Moral Norms Research Articles

The Manipulation Argument and a Kantian account of freedom

AbstractOn Kant's view, we are rational beings who are morally responsible for our actions. The main goal of this paper is to show that this Kantian view of ourselves is not undermined by the Manipulation Argument, which is currently the biggest challenge to compatibilism. To this end, I argue that a Kantian account of freedom offers a new soft‐line reply to this argument. On this Kantian account, moral responsibility requires not only positive freedom but also negative freedom. An agent is free in the positive sense just in case the agent has the rational capacity to act in compliance with moral norms. And an agent lacks negative freedom regarding their actions when these actions are determined by internal or external factors beyond their rational control. Based on this Kantian account, I provide a principled explanation of why there is a significant difference between manipulated actions and merely causally determined actions regarding moral responsibility. In addition, I bring out the distinctive characteristics of my Kantian account further by comparing it with two competing conceptions of freedom: leeway freedom and sourcehood freedom.

Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Age: Legal and Ethical Dilemmas

As a professional in the digital age, you navigate complex felony and ethical troubles surrounding highbrow assets rights daily. With the exponential boom of technology, threats to copyright, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets and techniques have extended. You must make tough decisions balancing enterprise interests, prison responsibilities, and moral ideas. This article examines felony frameworks governing intellectual belongings and moral theories applicable to digital piracy. Analysis of excessive-profile instances affords insight into company techniques and ethical reasoning round highbrow assets disputes. Current legal guidelines and moral norms fail to offer clean steerage on many emerging troubles. This article targets to further your information of the felony and ethical dilemmas surrounding highbrow assets rights in the digital age. Keywords: Digital Age, Digital piracy, Ethical Dilemans, intellectual property rights.

Evaluating the Factors Affecting the Involvement of Shariah Committees in Risk Management Practices in Islamic Banks: Qualitative Research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Purpose: This study aims to add to the existing literature on Islamic finance by explaining the ways in which Shariah committees can improve and strengthen their influence over Islamic banks’ risk management practises. This research attempts to break down the complexities of Saudi Arabia’s risk management and identify the crucial role that Shariah committees play in ensuring compliance with Shariah law. Design of study: A qualitative research method was adopted conducting semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used to choose 34 individuals. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, with the use of NVivo software, which made it easier to identify patterns in the Arabic answers. Following the ethical norms established by RMIT University, obtaining participants’ explicit consent, and guaranteeing anonymity are all of the top priority. Findings: Several factors determine Saudi Islamic Bank Shariah Committee risk management. An effective regulatory framework, Shariah committee-bank leadership communication, and learning of Islamic financial ideas can aid in Shariah compliance. However, interpreting complex financial services within Shariah, inconsistencies between Islamic principles and standard risk management methodologies, and a shortage of competent Shariah scholars with banking and risk management knowledge may slow development. Research is needed to understand Saudi procedures. Originality: The current research comprehensively documented potential factors that facilitate or resist the involvement of Shariah Committees in practices of risk management in Saudi Arabia’s Islamic banks.

Family Concept Representation in English and Chinese Media: A Cognitive Matrix Modelling Approach

This article examines the representation of the FAMILY concept in English and Chinese newspapers. The research material was gathered from ten information sources and included 200 news articles, selected through continuous sampling using the keyword FAMILY / 家庭. The articles were analyzed to identify relevant issues and categorized based on their thematic content. In each article, key content elements—words and phrases that carry significant semantic meaning—were identified and used for cognitive matrix modeling. The findings reveal cognitive asymmetry in how the FAMILY concept is portrayed in English and Chinese media. In English-language media, the concept is centered on fundamental semantic components that form the cognitive core of the FAMILY concept, such as family members and their relationships. The representation also extends to areas like family activities, children, finances, employment, family pets, and legal issues. In contrast, Chinese media emphasizes the government’s role in educating the younger generation on family behavior, fostering a new generation of families that adhere to the country’s ethical norms, traditional cultural values, and moral standards. The central aspect of the FAMILY concept in Chinese media is the significant governmental support and societal focus on family needs and moral education, with family being viewed within the broader context of societal relations. The observed asymmetry is attributed to cultural, economic, social, and political differences. In capital-oriented social systems, the family is seen as an independent unit capable of self-sufficiency without substantial government intervention. This study is particularly relevant for understanding the role of professional discourse in shaping public perceptions of family across different cultures, highlighting how media narratives reflect and influence broader societal values and professional communication practices.

Family Concept Representation in English and Chinese Media: A Cognitive Matrix Modelling Approach

This article examines the representation of the FAMILY concept in English and Chinese newspapers. The research material was gathered from ten information sources and included 200 news articles, selected through continuous sampling using the keyword FAMILY / 家庭. The articles were analyzed to identify relevant issues and categorized based on their thematic content. In each article, key content elements—words and phrases that carry significant semantic meaning—were identified and used for cognitive matrix modeling. The findings reveal cognitive asymmetry in how the FAMILY concept is portrayed in English and Chinese media. In English-language media, the concept is centered on fundamental semantic components that form the cognitive core of the FAMILY concept, such as family members and their relationships. The representation also extends to areas like family activities, children, finances, employment, family pets, and legal issues. In contrast, Chinese media emphasizes the government’s role in educating the younger generation on family behavior, fostering a new generation of families that adhere to the country’s ethical norms, traditional cultural values, and moral standards. The central aspect of the FAMILY concept in Chinese media is the significant governmental support and societal focus on family needs and moral education, with family being viewed within the broader context of societal relations. The observed asymmetry is attributed to cultural, economic, social, and political differences. In capital-oriented social systems, the family is seen as an independent unit capable of self-sufficiency without substantial government intervention. This study is particularly relevant for understanding the role of professional discourse in shaping public perceptions of family across different cultures, highlighting how media narratives reflect and influence broader societal values and professional communication practices.

The Role of H. L. A. Hart’s «Rule of Recognition» in Contemporary Anglo-American Legal Positivism

The article explores the role of the theory of «rules of recognition» by Oxford professor H.L.A. Hart in the contemporary theory of Anglo-American legal positivism, introduced by him in his central work «The Concept of Law» (1961), which has a significant influence on contemporary legal theory and philosophy. The authors reveal the content and meaning of the concept of «rules of recognition» as part of the secondary rules – «rules about rules» or «procedural rules» which determine the criteria for the validity of law along with the «rules of change» and the «rules of adjudication» in H.L.A. Hart’s terminology. The authors demonstrate the correlation with the «Grundnorm» of German legal philosophter H. Kelsen, which is more common in the Ukrainian legal theory, and which justifies the existence of constitutional norms as fundamental ones which determine the recognition of law by society and its individuals. The authors analyze the main positions of H.L.A. Hart’s followers – J. Raz, M. Kramer, B. Bix, S. Shapiro and others – regarding this theory and highlights the criticism of its individual provisions. The authors highlight how H.L.A. Hart tried to explain by the «rules of recognition» how law at the fundamental level is a matter of social convention (agreement between people inside the inhabited society), defending one of the components of legal positivism – the thesis of social fact (social sources of law thesis). The authors examine the interdependence between law and coercion by the State, the role of social practice in society’s subordination to law, the role of moral norms in the formation of law, in particular, the «rule of recognition», the correlation between the concepts of «rule of recognition» and «legal validity», and the problem of law enforcement by judges and governmental officials of the «rule of recognition». The authors summarize how H.L.A. Hart eliminates morality from the content of law in motivating judges and governmental officials to apply the rules of law, clarifies the position of legal positivism on the issue of the grounds for society’s submission to law, and demonstrates how the «empirical» theory of recognition prevails over the «analytical» theory, using R. Alexy terminology.

The Management of Congenital Idiopathic Clubfoot Deformity: An Observational Study

Background: Club feet are a frequent birth defect, and congenital club foot is one of the most prevalent. Patients with this condition are often treated with surgery. A congenital club foot is a complicated joint malformation that may take many different forms. Objective: To observe the management of congenital idiopathic clubfoot deformity. Methodology: This research was conducted between January 2007 and December 2008 at the orthopaedic department of Bangabanghu Sheikh Mujib Medical University in Shahbag, Dhaka. Group-I included 13 patients with 19 feet who had surgery using Mckay's process, and Group-II included 12 patients with 17 feet who underwent surgery using Turco's technique, for a total of 25 patients with 36 feet. There was complete observance of all ethical norms. Medical history, physical exams, and specific tests all pointed to a positive diagnosis. Two groups then had surgery, one through the Turco incision and the other via the Cincinnati one. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The next most common age range was between 12 and 17 years old. McKay's method had a success rate of 23.07%, whereas Turco's method achieved a success rate of 25.0%. There were around 75% males and 25% females in the Turco group. There were more men than women in McKay's group (61.53% vs. 38.46%). Four patients included their right foot (21.05%), three their left foot (15.80%), and six their both feet (63.15%) during McKay surgery. Of McKay's patients who had the treatment, just 10.54 percent had negative results, while the remaining 89.46 percent performed well. Conclusion: Everyone agrees that a congenital clubfoot abnormality should be surgically corrected. Bias was not a possibility. It may be advantageous for our people if this prospective research evaluating the results of the Turco and McKay surgical procedures for treating congenital clubfoot is completed.

The Legal and Public Health Implications Of Digital Health Technologies

To reduce the negative effects of digitization, normative advice in international human rights legislation incorporates digital health into ethical and human rights frameworks. The use of digital health technology for universal health coverage (UHC) is acknowledged to have benefits, but its implementation must be based on respect for human rights, equity, and ethics, as well as upholding norms of acceptable quality, safety, and morality. The WHA acknowledged the necessity to use digital health technologies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, but stressed that in doing so, they must "pay particular attention to digital inclusion, patient empowerment, data privacy and security, legal and ethical issues, and the protection of personal data." This paper's goal is to critically assess the proposed legislative framework and policy that regulate digital health technologies in India, as well as the implementation of digital health.

THE MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTING THE CODE OF CORPORATE ETHICS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF CORPORATIONS

The article is devoted to the mechanism for implementing the code of corporate ethics in the activities of corporations. The author examines government regulation in the economic sphere and relationships with corporations, as well as the role of corporations in alliance with the state and the protection of moral and legal norms. The article provides a definition of implementation and discusses its importance for the introduction of new strategies and technologies into the activities of corporations. The author also analyses the content of the code of corporate ethics and its role in the formation of corporate identity and increasing the efficiency of the corporation. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of proper implementation of the code of ethics for the formation of corporate culture and moral climate in the company.

Ambivalences of Trans Recognition

Abstract The need for gender recognition is widespread, even when hypervisibility and other effects of trans antagonism make that need dangerous for trans people. This reason partially accounts for why, in trans critique, recognition is a dirty word. As a political aim, and to some extent as a moral norm, trans critiques encourage dropping recognition. On the other hand, social philosophers often view recognition as a solution to misrecognition and take recognition to be a remedy for injustice. In my view, recognition should neither be dropped nor held as a foundational norm for trans emancipation. First, I present three ways trans recognition is ambivalent. Second, evaluating Axel Honneth's observations about the entwinement of recognition and domination, I argue that recognition is an ambivalent norm for trans critique and struggle. Third, I propose studying trans recognitive practices (rather than recognition in abstract) and I illuminate what might set trans/t4t recognition acts apart from their cis-grounded analogues, centering the roles of the body and space/place as resources of trans/t4t recognitive practices, and how such practices focus on the subject's change and becoming over their identification.

Is severe alcohol use disorder really associated with increased utilitarian moral judgment? Exploration using the CNI model

ObjectivesThe psychology of moral decision-making classically contrasts utilitarianism (based on consequences) and deontology (based on moral norms). Previous studies capitalizing on this dichotomy have suggested the presence of a utilitarian bias among patients with severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD). We aimed to further disentangle the processes involved in such bias through a more validated approach, the CNI model of moral decision-making. This model allows to go further than the classical approach by distinguishing sensitivity to consequences (C), to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction over action (I) in response to moral dilemmas. MethodsThirty-four recently detoxified patients with SAUD and 34 matched control participants completed a battery of 48 dilemmas derived from the CNI model, as well as social cognition tasks. ResultsIn contrast with the utilitarian bias suggested in previous studies based on the classical approach, patients with SAUD did not show an increased sensitivity to consequences in comparison with control participants. However, they showed a reduced sensitivity to moral norms, as well as a greater action tendency. These biases were not related to social cognition deficits. ConclusionsPatients with SAUD are not more utilitarian than healthy controls, this previously reported bias being artificially generated by the methodological limits of the classical approach. Instead, they present a reduced sensitivity to moral norms and an action bias, which might impact their interpersonal relations and contribute to the social isolation frequently reported in this population, thus identifying moral decision-making as a new therapeutic lever in SAUD.

The influence of clan culture on the accounting information quality: evidence from privately listed firms in China

ABSTRACT Based on a sample of privately listed firms in China from 2007 to 2020, this study examines the impact of clan culture on accounting information quality. The results indicate that regions with stronger clan culture significantly improve the quality of accounting information. This study also investigates two potential channels: the trust channel and the moral standards channel, revealing that clan culture fosters trust and ethical norms, effectively reducing earnings management and enhancing accounting information quality. Additionally, the findings show that firms with stronger clan cohesion and greater prevalence of clan culture experience more substantial improvements in accounting information quality, while external cultural shocks diminish this effect. These findings enhance our understanding of how informal institutions influence the financial performance of publicly listed firms and emphasize the importance of preserving native culture in a globalized world.

Research on Heidegger's Fundamental Ethics

Based on Heidegger's idea of original ethics, this paper analyzes the state of how Da-sein has being-in-the-world, takes Heidegger's concept of conscience as an entry point, explores the difference between Heidegger's original ethics and traditional ethics, and reflects on what kind of ethics his thought is. From the perspective of ontology, Heidegger takes the being of human as the highest philosophical ontology, inquires deeply into the existence of Da-sein, and explores the relationship between Da-sein and Being. Through the diffusion of the understanding of Potentiality-of-Being of Da-sein, this paper gradually analyzes the basic construction of Da-sein being-in-the-world, under the definition of the structure Being-in is embedded in the world, the existence of Da-sein being-in-the-world unfolds. In the process of understanding the world, Da-sein is thrown into everyday life, losing himself and falling prey, but the true nature of Da-sein keeps calling him, Da-sein listens to the call of its conscience and makes a decision to face death and his true ones self. Starting from the process of alienation from the true self to the untrue self of Da-sein, we analyze Heidegger's basic concept of human-centeredness. What exactly constitutes the Being of Da-sein and how does the existence of Da-sein unfold. Even though many later scholars and Heidegger himself did not consider his thought to be a concept under the banner of ethics, and considered his thought to be contrary to traditional ethics. What is undeniable is that Heidegger's original ethics, with its in-depth exploration of the inner man, greatly expands the definition of universal morality and norms in traditional ethics.

What can I do as a farmer to reduce losses? Willingness to use meteorological information as an exit strategy to deal with meteorological hazards

Meteorological information and forecasts are of great importance to reduce agro-meteorological hazards. However, the gap between production and application of these forecasts is one of the most ambiguous issues of crop management at the farmers’ level. In this regard, investigating the factors influencing Iranian farmers willingness to use meteorological information and predictions was selected as the main aim of the present study. To this end, an extended version of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was employed and modeled. The results revealed that attitude towards the use of meteorological information and predictions, subjective norms in the use of meteorological information and predictions, perceived behavioral control and self-identity in the use of meteorological information and prediction, and moral norm variables regarding the use of meteorological information and predictions positively and significantly affected willingness to use meteorological information and predictions. These variables could account for 46% of willingness to use meteorological information and predictions variance. According to the results, it was suggested that by creating multimedia programs, the agricultural community become aware of the benefits and consequences of using meteorological information in their activities. Furthermore, it was recommended that social cooperation and research groups be formed on the use of meteorological information in agricultural activities. This can contribute to examine the various dimensions (strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities) of using meteorological information from a collective perspective. Making a social decision in this regard can have a profound effect on a person’s subjective norms and dramatically increase the speed of using meteorological information. The results of this study can help policymakers and decision-makers in the field of agriculture to design suitable intervention programs for the effective use of meteorological information by farmers. Also, the results of this study help farmers to effectively reduce the impacts of meteorological hazards.

Factors Influencing Nurses’ Intentions to Protect Patient Privacy: A Survey-Based Study Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background and Purpose:Patient privacy and confidentiality are fundamental ethical principles in healthcare. Protecting patient privacy, which is accepted as a patient’s right, is one of the responsibilities of nurses. Few studies on patient privacy among nurses have used social cognitive approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine nurses’ intentions to protect patient privacy using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Methods:This is a cross-sectional and correlational design study. The study sample consisted of 202 nurses working in the emergency departments, operating rooms, inpatient wards, and intensive care units of the hospitals. Research data were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire that included TPB components on patient privacy. The proposed research model was tested using structural equation modeling.Results:Attitude (β= .238,p< .05), subjective norm (β= .295,p< .05), and moral norm (β= .337,p< .05) toward patient privacy are positive predictors of intention. The moral norm is the most effective component of intention. Perceived behavioral control is not a significant predictor of intention (β= .049,p> .05).Implications for Practice:Norms that create a sense of moral obligation in nurses are a significant determinant in increasing the intention to protect patient privacy. Interventions that improve moral norms, attitudes, and subjective norms will increase the intention to protect privacy. Nurse managers should provide nurses with adequate skills, resources, and an appropriate work environment to ensure perceived behavioral control regarding patient privacy.

Ternary Moral Empathy Model from the Perspective of Intersubjective Phenomenology.

The phenomenon of empathy is an intersubjective process of feeling and a particular form of intentionality. Moral empathy refers to a type of empathy that can trigger moral action, with the embodied intersubjectivity laying the foundation for its emergence. This paper attempts to propose a comprehensive theoretical model of moral empathy from the perspective of intersubjective phenomenology, which includes the following. (1) The moral dimension of perceptual empathy: at the subpersonal, unconscious, and perceptual-motor level, embodied empathic practices are essential for the formation of moral consciousness and the emergence of moral empathy. (2) The moral dimension of situational empathy: following the development of shared attention mechanisms, children can direct towards the intentional objects of others through embodied situational cues to perceive the psychological state of others and generate the moral empathy of "ought", leading to dyadic morality that promotes cooperative behavior. (3) The moral dimension of narrative empathy: the narrative practices of moral empathy refer to the processes by which children could perceive and understand the moral situation of characters within an embodied narrative structure, subsequently generate prosocial motives such as empathic concern, and then accept the "objective" moral norms of the group consciousness embedded in the narrative.

Social decision making in binge drinking: An exploration through moral dilemmas.

The continuum hypothesis proposes that binge drinking and severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) share qualitatively similar cognitive and emotional impairments. In SAUD, these deficits have a demonstrated impact on social decision making, resulting in a utilitarian bias. Namely, when confronted with moral dilemmas, patients with SAUD tend to focus on the consequences of their actions rather than on social norms. However, social decision-making abilities remain unexplored in binge drinking. We offered the first insights on the generalization of the continuum hypothesis to social decision making, through a multinomial processing tree model applied to moral dilemmas, the "CNI model" of moral decision making. We compared 35 binge drinkers (20 females) and 36 light drinkers (21 females) on a battery of 48 moral dilemmas involving interpersonal relations from the CNI model, through multinomial modeling analyses. In each dilemma, participants were asked if they would perform the described action, generating individual scores for sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to norms, and inaction tendency. The statistical model related to the CNI approach fits the data well. Binge drinkers and controls did not differ regarding their sensitivity to consequences nor their sensitivity to moral norms, and both groups displayed an equal inaction tendency in response to moral dilemmas. We provided insights to better understand the specific (socio)cognitive domains impaired in subclinical populations with alcohol use disorder. We showed preserved social decision making in binge drinking, which suggests that the continuum hypothesis documented for classical neurocognitive functions does not extend to complex social abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Future Lives and Deaths with Purpose: Perspectives on Capacity, Character, and Intent

Abstract The articles in this issue of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy explore emerging technologies, medical innovations, and shifting moral norms, expanding present discussions around topics in bioethics both old and new. Some question whether novel definitions of death and harm change the moral permissibility of killing, particularly at the hands of a physician. Others question how increased or decreased abilities affect responsibility and achievement. Another illustrates how rhetorical appeals to character have been used to justify otherwise morally illicit actions within the clinic. Together, these articles shed new light on topics in the field of bioethics.

Fenomena Sosial dalam Novel Ancika Karya Pidi Baiq

This problem is: Social phenomena, various social phenomena and various norms, factors of social phenomena, the impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq?. The aim of this research is: To describe social phenomena, various social phenomena, factors of social phenomena, the impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. The method in this research is a descriptive analysis method. The results of the research state as follows: 1) Social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. From the results of reading the novel, 90 data were collected containing social phenomena. Data analysis states that there are 9 social phenomena described by the author. 2) Various social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 6 types found, namely: 1) Habitual norms, 2) Moral norms, 3) Legal norms, 4) Narcotics abuse, 5) Corruption, 6) Religious norms. 3) Factors of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 2 types of factors found, namely: 1) Structural factors, 2) Cultural factors. 4) The impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 2 types of impacts found on social phenomena, namely: 1) Positive impacts, 2) Negative impacts. The suggestions are as follows: 1) For readers, the author hopes that this research will increase readers' appreciation of literary works. 2) For literary researchers, this research can be the beginning of inspiration for researchers themselves to be able to make better research, especially in researching literary works. 3) For future researchers, future researchers should be able to conduct research more perfectly, both related to this research, and related to other problems in research with the object of the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq.

Enhancing Public Healthcare Security: Integrating Cutting-Edge Technologies into Social Medical Systems

To reduce the negative effects of digitization, normative advice in international human rights legislation incorporates digital health into ethical and human rights frameworks. The use of digital health technology for universal health coverage (UHC) is acknowledged to have benefits, but its implementation must be based on respect for human rights, equity, and ethics, as well as upholding norms of acceptable quality, safety, and morality. The WHA acknowledged the necessity to use digital health technologies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, but stressed that in doing so, they must "pay particular attention to digital inclusion, patient empowerment, data privacy and security, legal and ethical issues, and the protection of personal data." This paper's goal is to critically assess the proposed legislative framework and policy that regulate digital health technologies in India, as well as the implementation of digital health.