Types Of Morphemes Research Articles

The relationship between stuttering severity and types of inflectional morphemes stuttered in 15–35-year-old stutterers with mild to moderate severity

Stuttering is considered as one of the most important speech disorders and general cognition among speech and language disorders (1). Persian-speakers with a stuttering problem demonstrate a different degree of prolongation, silence or block at the beginning and remedial review in different ages based on stuttering severity with stuttering changes from sentence and types; namely, the length, meaning and complexity of the word influences fluency deficit intensity.[H1] The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stuttering severity and type of inflectional morphemes stuttered in 15–35-year-old stutterers with mild to moderate severity. 20 stutter participated in this study. 10 stutter with a mild stuttering problem and 10 stutter with a moderate one. Participants’ speech was recorded while they narrate a story (about 400 syllables) in a natural setting for 3–5 minutes. Then the speech was analyzed and the types of inflectional morphemes, which stuttered, were identified. Stuttering severity was also measured utilizing the SSI4 scale. Statistical analysis data was done by SPSS software and Spearman correlation test. Data analyses indicated that there is a direct and significant relationship between moderate stuttering severity and inflectional morphemes in particular types of verb prefixes ( P = .024), and there is a direct and linear relationship between mild stuttering severity and inflectional morphemes in type of verb prefixes ( P = .008), whereas this relationship was not statistically meaningful ( P < .05). Additionally, there is no significant statistical relationship between mild to moderate stuttering severity and inflectional morphemes) plural, indefinite, comparative and superlative, transient maker and identity verbs) ( P < .05). Results demonstrated the severity of stuttering was related to length, meaning and consonant complexity of morphemes. As stuttering severity reduced (mild and moderate), the effect of inflectional morpheme's type on stuttering, reduced.

La ausencia de concordancia entre el clítico dativo y su referente nominal

&lt;p class="Normal1"&gt;El presente trabajo propone como tema de estudio la descripción de la relación de concordancia en número entre el objeto indirecto presente en la estructura oracional y el pronombre dativo para estudiar la duplicación de una forma plural con el pronombre átono singular &lt;em&gt;le&lt;/em&gt;. En particular, nos ocupamos de la comparación de casos como (1) &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Les&lt;/span&gt; voy a hacer juicio &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;a Twitter e Instagram&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, en los que se manifiesta concordancia en número entre el objeto y el pronombre, y (2) &lt;em&gt;No &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;le&lt;/span&gt;vamos a crear problemas &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;a los diplomáticos,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; en los que se evidencia ausencia de concordancia. El objetivo principal es aportar evidencia que permita indagar en un posible desgaste semántico del pronombre dativo, dado que el proceso de duplicación generalizada del objeto indirecto podría provocar que el clítico de dativo se vaya convirtiendo en una especie de morfema objetivo del verbo (Company, 2006) o de legitimador de un objeto oblicuo (Navarro, 2005), y le restaría valor como participante argumental (Torres Cacoullos, 2005). Esto provocaría la ausencia de concordancia de número entre el pronombre dativo singular y su referente nominal plural. En virtud de los principios del Enfoque, la descripción de las formas se realiza con atención a los contextos reales de aparición, y el análisis implica la medición de la significación estadística y representatividad de los datos a partir de pruebas objetivas. Por lo tanto, la metodología de este trabajo instrumenta un abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo, a partir de la recolección de corpus de textos auténticos de la prensa escrita argentina de la actualidad. Se propone analizar el problema de la falta de concordancia con atención a aquellos factores lingüísticos que puedan condicionar la aparición de dicha estrategia, tales como la inanimación y posposición del objeto indirecto con respecto del verbo, y el número gramatical del objeto directo.&lt;/p&gt;

Does language loss follow a principled structural path? Evidence from Jersey Norman French

ABSTRACTThis study examines contact-induced change in Jèrriais, the severely endangered Norman variety currently spoken by some 1% of the population of Jersey, one of the British Channel Islands. Today, English dominates all linguistic domains of island life, and all speakers of Jèrriais are bilingual. The analysis uses original data to test empirically whether Myers-Scotton's (2002) five theoretical assumptions about the structural path of language attrition (broadly defined as language loss at the level of the individual) also have relevance for the process of language obsolescence (broadly defined as language loss at the level of the community). It explores i) whether Jèrriais is undergoing contact influenced language change owing to its abstract grammatical structure being split and recombined with English, a hypothesis related to Myers-Scotton's Abstract Level model; and ii) whether different morpheme types of Jèrriais are related to the production process in different ways and are, accordingly, more or less susceptible to change during the process of language obsolescence, a hypothesis related to Myers-Scotton's 4-M model. In addition to its contribution to linguistic theory, this study increases existing knowledge about Jèrriais and makes data from this language available for systematic comparison with other languages.

« Articles contractés » ou « preposizioni articolate » ?

Abstract The morphemes such as the French au or the Italien nel are designed by different terms in grammars of Romance languages, which shows that it is difficult to identify the lexical category of this type of fusional morpheme. The aim of this paper is to propose a detailed analysis of these contracted forms. I suggest that the fusion occurs during a secondary grammaticalization. This process involves, on the one hand, the definite article, i.e. a grammatical element, and, on the other hand, some prepositions which, semantically, can be functional or lexical but which function syntactically as grammatical elements. The analysis shows that case inflection of nominals has been transferred to the preposition while the other categories appear in the article which merged with prepositions. Therefore, the fusional forms can be considered as prepositions marked by the grammatical categories of gender, number and definiteness.

Error Analysis in the Use and Realization of Inflectional Morphemes among EFL University Students

This study aims to identify, describe and analyze errors committed in the area of inflectional morphemes by the 3rd year EFL students at the College of Education for humanities, Department of English/ College of Education for Humanities/ University of Mosul, during the academic year 2016-2017,. In order to identify the areas of difficulty and find out what makes these areas difficult, errors are classified with reference to the eight types of inflectional morphemes. To that end, Error Analysis Theory; notably, a fused version of the guidelines offered by Corder (1973) and Ellis (2005), is adopted. The mechanism of applying this version of error analysis on the data collected passes through various analytical stages, starting with data collection, identification of the areas of difficulty, description, explanation, and ending with the evaluation of errors. The present study was conducted to find out students’ errors in using inflectional morphemes that include : past tense inflection “ed1”, plural inflection “s”, present participle inflection “ing”,third person singular “s”, past participle “ed2”,possessive inflection “ ’s ”,comparative “er” and superlative inflection “est”. The aim of this study is to find out the errors made by students in using inflectional morphemes, and most importantly, the type of such errors ; whether they are,errors of omission, addition, misinformation, misordering, or those of blending. The subjects of this study were 100 EFL students in third -year at the university of Mosul. The results of the analysis show that the total number of errors found in the students’ essays is 864.The objective outcome of the analysis conducted reveals a number of findings and conclusions; among these are, the percentage of “ed1” morpheme errors comprised 35% of the total types of errors, the second rank is the plural morpheme “s” errors =17%, the ‘ing” morpheme errors= 14%, the third person singular “s” =13%,”ed2” errors=12%,possessive morpheme errors =7%, Finally the comparative “er” and the superlative “est” comprised the lowest rank of percentage ;that is 1%. Based on the findings of this research, it is hoped that it would help other researchers to build up further discussions and researches on errors with broader aspects and different subjects.

Some affixes are roots, others are heads

A recent debate in the morphological literature concerns the status of derivational affixes. While some linguists (Marantz 1997, 2001; Marvin 2003) consider derivational affixes a type of functional morpheme that realizes a categorial head, others (Lowenstamm 2015; De Belder 2011) argue that derivational affixes are roots. Our proposal, which finds its empirical basis in a study of Dutch derivational affixes, takes a middle position. We argue that there are two types of derivational affixes: some that are roots (i.e. lexical morphemes) and others that are categorial heads (i.e. functional morphemes). Affixes that are roots show ‘flexible’ categorial behavior, are subject to ‘lexical’ phonological rules, and may trigger idiosyncratic meanings. Affixes that realize categorial heads, on the other hand, are categorially rigid, do not trigger ‘lexical’ phonological rules nor allow for idiosyncrasies in their interpretation.

Korean EFL Learners’ Development of Inflectional Morphemes

This paper examines English inflectional morpheme development among Korean EFL learners. Two groups of children, fourth graders (N=20) and sixth graders (N=19) were given both real-word sentence completion tasks and pseudoword sentence completion tasks. The task materials measuring the students’ knowledge of inflectional morpheme include six types of morphemes (plural -s, regular past -ed, 3rd person singular -s, progressive -ing, comparative -er, and superlative -est). Twenty four sentences (four sentences for each morphology) were created and children were asked to complete the sentences using a given base form of a word. The results indicated that, in learning of the regular past tense -ed, learners using L2 for communication do not seem to override EFL learners accustomed to the function of a written task, and that the grammatical morpheme, which does not exist in Korean L1, has a strong effect on the acquisition. This study concluded that Korean L1 absent morphemes seem to be difficult for Korean English learners to acquire regardless of language learning environments: namely natural language learning and classroom language learning.

Morphological considerations concerning the nationalisation of medical terms

The Danish medical terminology, part of which used to be in pure Latin and Greek, is characterized by an increasing degree of nationalisation, due mainly to the decreasing knowledge of the classical languages. At the same time, the terminology is influenced by English, this century’s medical lingua franca. The present situation calls for an overall language policy including both the status and the corpus of the language for medical purposes. Hopefully, the future Danish Medical Language Advisory Board, which has been in the melting pot for a couple of years, will be able to act as a decision-and consensus-maker concerning these questions. In this article, the types of mor-phemes involved in the construction of the so-called neo-classical compounds are considered. Indeed, it may be assumed that a clear view of the morphological charac-teristics of the Danified neo-classical terms, the hybrids, could be a help in connection with setting up some general guidelines for their construction and spelling which might eliminate the confusion now prevailing in the area.

ПРИСТАВОЧНЫЕ ВОЗВРАТНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

The main features of Russian prefixal reflexive verbs, which were made only by prefixal-postfixal and prefixal methods of forming, dissimilar in structure and meaning (620 units) are considered in this article. Defined the degree of activity of functioning prefixes of reflexive verbs, quantitative data ranking of verbs according to the degree of usage of certain prefixes. The article provides a thorough and detailed study of the meanings of reflexive verbs with each specific prefix, gives a complete list of all re-flexive verbs of the above-mentioned ways of founding, identifies prefixes which were semantically marked, and prefixes which were semantically unmarked. It concluded directly proportional to the number of re-flexive verbs with certain prefixes on the number of values the possess. The article applied approaches to the analysis of prefixal reflexive verbs - &ldquo;from form to meaning&rdquo; and &ldquo;from meaning to form&rdquo;, that allowed to establish between them relations of polyfunctionality, homonymy, isofunctionality, interpreted in the field of prefixes. To understand the specificity of this type of morpheme, the article provides a com-parison of the different prefixes, functioning in the same context, emphasizes the importance of such studies for describing the verbal sign of reccurence.

On the Morphosyntax of Indigenous Languages of the Americas

Boas (1917) mentioned several phenomena found in the morphosyntax of Amerindian languages (including nominal incorporation and lexical affixation) that posed challenges to accepted views of synchronic and typological issues raised by genealogical relatedness and areal convergence on the continent, morpheme classes like roots, stems, and affixes in languages in general, and whether the fundamental unit of human speech is the word or the sentence. A century later, and despite the increased amount of data available and a substantial amount of theorizing on morphosyntactic issues, these challenges have proved considerably recalcitrant. Framed in terms of morpheme types, word domains, and word classes, this article surveys the progress since Boas’s introductory paper and examines open questions in the study of the morphosyntax of indigenous languages of the Americas.

Information system of Lithuanian grammar

The article presents a brief overview of studies in the field of computational morphology in Latvian, Czech, Russian, and English. A more extensive discussion is provided on such studies carried out in Lithuania. Morphemes are marked in the database developed by the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics in Vilnius University by the use of different fonts. A particularly uninformative way of graphical marking of morphemes has been noted in the database of Vytautas Magnus University in which morphemes are separated from each other by using hyphens. Occasionally, such information is even misleading as a result of the use of the same marking in words that have different morphemic structure. Examples of German and Estonian morphological analysers demonstrate that such tools are suitable only for specialists since they include a lot of abbreviations and symbols that are not comprehensible to the wide public. Probably the most comprehensive information in this respect is provided in the Russian morphological analyser. It has been noted that the morphological analysing tools of Lithuanian make a lot of mistakes: in some information systems one may find words that do not exist in Lithuanian, e.g.*blizgėjas; yet others are unable to recognise a lot of Lithuanian words, e.g. toliaregis, apyrankė, nebeatsinešdavau, while the system in such cases reports that “this text is not in Lithuanian or it is grammatically incorrect.” The article describes an information system of Lithuanian grammar which is in its initial stages of development and which is targeted at non-professionals and which, for that matter, provides morphological information in a particularly clear and explicit fashion. In addition, one of the key goals of the information system reported is accuracy and reliability of information therefore it makes use of an error-protection tool. The words will be added to the database by putting them into a generalised format of a Lithuanian word. The users of the tool are provided with two types of information about words: morphological and morphemic information. The part on morphology provides all relevant data about the word as a whole, i.e. part of speech the word belongs to and its relevant grammatical features. In the case of a noun, for example, the tool indicates its case, number, gender, etc; whereas relevant grammatical information about verbs indicated by the system includes the tense, person, number, mood, and so on. In addition, the tool shows the lemma of a word and, in the case of derivatives and compounds, it also shows the underlying words. The morphemic part includes a graphic representation of the structure of a word by providing not only its segmentation into morphemes but also indicating detailed information about each morpheme. Different types of morphemes are marked using different colours followed by more detailed information about the relevant features of that morpheme, e.g. suffixes: derivational, inflectional; ending: pronominal ending, shortened ending, etc. The article presents figures with tentative results of word analysis of a test sample.

Of soundscapes, talkathons and shopaholics: On the status of a new type of formative in English (and beyond)

AbstractThis paper investigates a new type of formative in English that frequently gives rise to a productive word-formation process. Three questions that have been discussed controversially in previous research will be addressed: What is the origin of these formatives? What type of morpheme do they represent? What type of word-formation process are they involved in? The paper argues that the secretion, productive use and subsequent lexicalization of these formatives is a recent development in English word-formation that presents challenges to morphological theory and grammaticalization. In addition, data from other languages suggest that processes of language contact are related to the emergence of this new formative in languages other than English.

Coronal stop deletion in Hawai'i English

Coronal Stop Deletion (CSD) is believed to be constrained by the phonological environment and the word’s morphological make-up (i.e., monomorphemic, semi-weak past tense, regular past tense) (Guy 1991; Hazen 2011). In this talk, we present results from an analysis of CSD in the speech of four speakers of Hawai'i English. In addition to using a traditional approach (i.e., auditory analysis of CSD in word-final position), we also analyzed CSD in non-final position (e.g., followed by plural -s) and conducted acoustic phonetic analysis of /t/ in tokens where it was realized. The results demonstrate highly significant effects of environment. Additionally, there is no effect of morpheme type; instead, the results provide evidence that deletion is favored in words with a greater number of morphemes, regardless of whether the coronal stop is found in the stem or the affix. Additionally, the acoustic analysis suggests that the effect of following environment is acoustically gradient: tokens followed by a voiceless, non-alveolar consonant (i.e., the environment that most strongly disfavors deletion in our data) are most likely to be realized with complete occlusion in the vocal tract. Implications for models of speech production are discussed.

A case study in the acquisition of three types of morphemes in english by a bilingual child

This case study looks closely at the bilingual first language acquisition of a Costa Rican child who was raised through OPOL (One Parent One Language) and Minority Language at Home (mL@H).The subject, Itzel, was raised in a Spanish-speaking environment and her dad is the only person that has spoken to her in English since her birth up to the present. It is explained throughout the study that the use of several native English resources complemented the acquisition of the English language. For this study, a descriptive method was used. The Wug test was applied to the subject to determine the level of acquisition of the plural morphemes, third person singular morphemes, and past tense morphemes of regular verbs. Finally a comparison of 2011 Wug test and 2014 test is made to determine mastery of these morphemes in a period of three (3) years. The results proved that the subject did acquire naturally the studied morphemes and the Wug test shows some aspects of the interlanguage development related to the acquisition of morphemes done by the subject of the study.

The Use of Inflectional Morphemes by Kuwaiti EFL Learners

&lt;p&gt;This research paper aims to test the extent to which 100 Kuwaiti EFL learners are aware of the correct use of inflectional morphemes in English. It also explores the main causes of the errors that Kuwaiti EFL learners may make. Additionally, it checks whether the English proficiency level of the participants plays a role in their answers on the test. To this end, a multiple-choice test was used to measure the participants’ ability to use the correct inflectional morphemesin English. Following data analysis, the results reveal that Kuwaiti EFL learners are aware of the correct use of the inflectional morphemes in English to a certain degree (total mean=65.5%). Additionally, the t-test shows that the participants’ English proficiency level plays a central role in their comprehension of these morphemes. In particular, there is a statistically significant difference between the answers of the advanced learners (ALs) (73.5%) and intermediate learners (ILs) (57.5%). The number of correct answers provided by ALs is higher than that provided by ILs. Regarding the types of errors made by the participants, it has been argued that the most noticeable ones are due to first language (L1) negative transfer and the irregularity of some types of inflectional morphemes in English. Finally, the study concludes with some pedagogical implications and recommendations for further research.&lt;/p&gt;

Revisiting the 4-M model: Codeswitching and morpheme election at the abstract level

Purpose: This paper offers an overview of the 4-M model from its inception, but pays special attention to how the characterization of morpheme types in the model has evolved. A new proposal is that the level at which morpheme types are “elected” in an abstract model of language production is a critical factor in predicting morpheme distribution across languages in bilingual data. Methodology: A new addition to the model, the Variable Election Hypothesis, predicts which language is likely to be the source of morphemes in certain structures in bilingual speech, based on how they are elected. Data and analysis: Data from available codeswitching literature illustrate the classification of morphemes according to the 4-M model and test this new hypothesis. Much of the analysis focuses on the role of Embedded Language nonfinite verb forms and the structure of mixed determiner phrases (DPs), as well as subordinators in codeswitching data. Findings: Both the 4-M model and the Variable Election Hypothesis make predictions for the source and relative frequency of morpheme types observed in the codeswitching literature. The paper provides evidence that, in bilingual constituents in codeswitching, the frequency of certain morpheme types depends on how they are elected at an abstract level of language production. Originality: The emphasis on the abstract nature of morphemes constitutes a new approach to studying language contact. Implications: These predictions could also apply to other types of contact data, such as borrowing and creole development.

Analyzing Tri-syllabic Geminated Words in Persian According to Optimality Theory (OT)

This study is aimed to analyze gemination in tri-syllabic words in Persian. Data for the study is collected from Dehkhoda Medium Dictionary. The collected data categorized in different tables in Excel. To classify the data, various factors such as structure of syllable, number of morphemes, combination of morphemes (being simple word, derived, compound or derivational-compound), grammatical categories, and the language of origin are considered. The data is analyzed in three stages. First, the whole data including Persian and borrowed geminated words is studied. Then, Persian geminated words are selected and studied separately. Finally, the data is analyzed to answer the main question of current research: What types of morphemes in Persian can satisfy Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP). This question leads the researchers to hypothesize that derivational morphemes can satisfy OCP. To examine this hypothesis, Optimality Theory (OT) employed to figure out the order of limitations in optimum syllabic combination.

The role of substrate transfer in the development of grammatical morphology in language contact varieties

This article shows how the psycholinguistic process of language transfer accounts for the many features of the grammatical morphology of language contact varieties that differ from those of their lexifiers. These include different grammatical categories, the use of contrasting morphological processes to express grammatical distinctions, lexifier grammatical morphemes with new functions, and new grammatical morphemes not found in the lexifier. After an introductory description of the general notion of language transfer, it presents five more specific types: transfer of morphological strategies, word order and grammatical categories, as well as direct morphological transfer and functional transfer. The article then gives some possible explanations for the distribution among different types of contact varieties of two kinds of functional transfer – functionalisation and refunctionalisation – and for the distribution of particular types of grammatical morphemes – i.e. free versus bound. The examples presented come from contact languages of the Australia-Pacific region: three creoles (Australian Kriol, Hawai‘i Creole and Tayo); an expanded pidgin (Melanesian Pidgin, exemplified by Vanuatu Bislama and Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin); a restricted pidgin (Nauru Pidgin); and an indigenised variety of English (Colloquial Singapore English).

The contribution of morphological awareness to the spelling of morphemes and morphologically complex words in French

The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between morphological awareness and the spelling of morphemes and morphologically complex words among 75 third- and fourth-grade Francophone students of low socio-economic status. To reach this objective, we administered a dictation comprised of morphologically complex words with prefixes, bases, morphogrammes and suffixes. The target items had inconsistent or infrequent spellings, so their spelling required children to apply morphological knowledge. The children also completed three tests that measured morphological awareness. Correlational analyses indicated that a higher level of morphological awareness was significantly associated with the spelling of each type of morpheme. Regression analyses showed that it made a unique contribution only to the spelling of morphogrammes (4 %), suffixes (9 %), and morphologically complex words (5 %) after grade level, word identification, non-verbal intelligence and phonological awareness were partialled out. However, morphological awareness no longer predicted the spelling of morphologically complex words when the spelling of morphemes was entered in the regression model. These findings extending those of previous studies with respect to the role of morphological awareness in the production of morphologically complex written words and contribute to the discussion on the nature of the link between morphological awareness and word spelling.

Insights from letter position dyslexia on morphological decomposition in reading.

We explored morphological decomposition in reading, the locus in the reading process in which it takes place and its nature, comparing different types of morphemes. We assessed these questions through the analysis of letter position errors in readers with letter position dyslexia (LPD). LPD is a selective impairment to letter position encoding in the early stage of word reading, which results in letter migrations (such as reading “cloud” for “could”). We used the fact that migrations in LPD occur mainly in word-interior letters, whereas exterior letters rarely migrate. The rationale was that if morphological decomposition occurs prior to letter position encoding and strips off affixes, word-interior letters adjacent to an affix (e.g., signs-signs) would become exterior following affix-stripping and hence exhibit fewer migrations. We tested 11 Hebrew readers with developmental LPD and 1 with acquired LPD in 6 experiments of reading aloud, lexical decision, and comprehension, at the single word and sentence levels (compared with 25 age-matched control participants). The LPD participants read a total of 12,496 migratable words. We examined migrations next to inflectional, derivational, or bound function morphemes compared with migrations of exterior letters. The results were that root letters adjacent to inflectional and derivational morphemes were treated like middle letters, and migrated frequently, whereas root letters adjacent to bound function morphemes patterned with exterior letters, and almost never migrated. Given that LPD is a pre-lexical deficit, these results indicate that morphological decomposition takes place in an early, pre-lexical stage. The finding that morphologically complex nonwords showed the same patterns indicates that this decomposition is structurally, rather than lexically, driven. We suggest that letter position encoding takes place before morphological analysis, but in some cases, as with bound function morphemes, the complex word is re-analyzed as two separate words. In this reanalysis, letter positions in each constituent word are encoded separately, and hence the exterior letters of the root are treated as exterior and do not migrate.