes aegypti Larvae

Diseases caused by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can be controlled with vectors in the form of larvicide administration, but if it is excessive, it causes environmental pollution and causes larval resistance so that natural larvicides are needed. Ketapang leaves are tested to determine the effectiveness of larvicides against Aedes aegypti larvae. To determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of ketapang leaves (Terminalia catappa L.) with TWEEN dilution on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. The research is experimental with the research design used is posttest only controlled group design. This design compares the experimental group with the control group. The groups used were groups K (+) and K (-), and the TWEEN/PEG treatment group which contained ketapang leaf extract with a concentration of 1,5% and 2%, respectively. The sample of Aedes aegypti larvae used was instar III IV. Normality, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Probit tests are used for data processing. Mortality was highest with his PEG treatment at 1,5% and lowest with TWEEN at 2%. The effect of ethanol extract from ketapang leaves (Terminalia catappa L.) with TWEEN diluent was the same as PEG on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. The ethanol extract of ketapang leaves (Terminalia catappa L.) with dilutions of TWEEN and PEG was less effective than abate.

The Effect of Mango (Mangifera indica) Peel Extract on Aedes aegypti Larvae Mortality

Aedes aegypti mosquito can transmit the virus due to biting humans. This study aims to determine whether there is effectiveness in mango (Mangifera indica) peel extract to inhibit the growth of instar III Aedes aegypti larvae. This type of research is a true experimental study to look at the effect of mango (Mangifera indica) peel extract on the growth and development of Aedes aegypti larvae. The observation showed results with various concentrations that had different influences on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. The higher the concentration, the greater the mortality rate in the larvae (p=0,000). Based on the results of the study showed that extracts from the peel of mangoes have different influences on each concentration. The extract from the peel of mangoes can kill the larvae of Aedes aegypti. Using probit regression analyses, it is known that the value of LC50 is 3.78% every minute. ABSTRAK: Aedes aegypti dapat menularkan virus akibat menggigit manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada efektivitas ekstrak kulit buah mangga (Mangifera indica) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan larva Aedes aegypti instar III. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian true eksperimental untuk melihat pengaruh ekstrak kulit mangga (Mangifera indica) terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan larva Aedes aegypti. Pengamatan menunjukkan hasil dengan berbagai konsentrasi yang digunakan memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap kematian larva Aedes aegypti. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi yang digunakan maka semakin besar tingkat kematian yang terjadi pada larva (p=0,000). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah mangga memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda pada setiap konsentrasi. Kemampuan ekstrak kulit buah mangga dapat membunuh larva Aedes aegypti. Hasil analisis regresi probit diketahui nilai LC50 sebesar 3,78% setiap menit.

THE EFFECT OF MASCULUS IMMERSION AGAINST THE DEATH OF MOSQUITO FLACERS

The transition from the dry season to the rainy season causes mosquito larvae in stagnant water. Researchers are looking for natural larvicidal solutions that are safe and effective with male papaya flowers (masculus). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of masculus immersion water on the death of mosquito larvae in water reservoirs. The location is in Curup Tengah District. Quasi experimental type, Chi-square analysis, calculating odds ratio, Chi square test. Almost all (94.4%) there were 34 dead larvae and a small portion (5.5%) there were 2 live larvae, from 36 Aedes aegypti larvae in 50 ml of masculine immersion water, 1 minute. The results of Chi-square analysis showed that P value = 0.04 < ? 0.05, there was a significant effect between masculine immersion water and Aedes aegypti larvae mortality. Where the value of p value = 0.043, has the effect of masculus immersion water, at odds ratio = 4.10 times. Overall (100%) there were 36 dead larvae and a small portion (0%) there were 0 live larvae, out of 36 Aedes aegypti larvae in the bath 100 ml of masculus soaking water, time under 1 minute. The results of the Chi-square analysis showed that the P value = 0.04 <?0.05, there was a significant effect between the masculine immersion water and the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. Where the p value = 0.040, has the effect of masculus soaking water, at odds ratio = 4.00 times. In order for the community to be active in eradicating Aedes aegypti larvae, activities get used to making masculine soaking, pouring it into a water reservoir

Efektivitas Kombinasi Ekstrak Lidah Buaya dan Lidah Mertua Terhadap Mortalitas Larva Aedes aegypti

The Dengue Haemoragic Fever (DHF) vector control with synthetic larvicide has an impact on health and environmental problems, so alternative plant-based insecticides are needed. The study aims to determine the larvicidal effect of a combination with Aloe vera extract and Sansivieria trifasciata on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. This study was conducted with experimental design by a post-test only with control groups design consisting of five groups. Two groups are positive control (1% temephos) and negative control (0% concentration). The other three groups served as a combination of Aloe vera extract and S. trifasciata Prain in ratio of 75%:25% (P1), 50%:50% (P2), and 25%:75% (P3). A total of 375 larvae were introduced in this study with three replications and with observation time of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours until totally died 100%. The mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and probit analysis to calculate LC50 and LC90. The larvae totally died 100% after 12 hours of exposure. There are significant differences in the mortality of Ae. aegypti larvae after administration of a combination with Aloe vera extract and S. trifasciata Prain. The P1 group (The combination with Aloe vera extract and S. trifasciata Prain with a ratio of 75%:25%) was the most effective in mortality of Ae. aegypti larvae. The LC50 value is 0.517% while the LC90 value is 2.121% within 6 hours. The combination group of Aloe vera extract and mother-in-law's tongue with a ratio of 75%:25% was the most effective in causing mortality of Ae. aegypti within 6 hours.

Extract Clove Leaves Were Used to Test the Effectiveness of Hand Washing Soap. Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Larvae Syzygium Aromaticum L Exterminator

The best method for getting rid of mosquito larvae is to employ biological pesticides derived from plants, such as Syzygium aromaticum L.'s clove leaf extract. Aedes aegypti larvae can be killed by a clove leaf extract containing eugenol, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Insect repellent hand soap prepared from Syzygium aromaticum L clove leaf extract is being tested to see how well it works against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. This study uses an experimental design with a post-test and a control group, including three treatment and three control groups. A sample of 20 larvae was taken from each group and the control three times. So that there were 280 Aedes aegypti larvae in the sample, 60, 80, and 100 mL of hand soap prepared from Syzygium aromaticum L. clove leaf extract were used, respectively. Within 24 hours, observations were taken, and the number of larvae perished each hour was recorded. The outcomes demonstrated that the amount of Aedes aegypti larvae mortality in the treatment of 60 mL, 80 mL, and 100 mL was extremely effective, being able to kill 100 percent with three repetitions in one hour, non-treatment (negative control) 0 percent larvae mortality in time of 24 hours, and the control treatment of hand washing soap without clove leaf extract was less effective, it could only kill 50 percent within 24 am, while the control treatment with clove was more effective. The mortality of mosquito larvae is significantly influenced by the concentration of hand soap made from clove leaf extract Syzygium aromaticum L, which occurs extremely quickly. To promote public awareness and comprehension of natural larvae exterminators, there is a need to educate people about the risks of DHF and how to prevent it with natural components. The findings of this study are anticipated to be used in the future to improve health conditions.

Pengaruh ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya linn) terhadap larvasida Aedes aegypti

Background: Transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is strongly influenced by the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The most effective method for tackling DHF is by killing the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae. Reducing the negative impact of using chemical larvicides can be done through a safer alternative model, namely natural larvicides from plants. The plant studied with a characteristic ability to kill Aedes aegypti larvae is papaya leaves. Papaya leaf extract contains compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, papain, saponins, tannins, and papain, which can kill Aedes aegypti larvae.Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya Linn) and the effect of concentration as Aedes aegypti larvicide.Method: The design used in this study was experimental, using 240 Aedes aegypti larvae, three treatments, and three repetitions. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of the Environmental Health Department of Aceh Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health in 2021. The data was collected through observations every 1 hour for the first 3 hours. The analysis used was the One Way Anova statistical test and continued with the Least Significance Different (LSD) test at 95% CI.Results: The results showed that the average mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae was at a concentration of 10% (10), a concentration of 20% (13), and a concentration of 30% (16). The results of the Anova test showed that giving papaya leaf extract affected the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae (p = 0.000). The most effective concentrations in killing Aedes aegypti larvae were 20% and 30%.Conclusion: Papaya leaf extract was very effective as a larvacide of Aedes aegypti, and it was found that concentrations of 20% and 30% were the best formulas for larvicides.

Efektifitas Nutrisi Hidroponik AB MIX Sebagai Larvasida Alternatif Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

ABSTRACT Hydroponics is a technique for cultivating vegetable and fruit plants. The principle of hydroponic technique is the provision of nutrient solution as a source of plant nutrients. These plants are grown in certain media using water instead of soil. The presence of stagnant water in hydroponic techniques can be a breeding place for Aedes aegypti larvae. Aedes aegypti mosquito can do as a vector for dengue fever. Dengue fever is still a public health problem today. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of AB mix as a nutrient for hydroponic plants as larvicides of the Aedes aegypti mosquito.This research was a pure experimental research. The research design used a pre post only group design. The research sample was F3 larvae of Aedes aegypti instar III. The research variables were the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae and variations in the concentration of AB mix. The test was repeated 10 times. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Based on the results obtained in all treatments there was death or mortality of mosquito larvae. The administration of 75% AB Mix with a duration of 70 minutes is the most optimal treatment to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. So, it can be concluded that AB Mix can be used as an alternative larvicide to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Keywords : AB Mix, mortalitas dan Larva Aedes aegypti

Clove flower powder (Syzygium Aromaticum) as an alternative plant controlling Aedes Aegypti larvae

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still one of the most important health problems in Indonesia. Indonesia is a country with the highest dengue cases in Southeast Asia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of clove flower powder (Syzygium aromaticum) as a medium in killing Aedes aegypti larvae. This type of research is a simple experimental study with a post test only group control design. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of clove powder in killing Aedes Aegypti larvae using doses of 2 mg/10L, 4 mg/10L, 6 mg/10L, 8 mg/10L and 10 mg/10L. Data collection techniques are carried out by making observations, namely by making direct observations. The results showed that each level of the test material (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5) within 1x24 hours of observation showed a significant difference in the mortality of Aedes Aegypti larvae. The conclusion of this study was that clove powder (Syzygium Aromaticum) was effective in killing Aedes Aegypti larvae with varying results according to the level. Even so, it is still necessary to carry out further research by testing more local plant species as a medium that can kill Aedes Aegypti larvae by paying attention to environmental factors and it is advisable to examine the comparison between Zanzibar clove flowers and ordinary clove flowers

TOXICITY OF THE SEED OIL EXTRACTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA ON AEDES AEGYPTI LARVAE

A 12 hour toxicity test of the emulsifiable concentrates of the seed oil extract of Azadirachta indica on Aedes aegypti larvae was carried out in the laboratory.The LC50 of the oil extracts used on 280 Aedes aegypti larvae was 5.0ml of the 2.5% seed oil stock solution. Mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae increased with increase in concentration of the oil extract. This value in relation to mortality was significant (p<0.05) as described by the relationship between the concentration of the seed oil extracts and probit mortality, Probit Y = 4.224X + 2.13. Mortality was thus dependent on the concentration of the oil extracts. The seed oil was very toxic on the larvae. The survival of Aedes aegypti larvae in relation to the seed oil extract decreased with increase in time and increased with decrease in concentration

New Bioinsecticides From Combination Extract of Leaf and Flower of Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis) On Mortality of Aedes Aegypti Larvae

The main vector for the spread of dengue fever is the female mosquito Aedes aegypti. In Indonesia, chemical larvicides are commonly used to control Aedes aegypti larvae. Bioinsecticides made from plants are one option for environmentally friendly larvae control. Leaves and flower of breadfruit Artocarpus altilis contains toxic compound that can function as larvicides. This experimental study used combination of leaf and flower of breadfruit expect that the combination of the two extracs was synergistic and it was more effective in killing Aedes aegypti larvae. The third instar Aedes aegypti larvae was used and divided into control group and test group with concentrations 1000, 2750, 4500, and 6250 ppm and replicated in 3 times with observations every 6, 9, and 24 hours. To identify the significant difference, the mortality data was analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test. In probit analysis, LC50 value of breadfruit leaf extract was 1871 ppm with LT50 was 4.2 hours. LC50 value of breadfruit flower extract was 2531 ppm with LT50 was 10.8 hours. LC50 value of the combination of breadfruit leaf and flower extract was 903 ppm with LT50 was 3.7 hours. Based on these studies, it may be indicated that breadfruit leaves and flowers was more effective in killing Aedes aegypti larvae than single extracts

Efektivitas Larvasida Granul Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pisang Nangka (Musa x paradisiaca L.) terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

Musa x paradisiaca L. leaves are known to contain phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and other compounds that can be used as larvicides. This study aims to determine the effect of Musa x paradisiaca L leaves’ ethanol extract granules on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. The Research was experimental in two stages of effectiveness testing, that are extract and granule formula effectiveness test. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. The extraction method used was maceration using 96% ethanol. The concentration of the extract dosage used were 0.2; 0.5; 1; 2; and 4%, with control (+) temephos and control (-). Repetitions were carried out 3 times with a sample total of 675 larvae. Observations were made for 12 and 24 hours. Preparation of granules using 2 formulas, formula 1 granules without extract and formula 2 granules with the extract. To fulfill the granule formulation criteria, the preparation was evaluated. The results showed that the concentration of 4% extract was the most effective at 98.7%, as stated by the Kruskal-Wallis test result,p-value <0.05, which means that there was an effect on the effectiveness of larvicide. The percentage of mortality of larvae given formula 2 is 100% and based on the Mann-Whitney test with value p<0.05, there is a difference between granule 1 and 2 formula. Criteria of granule including moisture content (1.72 %), angle of rest 240, flow velocity (50 gr/sec), and dispersion time (2.25 minutes). The granular formula of Musa x paradisiaca L leaves can make the application easier and hopefully can be used as effectively as synthetic larvicide in the community.

PAPAYA LEAVES EXTRACT EFFECTIVENESS TEST (Carica papaya L) AS A LARVACIDINE Aedes aegyptiINSTAR III

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of dengue hemorrhagic fever which has a major role in the transmission of the disease in Indonesia. Mosquito vector control is expected to have an impact on decreasing the vector population of the Aedes aegypti mosquito so that it is no longer significant as a disease transmitter. Therefore, natural larvicides are used, one of which is papaya leaf (Carica papaya L) which contains alkaloid compounds, tannins and flavonoids which have a larvicidal effect. This research is experimental to see the killing power of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L) against Aedes aegypti larvae and to determine the LC50 and LC90 of papaya leaf extract against Aedes aegypti larvae. The sample size used was 800 larvae with 4 repetitions in each treatment group. Observation time was carried out 24 hours. The measured data was the treatment of papaya leaf extract against Aedes aegypti larvae with concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% and abate as a positive control or distilled water as a negative control. that there is a difference in the mean mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae between groups which is statistically significant with a value of p0.000 ≤ α (0.05). Probit analysis results found that papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L) with a concentration of 0.591% was able to kill 50% of Aedes aegypti larvae for 24 hours. Papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L) with a concentration of 2,873% was able to kill 90% of Aedes aegypti larvae for 24 hours

Larvicidal Activity and Histopathological Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Extract on Aedes aegypti from Surabaya, Indonesia.

Averrhoa bilimbi has been long thought to have biological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of primary and secondary metabolites from A. bilimbi fruit extract on Aedes aegypti larvae mortality and midgut histopathology. Experiment was performed to third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae collected from Surabaya, which then exposed to A. bilimbi crude fruit extract at various concentration for 24 hours. After exposure, larvae were evaluated of its mortality and fixed in 2.5% neutral buffer formalin before processed and sectioned into histological slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman rank correlation to determine histopathological damage on midgut of Ae. aegypti larvae. Phytochemical screening of A. bilimbi crude fruit extract found that it contained saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Minimum concentration able to induce mortality on Ae. aegypti larvae (LC50) was 977 ppm, while LC90 was at 1380 ppm. Severe alteration of larvae midgut was found after 24 hours exposure to 2000 ppm extract. Features of damage mostly found in larvae midgut were disruption of the microvilli, columnar cell vacuolization, epithelial nucleus crossed midgut lumen, and basal membrane damage. Damage caused by fruit extract in midgut of Ae. aegypti third instar larvae inhibited development of larvae. This study reported first finding of histopathological effect of A. bilimbi fruits extract on Ae. aegypti larvae midgut. Result of study was expected to contribute to better understand extract bioactivity of this plant to be applied as natural larvicide for Ae. aegypti.

Effectivity of the jackfruit leaves infusion (Artocarpus heterophyllus l.) as a larvacide to the mortality rate of Aedes aegypti larva

Larval stage control using temephos, a chemical larvicide powder, was not completely safe. WHO recommended to use biological controls. Jackfruit leaves which contain saponins, flavonoids, and tannins can be used as alternate. This study was conducted to determine the effectivity of jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) infusion on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae using post test only control group design. 600 of Aedes aegypti larvae were divided into 1 control group and 5 experiment groups that consist jackfruit leaves infusion concentrations of 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20% with four times replication. The mortality of larvae was observed every 8 hours to 48 hours. The LC50 and LT50 were obtained by probit analysis were 3.842% and 2.150 hours. In the repeated Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae that died based on differences in the concentration of jackfruit leaf infusion. In the Spearman test, there were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the concentration of jackfruit leaves infusion and the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae and the death rate of Aedes aegypti larvae. The results of the study are expected to be alternatives to chemical larvicides commonly used by the community.

Biolarvicide of Herba Ethanol Extract of Phyllanthus niruri L on Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva Vector Of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Disease (DHF)

Until now, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has not found a cure or vaccine, so one of the prevention is to break the chain of transmission of this disease. Phyllanthus niruri L is a wild plant that can live in moist and rocky places. This plant has the ability to cure hepatitis, anti-mosquito, anti-inflammatory, fever, launching urine, expectorant, launching menstruation and increasing appetite. This research aims to determine the biolarvaside and LC50 and LC90 values of the Phyllanthus niruri L herbal extract against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Three hundred instar mosquito larvae III were put into each container containing the treatment determined P0 = without administration of extract, P1 = given abate 1% (Control +), P2 = given Ethanol Extract Herb Phyllanthus niruri 25% concentration, P3 = Given Ethanol Extract Herba Phyllanthus niruri concentration of 50% and P4 = Given Ethanol Extract Herba Phyllanthus niruri concentration of 75%. Each container is filled with 20 larvae. Observation of the larvicidal activity of the ethanol extract of the herb Phyllanthus niruri L was carried out at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. Data from observations of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae mortality were then analyzed using ANOVA. To determine the value of LC50 and LC90 extract of Phyllanthus niruri L, it was analyzed using probit analysis. The results showed that the calculated F value was 281,558 with a F probability of 0,000 (p <0.05), which means that the ethanol extract of the herb Phyllanthus niruri L affected the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. LC50 value of 2.644% with an upper limit of 1.040 and a lower limit of 3.674. While the LC90 value of 5.772% with an upper limit of 4.424 and a lower limit of 12.042.