Morning Exercise Research Articles

Effect of Morning and Evening Exercise on Energy Balance: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25–40 kg/m2) to morning (06:00–10:00) or evening (15:00–19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, n = 18) or evening (PM, n = 15). The exercise program was 15 weeks and progressed from 70 to 80% heart rate maximum and 750–2000 kcal/week. Bodyweight, body composition, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), energy intake (EI), sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), and maximal aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and week 15. Study retention was 94% and adherence to the supervised exercise program was ≥90% in both groups. Weight change was −0.9 ± 2.8 kg and −1.4 ± 2.3 kg in AM and PM, respectively. AM and PM increased TDEE (AM: 222 ± 399 kcal/day, PM: 90 ± 150 kcal/day). EI increased in AM (99 ± 198 kcal/day) and decreased in PM (−21 ± 156 kcal/day) across the intervention. It is feasible to randomize adults with overweight and obesity to morning or evening aerobic exercise with high levels of adherence. Future trials are needed to understand how the timing of exercise affects energy balance and body weight regulation.

Can exercise alleviate sleep disturbances during acute nicotine withdrawal in cigarette smokers?

Sleep disturbances, including insomnia (difficulty falling or staying asleep), are common nicotine withdrawal symptoms particularly during the initial stage of nicotine abstinence, and increase the likelihood of relapse within the first 4 weeks of quitting. Although clinically recognized as a key symptom of nicotine withdrawal, sleep disturbances are not addressed in the clinical guidelines for nicotine dependence treatment. Unfortunately, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) and other pharmacologic interventions do not attenuate withdrawal-provoked sleep disturbances, with several even exacerbating sleep disruption. The present study tested the impact of 30-min of daily moderate exercise, morning versus evening, on key polysomnographic indicators of sleep disturbances during initial 3 days (72 hr) of nicotine withdrawal. Forty-nine daily smokers (53% male) completed 3 separate abstinence periods, during which they completed either morning exercise, evening exercise, or a nonexercising magazine reading control condition. Order of condition was counterbalanced across subjects with a 1-week wash out in between each 3-day abstinence period. Exercise engagement mitigated several changes in sleep architecture associated with acute nicotine deprivation and other time-related effects on sleep, specifically frequency of arousals (B = -2.8, SE = .95; t(1271) = -3.0, p = .003) and reductions in sleep maintenance (B = .58, SE = .21; t(1270) = 2.8, p = .005). Additionally, smokers who reported greater perceived withdrawal severity had the longest latency to fall asleep but experienced the greatest attenuation of this effect following PM exercise. Overall, results suggest a role for exercise as an adjunct smoking cessation treatment to specifically target sleep disturbances during early acute nicotine withdrawal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Low-intensity scheduled morning exercise for adolescents with a late chronotype: a novel treatment to advance circadian phase?

During adolescence, an interplay between biological and environmental factors leads to constrained sleep duration and timing. The high prevalence of sleep deprivation during this developmental period is a public health concern, given the value of restorative sleep for mental, emotional, and physical health. One of the primary contributing factors is the normative delay of the circadian rhythm. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a gradually advanced morning exercise schedule (30 min shift each day) completed for 45 min on 5 consecutive mornings, on the circadian phase and daytime functioning of adolescents with a late chronotype, compared with a sedentary control group. A total of 18 physically inactive male adolescents aged 15-18 years spent 6 nights at the sleep laboratory. The morning procedure included either 45 min walking on a treadmill or sedentary activities in dim light. Saliva dim light melatonin onset, evening sleepiness, and daytime functioning were assessed during the first and last night of laboratory attendance. The morning exercise group had a significantly advanced (earlier) circadian phase (27.5 min ± 32.0), while sedentary activity resulted in a phase delay (-34.3 min ± 53.2). Morning exercise also led to higher evening sleepiness in the earlier hours of the night, but not at bedtime. Mood measures improved slightly in both study conditions. These findings highlight the phase-advancing effect of low-intensity morning exercise among this population. Future studies are needed to test the transference of these laboratory findings to adolescents' real life.

Comparison of the acute response of morning and evening outdoor exercise to oxygen saturation (SpO2) after aerobic activity

The condition of O2 in the morning is different from the night because the process of photosynthesis occurs in plants. Plants absorb CO2 in the morning and release CO2 at night. Exercise affects the frequency of breathing which results in an increase in the mass of accessory muscles of respiration so that the uptake of O2 in the lungs increases. O2 is taken up by the blood through the lungs and binds to Hb. O2 that diffuses into the lungs and binds to Hb, affects the value of the body's oxygen saturation (SpO2). This study aims to compare the acute response of morning and evening outdoor exercise to oxygen saturation (SpO2) after aerobic activity. This type of research is a quasiexperimental pretest-posttest with a cross-over design. The subjects were 32 athletes who were divided into 2 groups. Measurement of oxygen saturation using a pulse oximeter. The data analysis technique used the statistical package for social science (SPSS 16.0). The results of the oxygen saturation analysis before morning and evening outdoor exercise showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Oxygen saturation after morning and evening outdoor exercise showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The results of this study concluded that there is no difference in oxygen saturation before outdoor exercise in the morning and evening. There is no difference in oxygen saturation after morning and evening outdoor exercise.

The effect of morning and evening exercise on appetite, energy intake, performance and metabolism, in lean males and females

The effect of morning and evening exercise on appetite, energy intake, performance and metabolism, in lean males and females

Statistical heart rate variability analysis under rest and post-exercise

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis indicates the physical occurrence of variation of inter-beat interval and can be employed for regular monitoring of the health of the sportsperson. For the present work, 62 datasets (two from each participant) have been incorporated who were actively engaged in some sort of morning exercise or games to investigate about chronic fatigue and underperformance due to overtraining. Data were acquired by using BIOPAC MP45 and pre-processed signals have been applied for R peak detection using maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test have been evaluated to differentiate HRV parameters in both resting and post-exercise conditions. The p-value based on ANOVA for each HRV indices suggests that there is no statistically significant difference between both sets of data and it accedes to the null hypothesis but significant differences have been attained for the standard deviation of heart rate and approximate entropy in the case of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The statistically significant difference in resting and post-exercise data may be due to overtraining involved during exercise which is a very common issue for athletes and sportspersons. Overtraining can be monitored with the help of biosignals non-invasively.

Statistical heart rate variability analysis under rest and post-exercise

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis indicates the physical occurrence of variation of inter-beat interval and can be employed for regular monitoring of the health of the sportsperson. For the present work, 62 datasets (two from each participant) have been incorporated who were actively engaged in some sort of morning exercise or games to investigate about chronic fatigue and underperformance due to overtraining. Data were acquired by using BIOPAC MP45 and pre-processed signals have been applied for R peak detection using maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test have been evaluated to differentiate HRV parameters in both resting and post-exercise conditions. The p-value based on ANOVA for each HRV indices suggests that there is no statistically significant difference between both sets of data and it accedes to the null hypothesis but significant differences have been attained for the standard deviation of heart rate and approximate entropy in the case of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The statistically significant difference in resting and post-exercise data may be due to overtraining involved during exercise which is a very common issue for athletes and sportspersons. Overtraining can be monitored with the help of biosignals non-invasively.

Study of cadets’ attitude to the necessity of introduction of military-applied sports to forms of physical training in higher military educational institutions

Physical training is a set of measures for the physical improvement of servicemen, aimed at the development of general and special physical qualities, the formation of military-applied skills, education of moral and volitional and psychological qualities. The main forms of physical training of the personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine include training classes, morning exercise, sports and mass work, physical training in the process of training and combat activities. The most effective form of physical training for military-applied types of psor is sports and mass work.The purpose of the study is to investigate the motivation of cadets to introduction the military-applied sports during sports and mass work in higher military educational institution. To achieve this purpose we conducted a questionnaire using a questionnaire developed by authors, which contains 7 questions. The study was conducted at the Military Academy (Odesa). 508 cadets took part in the survey. It was found that more than 95% of cadets are convinced of the positive impact of physical training and sports on the effectiveness of their future professional activities, developing skills of mutual assistance, mutual assistance, creating a healthy morale in the military. 57.5% of cadets believe that interest in training during sports and mass work can be increased through the introduction of popular military-applied sports. 96.5% of cadets believe that the physical qualities and military-applied skills that are developed in the process of military-applied sports are professionally important in the modern combat activities of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Sustaining Regular Exercise During Weight Loss Maintenance: The Role of Consistent Exercise Timing

Exercising at a consistent versus variable time of day cross-sectionally relates to greater moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among weight loss maintainers. This study evaluated the relationships between exercise timing and both MVPA levels and habit strength, as well as stability in exercise timing, over 1year among maintainers in the National Weight Control Registry. Participants (n = 709) completed questionnaires assessing exercise timing, MVPA, and exercise automaticity (a measure of habit) at baseline and 1-year follow-up. At each assessment, participants were labeled temporally consistent exercisers if >50% of their exercise sessions per week occurred in one time window: early morning, late morning, afternoon, or evening. Participants exercising consistently during the same window at both assessments were labeled as having stable patterns. Temporally consistent exercise at baseline, regardless of its specific time, related to greater MVPA over time (Ps< .05). Approximately half of temporally consistent exercisers at baseline exhibited stable patterns. Early morning exercise and greater exercise automaticity at baseline predicted stable patterns (Ps< .005). Temporally consistent exercise, especially during the early morning, related to greater automaticity across time (Ps< .01). Consistent exercise timing may help maintainers accrue more MVPA. Consistent early morning exercise was most strongly related to exercise automaticity and routine stability.

PENERAPAN APE SENSORY PATH DALAM MENINGKATKAN KETRAMPILAN MOTO- RIK KASAR ANAK KELOMPOK B DI TAMAN KANAK-KANAK DHARMA WANITA SIDOREJO 2 DESA SIDOREJO KECAMATAN GENENG KABUPATEN NGAWI

ABSTRACT The crude motoric skills of a child are the process by which a person learns to skillfully move his limbs. The development of crude motor skills in TK Dharma Wanita Sidorejo is limited to the activity of streets, morning exercise, and ape limitations of the agency. Observed, researchers have found that children of group B (5-6 years of age) have not yet reached full levels according to standards of child attainments. The purpose of the study at TK Dharma Wanita Sidorejjo 2 Geneng Ngawi is 1) to find out the application of ape sensory paths in TK Dharma Wanita Sidorejo 2, 2) to identify the improvement of a child's rough motor skills through the application of ape sensory path. The research method employed by researchers is to use a qualitative approach with a qualitative type of descriptive research. The study was carried out in group B (ages 5-6). Data collection techniques in this study use observation, interview and documentation. As for the data analysis techniques, the reduction of data, the presentation of data and the drawing of conclusions. Studies indicate that: 1) the application of ape sensory path at TK Dharma Wanita Sidorejo 2 successfully attracted children to the activities of crude motor skills. 2) by using ape sensory paths children successfully to achieve rough motor skills&#x0D; Key Words: APE, Sensory Path, The crude motoric

Physical activities of jockeys during a working week

Horse racing and training is a physically demanding sport. The aims of this study were to quantify the physical activities of jockeys during a working week and to investigate self-reported fall and injury incidence rates of jockeys at work. A daily workload diary examining workday and physical activities was emailed to all jockeys licensed to ride in a race in New Zealand in 2020. Sixty-three jockeys (25 apprentices, 33 professional and 5 amateur riders) began the diary, representing 38% of the licensed population of jockeys in New Zealand. Jockeys worked a median of 44 (interquartile range (IQR) 33-57) hours, 6-days per week. A median of 7 (IQR 6-9) horses were ridden per day, comprising 58% of work time, with 11 (IQR 7-15) hours per week spent at training pace. Elite jockeys (high performance in the premiership table) spent more time riding in races (1.1, IQR 0.7-1.2 hours per week) than non-elite jockeys (0.0, 0.0-0.4, P=0.01), with 29% (IQR 0-54%) of their weekly rides as race rides. Extra physical training was conducted by 72% of jockeys, which consisted mainly of low intensity exercise such as pleasure riding (56%) and walking (43%). Falls during morning exercise work were recorded by 87% of respondents, 40% of which had sustained an injury in the previous 12 months. Jockeys who participated in extra physical training had higher fall incidence rates per 1000 horses ridden in morning exercise work (3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-3.9, P=0.002) but lower fall incidence rate in race riding (2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.8, P&lt;0.001) than jockeys who did no extra training (2.5, 95% CI 2.0-3.0 and 5.9, 95% CI 3.8-9.0). Elite jockeys experience a level of specific race exercise which is lacking in the other jockeys.

Pengolahan Empon-Empon Menjadi Minuman Kesehatan Berbasis Zero Waste Home Industry

A collaborative project between lecturers and four students from the Mitra Bunda Health Institute around Tiban Baru, Batam City, successfully held outreach activities and distribution of empon-empon herbal medicine to 100 local residents from October 2020 to March 2021. Relying on local natural resources such as ginger, ginger , turmeric, and lemongrass leaves are rich in antioxidant compounds such as curcumin, gingerol, and phenol, this project aims to increase public health awareness and introduce herbal medicine empon-empon as a beneficial health alternative. The activity began with preparing materials and tools for making herbal medicine, then followed by material discussions and counseling with the community as well as a morning exercise event at the Tiban Baru Community Health Center as part of efforts to involve more people. In the process of making herbal medicine, community participation is very necessary, including adjusting the taste by adding enough brown sugar. This project succeeded in providing a positive impact by increasing local community health awareness while introducing holistic health values by utilizing local natural resources in a sustainable manner, as well as strengthening collaboration between educational institutions and the community in improving mutual health and welfare.

Negative Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Life of the Elderly: A Qualitative Study

Negative Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Life of the Elderly: A Qualitative Study

Physical Activity and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: Secondary Outcomes from a Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial of Cocoa Flavonoid Drinks

Physical Activity and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: Secondary Outcomes from a Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial of Cocoa Flavonoid Drinks Maedeh Mansoubi()1,2, Shelly Coe1,2,3, Jo Cossington1, Johnny Collet1,2, Miriam Clegg4, Jacqueline Palace5, Ana Cavey5, Gabriele C DeLuca5, Martin Ovington1 and Helen Dawes1,2,6 1Center for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom 2Oxford Clinical Allied Technology and Trial Services Unit (OxCATTS), Oxford, United Kingdom 3Oxford Brookes Center for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom 4Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom 5Department of Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 6Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom © The Authors Abstract Fatigue is a common and pervasive symptom reducing physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Exercise may reduce fatigue, although evidence to guide optimal prescription is limited. Specifically, supportive evidence for the timing of exercise for fatigue management or the impact of dietary supplements is unavailable. We performed intensive phenotyping of the interrelation of time of day, physical activity levels, and fatigue to evidence exercise prescription in 40 pwMS participating in a six week randomized controlled trial of morning flavonoid intake (n=19) or a control (n=21). Physical activity was measured over seven days by using an accelerometer at baseline, week three and week six. Participants self-reported their fatigue on a 1–10 rating scale at 10 am, 3 pm, and 8 pm daily. Physical activity levels were calculated for 2.5 h before and after fatigue was reported. Generalized estimating equations were used to explore the time of day fatigue profiles, the relationship of physical activity to fatigue, and the effect of morning flavonoids on this relationship. Participants experienced higher fatigue at 8 pm (4.64±2.29) than at 3 pm (4.39±2.28) and 10 am (3.90±2.10) (P&lt;0.001). Higher fatigue was shown to predict subsequent lower physical activity behavior (P=0.015), but physical activity did not predict higher subsequent fatigue (P&gt;0.05). Morning flavonoid cocoa consumption reduced the relationship of fatigue to physical activity (P=0.049) and fatigue to time of the day (P&lt;0.001). Fatigue levels increased during the day and higher fatigue reduced physical activity in pwMS, but physical activity did not increase fatigue. In addition, morning cocoa reduced daytime fatigue and the relationship of fatigue to subsequent physical activity levels. Therefore morning exercise prescription is indicated; in combination with dietary flavonoids, it may optimize exercise and physical activity potential in pwMS. Trial registration: ISRCTN69897291, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN69897291 Registration name: A study to determine whether the daily consumption of flavonoid-rich pure cocoa has the potential to reduce fatigue in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Consort Statement: In this study, we adhered to CONSORT guidelines. As this paper is a secondary analysis, we therefore did not repeat some parts in the methods, results, diagrams, or tables that have been published in the first paper authored by Coe et al. 2019.

Effect of morning versus evening exercise training on sleep, physical activity, fitness, fatigue and quality of life in overweight and obese adults

ABSTRACT This study compares the effectiveness of a 12-week moderate exercise training program (METP), performed in the morning versus the evening, on sleep, physical activity, physical fitness, sleepiness, fatigue and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in overweight and obese patients. Sedentary and inactive overweight/obese adults (n = 36) were included in METP and randomized into two groups: morning group (GM) and evening group (GE). Twenty-eight participants successfully completed METP (3 × 90 min exercise session per week for 12 weeks, completion rates >80%). Sleep, physical activity, and bedtime temperature were measured using accelerometry and infrared tympanic temperature during 3 separate weeks of the study (Week1, Week6, and Week12). Participants also took part in baseline and endpoint assessments including physical fitness as well as subjective physical activity, chronotype, sleep quality, sleepiness, fatigue and HRQoL. METP did not impact objective sleep quality differently between the two groups (morning vs evening). Bedtime and mid-sleep were advanced when METP was done in the morning whereas they were delayed when METP was practiced in the early evening (p = .003). Beside this finding, no valuable differences between the two groups were noted in all the remaining measures. METP resulted in improvements of body composition, cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance, as well as a favorable impact on subjective sleep quality, diurnal sleepiness, fatigue and HRQoL in both groups (all p < .05). Evening METP could be an effective alternative for overweight/obese adults when morning METP is not possible.

Translational Medicine and Exercise Prescription (TMEP): Advancing the Era of Exercise Medicine

Translational Medicine and Exercise Prescription (TMEP): Advancing the Era of Exercise Medicine

Morning Preconditioning Exercise Does Not Increase Afternoon Performance in Competitive Runners.

Preconditioning exercise is a widely used strategy believed to enhance performance later the same day. The authors examined the influence of preconditioning exercises 6 hours prior to a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test during treadmill running. Ten male competitive runners (age = 26 [3]y, height = 184 [8]cm, weight = 73 [9]kg, maximum oxygen consumption = 72 [7]mL·kg-1·min-1) did a preconditioning session of running (RUN) or resistance exercise (RES) or no morning exercise (NoEx) in a randomized order, separated by >72hours. The RUN consisted of 15 minutes of low-intensity running and 4 × 15 seconds at race pace (21-24km·h-1) on a treadmill; RES involved 5 minutes of low-intensity running and 2 × 3 repetitions of isokinetic 1-leg shallow squats with maximal mobilization. Following a 6-hour break, electrically evoked force (m. vastus medialis), countermovement jump, running economy, and a TTE of approximately 2minutes were examined. Relative to NoEx, no difference was seen for RUN or RES in TTE (mean ± 95% CI: -1.3% ± 3.4% and -0.5% ± 6.0%) or running economy (0.2% ± 1.6% and 1.9% ± 2.7%; all Ps > .05). Jump height was not different for the RUN condition (1.0% ± 2.7%]) but tended to be higher in RES than in the NoEx condition (1.5% ± 1.6%, P = .07). The electrically evoked force tended to reveal low-frequency fatigue (reduced 20:50-Hz peak force ratio) only after RES compared to NoEx (-4.5% ± 4.6%, P = .06). The RUN or RES 6 hours prior to approximately 2 minutes of TTE running test did not improve performance in competitive runners.

Examining the Role of Exercise Timing in Weight Management: A Review.

Many adults cite exercise as a primary strategy for losing weight, yet exercise alone is modestly effective for weight loss and results in variable weight loss responses. It is possible that some of the variability in weight loss may be explained by the time of day that exercise is performed. Few studies have directly compared the effects of exercise performed at different times of the day (i. e., morning versus evening exercise). Results from these existing studies are mixed with some studies demonstrating superior weight and fat mass loss from morning exercise, while other studies have found that evening exercise may be better for weight management. Exercise timing may alter modifiable lifestyle behaviors involved in weight management, such as non-exercise physical activity, energy intake, and sleep. The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence for and against time-of-day dependent effects of exercise on weight management. Although limited, we also review studies that have examined the effect of exercise timing on other lifestyle behaviors linked to body weight regulation. While exercise at any time of day is beneficial for health, understanding whether there is an optimal time of day to exercise may advance personalized treatment paradigms for weight management.

The effect of morning vs evening exercise training on glycaemic control and serum metabolites in overweight/obese men: a randomised trial

Aims/hypothesisWe determined whether the time of day of exercise training (morning vs evening) would modulate the effects of consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) on glycaemic control, whole-body health markers and serum metabolomics.MethodsIn this three-armed parallel-group randomised trial undertaken at a university in Melbourne, Australia, overweight/obese men consumed an HFD (65% of energy from fat) for 11 consecutive days. Participants were recruited via social media and community advertisements. Eligibility criteria for participation were male sex, age 30–45 years, BMI 27.0–35.0 kg/m2 and sedentary lifestyle. The main exclusion criteria were known CVD or type 2 diabetes, taking prescription medications, and shift-work. After 5 days, participants were allocated using a computer random generator to either exercise in the morning (06:30 hours), exercise in the evening (18:30 hours) or no exercise for the subsequent 5 days. Participants and researchers were not blinded to group assignment. Changes in serum metabolites, circulating lipids, cardiorespiratory fitness, BP, and glycaemic control (from continuous glucose monitoring) were compared between groups.ResultsTwenty-five participants were randomised (morning exercise n = 9; evening exercise n = 8; no exercise n = 8) and 24 participants completed the study and were included in analyses (n = 8 per group). Five days of HFD induced marked perturbations in serum metabolites related to lipid and amino acid metabolism. Exercise training had a smaller impact than the HFD on changes in circulating metabolites, and only exercise undertaken in the evening was able to partly reverse some of the HFD-induced changes in metabolomic profiles. Twenty-four-hour glucose concentrations were lower after 5 days of HFD compared with the participants’ habitual diet (5.3 ± 0.4 vs 5.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, p = 0.001). There were no significant changes in 24 h glucose concentrations for either exercise group but lower nocturnal glucose levels were observed in participants who trained in the evening, compared with when they consumed the HFD alone (4.9 ± 0.4 vs 5.3 ± 0.3 mmol/l, p = 0.04). Compared with the no-exercise group, peak oxygen uptake improved after both morning (estimated effect 1.3 ml min−1 kg−1 [95% CI 0.5, 2.0], p = 0.003) and evening exercise (estimated effect 1.4 ml min−1 kg−1 [95% CI 0.6, 2.2], p = 0.001). Fasting blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased only in participants allocated to evening exercise training. There were no unintended or adverse effects.Conclusions/interpretationA short-term HFD in overweight/obese men induced substantial alterations in lipid- and amino acid-related serum metabolites. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness were similar regardless of the time of day of exercise training. However, improvements in glycaemic control and partial reversal of HFD-induced changes in metabolic profiles were only observed when participants exercise trained in the evening.Trial registrationanzctr.org.au registration no. ACTRN12617000304336.FundingThis study was funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14OC0011493).Graphical abstract

Effect of a single bout of morning or afternoon exercise on glucose fluctuation in young healthy men.

The timing of exercise plays an important role in the effect of the exercise on physiological functions, such as substrate oxidation and circadian rhythm. Exercise exerts different effects on the glycemic response to exercise and meal intake depending on when the exercise performed. Here, we comprehensively investigated the effects of the timing (morning or afternoon) of exercise on glucose fluctuation on the basis of several indices: glycemic variability over 24 h (24‐h SD), J‐index, mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), continuous overall net glycemic action (CONGA), and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Eleven young men participated in 3 trials in a repeated measures design in which they performed a single bout of exercise at 60% of their maximal oxygen uptake for 1 h beginning either at 7:00 (morning exercise), 16:00 (afternoon exercise), or no exercise (control). Glucose levels were measured using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMs). Glucose fluctuation was slightly less stable when exercise was performed in the afternoon than in the morning, indicated by higher CONGA at 2 h and α2 in DFA in the afternoon exercise trial than in the control trial. Additionally, decreased stability in glucose fluctuation in the afternoon exercise trial was supported by the descending values of the other glucose fluctuation indices in order from the afternoon exercise, morning exercise, and control trials. Meal tolerance following exercise was decreased after both exercise trials. Glucose levels during exercise were decreased only in the afternoon exercise trial, resulting in less stable glucose fluctuations over 24 h.