Moral Stories Research Articles

心理距离对初中生和大学生道德判断的影响

目的：采用实验法探讨时间距离和社会距离对初中生和大学生道德判断的影响。方法：随机选取新乡医学院1~3年级大学生80人和安阳某中学八年级学生80人，让被试对6个情境故事进行评价，这些故事问题分别涉及不同的时间距离和社会距离。本研究采用2 (时间距离：今天、一年后) × 2 (社会距离：好朋友、陌生人) × 2 (学生类型：大学生、初中生) × 6 (情境故事：1~6)的混合实验设计，其中学生类型、时间距离、社会距离为被试间变量，情境故事为被试内变量，因变量为道德评价得分。结果：学生类型和故事情境的主效应均显著，F(1,146) = 10.355，P < 0.01，F(1,730) = 27.96，P < 0.001；故事情境、学生类型和社会距离三者之间的交互作用显著，F(5,730) = 2.566，P < 0.05。进一步的简单简单效应分析表明，大学生从自己人的角度对故事1 (考试作弊)和故事3 (偷钱救病妻)的道德评价得分显著高于初中生，大学生从陌生人角度对故事1 (考试作弊)的道德评价得分显著低于初中生，对故事4 (帮哥哥隐瞒杀人)的道德评价得分显著高于初中生；评价故事1 (考试作弊)时，大学生从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德判断水平高于从陌生人的角度，而初中生则表现出从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德判断水平低于从陌生人的角度；在评价故事6 (工人偷录像带)时，大学生和初中生均表现出从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德决策水平高于从陌生人的角度。结论：学生类型、社会距离和情境故事共同对个体道德判断产生影响。 Objective: To explore the effect of temporal distance and social distance on the college students’ and junior middle school students’ moral judgment. Methods: 80 college students participants in grade 1 - 3 from Xinxiang Medical College and 80 junior middle school students in grade 8 from a middle school of Anyang city were randomly selected, who were asked to answer some questions about the moral judgments in six moral stories involving different temporal distance and social distance. The 2 (temporal distance: today vs. a year later) × 2 (social distance: a good friend vs. a stranger) × 2 (student type: college students vs. junior middle school students) × 6 (situational stories: 1 - 6) were adopted, student type, temporal distance and social distance being between- subject variables and situational stories being within-subject variables, and the evaluated moral scores being dependent variable. Results: The statistical analysis indicated that, the main effects of student type and situational stories was significant, F(1,146) = 10.355, P < 0.01, F(1,730) = 27.96, P < 0.001, and the interaction effect between situational stories, student type and social distance was significant, F(1,730) = 2.566, P < 0.05. The simple-simple effect analysis showed that, the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment in story 1 (cheat in a test) and story 3 (stealing money for sick wife) from a good friend angle were significantly higher than junior middle school students’; from a stranger angle, the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment were significantly lower in story 1 (cheat in a test) and significantly higher in story 4 (concealing murders of elder brother) than junior middle school students’; in story 1 (cheat in a test), the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment from a good friend angle were significantly higher than from a stranger, but the mean scores of junior middle school students from a good friend angle were significantly lower than from a stranger; in story 6 (workers stealing videotapes), the mean scores of the college students and junior middle school students from a good friend angle both were signi- ficantly higher than from a stranger. Conclusion: The three of student type, social distance and situational stories together have a significant impact on moral judgments.

Justice, Injustice, and Critical Potential Beyond Borders: A Multi‐Dimensional Affair

AbstractUntil fairly recently, positions within the global justice debate have been quite polarised along the statism/cosmopolitanism dichotomy. Recently, the dichotomy has been challenged (although somewhat unsystematically), but the idea that the proximity of a view to cosmopolitanism also tracks its critical potential in political terms has not. This article rejects this premise. In order to do so, it also provides a novel, more systematic challenge to the statism/cosmopolitanism dichotomy. The main suggestion is that we should consider two aspects simultaneously, and identify positions within the debate on the basis of how they relate to both of these. First of all, participants in the debate can make three different kinds of claims, which I shall call moral, political, and institutional. Secondly, views position themselves within a spectrum in each of the three dimensions, rather than deciding between cosmopolitanism and statism – and at different at different points of the spectrum with regard to their moral, political, and institutional commitments respectively. This account gives us a better grasp of what taking a stand in the global justice entails. Crucially, it enables us to understand that the transformative and critical potential of a specific view depends on a variety of factors, and not only on its stand at the moral level. One can be fairly critical of the status quo without endorsing a cosmopolitan, or even nearly cosmopolitan, moral outlook. In short, the moral story is not the whole story.

A Content Analysis of Four Explanatory Models of the Moral Development

Abstract Numerous studies have focused on identifying the stages of ethical decision process and the factors that can influence it, aiming to provide tools for educators’ struggle of improving the moral profile of the students. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the four explanatory theoretical models of moral development, in order to notice the relationship between the rational and the emotional components of personality during the moral decision-making process and to highlight their impact on educational process. It is resumed a qualitative research that was developed using the Atlas.ti software. The results sustain the empirical observation that educators change the focus of the moral explanation, moral story and moral conversation towards the more interactive methods, like moral case study and moral exercise.

MENCARI NILAI HORMAT DAN RUKUN PADA TAYANGAN OPERA VAN JAVA DI TRANS 7

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As a form&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; of puppet people development standard, Opera Van Java (OVJ) which aired on Trans 7 can be regarded as puppets of the grip of revolution on a large scale given the characteristics of the OVJ them is to use the Indonesian language and do not use master narratives. OVJ phenomenon is developing a play slapstick tradition of Mataram who first appears. If all this a play performed on the dimensions of verbal (words / sentences), in this OVJ also other aspects of the thematic core of which is actors, morality story, characterization of his characters, costumes, music, and even setting the stage. Opera Van Java turned into popular culture in the form of puppet people are loaded with innovation and reintepretation.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Promoting Honesty: The Influence of Stories on Children's Lie‐Telling Behaviours and Moral Understanding

Moral stories are a means of communicating the consequences of our actions and emphasizing virtuous behaviour, such as honesty. However, the effect of these stories on children's lie‐telling has yet to be thoroughly explored. The current study investigated the influence of moral stories on children's willingness to lie for another individual. Children were read one of three stories prior to being questioned about an accidental wrongdoing: (1) a positive story, which emphasized the benefits of being honest; (2) a negative story, which outlined the potential costs of lying; and (3) a neutral story, which was unrelated to truth‐telling or lie‐telling. Initially, most children withheld information about the event. Older children were better able to maintain their lies throughout the interview. However, when asked direct questions, children in the positive story condition were more likely to tell the truth than those in the negative and neutral conditions. No significant differences were found between the negative and neutral story conditions. The present study also investigated the relationship between children's conceptual understanding and behaviour. The findings revealed that children's knowledge of truths and lies increased with age. Children who lied had significantly higher conceptual scores than those who did not lie. Furthermore, the type of story children were read had a significant impact on their evaluations of true and false statements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

일본 설화 속의 토끼담 연구

The purpose of this study is to arrange the type and feature of Rabbit Tales in Japan. First of all, the type of Rabbit Tales is divided into two types like type and type. The type can be classified with the primary ``Self-centered type`` and secondary ``Decentralized type`` again. As to the feature of ``Self-centered type``, the rabbit deceives the opposite thoroughly in order to achieve its own purpose. In connection with the feature of ``Decentralized type``, the rabbit plays a role in the judge who punishes the assailant from the victim``s shoes contrary to the selfish figure as shown in the ``Self-centered type``, and there are a lot of recorded tales. This study was to deduct that the relationship between two Tricksters had developed from ``Self-centered type`` to ``Decentralized type`` based on the ``Theory of Child Development`` by Piaget. Accordingly, it is considered as the tales of ``Self-centered type`` are original stories, and the tales of ``Decentralized type`` are moral stories adding sense of justice written in future ages. The type has contents that the rabbits are living on the moon, and it was originated from the Buddhist tales that the Sakra devanam Indra made the rabbits live in the moon forever as the rabbit in the country called India had behaved the Bodhisattva-practice. In addition, the image of Moon rabbit which presented the eternal life like perpetual youth because the rabbits were always sanctified in the Taoism in China. Since then, this study was to deduct that it affected Korea and Japan with the ancestral Buddhist tales, and furthermore, it was considered as the image of Moon rabbit was completed in the tales because the rabbits were revered as mountain spirit in the folk beliefs.

Exemplary series and Christian typology: modelling on sainthood in Damascus

In this paper, I explore the way in which examples are used in sermons among the pious followers of Our Lady of Soufanieh in Damascus, Syria. In the sermons, a particular logic of seriation functions to present specific models and exemplars as prisms of lives to be imitated. The framing of these lives takes place through entextualizations, whereby the life of some is made into texts that others are told to emulate. The process of making life into text and text into life is explored in the production of examples at the weekly Saturday sermons in Soufanieh. While directly related to life as lived, such sermons also stand for a broader class of life as forma vitae, that is, lives to be followed. I thus explore the example as exemplum, a particular moral story used for edification and didactic purposes, one which situates the listener at the centre of the story by integrating the miraculous happenings in Soufanieh with the response of the individual. The sermons thus serve to examine exemplification and the modelling of sainthood in Damascus in the years preceding the current civil war.

Antimicrobials in animal agriculture: parables and policy.

In addition to the scientific, economic, regulatory and other policy factors that impact on antimicrobial decision-making in different jurisdictions around the world, there exist ethical, social and cultural bases for the contemporary use of these products in animal agriculture. Thus, the use of the word 'parable' to describe the contemporary moral stories that help to guide ethical antimicrobial use practices and broader policy decisions in animal agriculture is appropriate. Several of these stories reflect difficult decisions that arise from conflicting moral imperatives (i.e. both towards animal welfare and towards human health). Understanding the factors that combine to define the past and present paradigms of antimicrobial usage is crucial to mapping a path forward. There exist barriers, as well as opportunities, for advancing scenarios for reducing antimicrobial usage under a variety of voluntary, regulatory and legal policy frameworks. Any new approaches will ideally be structured to extend the use of present-day antimicrobials into the future, to provide novel alternatives for regulating any newly introduced antimicrobial products so as to maximize their useful life span and to ensure the optimal use of these products in animal agriculture to protect not only the health of animals and the interests of animal health/agriculture stakeholders, but also the human health and the interests of the public at large. A full range of policy approaches, which span the realm from strictly enforced regulations and laws to voluntary guidelines and compliance, should be explored with respect to their risks and benefits in a variety of worldwide settings and in full consideration of a range of stakeholder values.

The Bible and Asia: from the pre-Christian era to the postcolonial age

Though the Bible is a product of West Asia, its influence on Europe and the Americas has received far more attention than its complex career in the East. R. S. Sugirtharajah corrects this imbalance with an expansive new study of Asia's subversive and idiosyncratic relationship with the Bible. This is the story of missionaries, imperialists, exegetes, reformers, and nationalists who molded Biblical texts according to their own needs in order to influence religion, politics, and daily life from India to China. When the Bible reached east and south Asia in the third century CE, its Christian scriptures already bore traces of Asian commodities and Indian moral stories. In China, the Bible merged with the teachings of Buddha and Lao Tzu to produce the Jesus Sutras. As he recounts the history of how Christianity was influenced by other Asian religions, Sugirtharajah deftly highlights the controversial issue of Buddhist and Vedic influence on Biblical religion. Once used to justify European rule in Asia, the Bible has also served to promote the spiritual salvation of women, outcasts, and untouchables. The Bible has left a literary mark on Asia in two ways: through its influence on Asian writers and through the reinvigoration of modern Asian vernaculars when proselytizing missionaries introduced Western print culture to the East.

Can Classic Moral Stories Promote Honesty in Children?

The classic moral stories have been used extensively to teach children about the consequences of lying and the virtue of honesty. Despite their widespread use, there is no evidence whether these stories actually promote honesty in children. This study compared the effectiveness of four classic moral stories in promoting honesty in 3- to 7-year-olds. Surprisingly, the stories of “Pinocchio” and “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” failed to reduce lying in children. In contrast, the apocryphal story of “George Washington and the Cherry Tree” significantly increased truth telling. Further results suggest that the reason for the difference in honesty-promoting effectiveness between the “George Washington” story and the other stories was that the former emphasizes the positive consequences of honesty, whereas the latter focus on the negative consequences of dishonesty. When the “George Washington” story was altered to focus on the negative consequences of dishonesty, it too failed to promote honesty in children.

Pengaruh Cerita Moral Terhadap Perilaku Prososial Anak

Abstract, Harsh city life fosters behaviors harm others. Moral-value can internalized through a moral story that will encourage children to behave in prosocial manner. Sixteen moral story of sharing, cooperation, helpfulness, and act honestly given to the experimental group children twice a week. At week eight measured prosocial behavior. The measurement results were analyzed by t-test showed t = 18,149 (p &lt; 0,01). The analysis showed the mean of prosocial behavior on experimental group (mean = 162,12) was significantly greater than control group (mean = 96,18). Key words: Moral story, prosocial behavior

Theme, plot and narration in the novels of NG Sibiya

Nakanjani G Sibiya has made a considerable contribution to isiZulu literature. In this article his two novels, Kuxolelwa abanjani? and Bengithi lizokuna, which can be typified as moral stories, are analysed according to selected aspects of narratology. The moral story seeks to expose immoral deeds and to show that these deeds have dire consequences for individuals, families and the community. Although Sibiya creates multiple story lines – this is especially true of Kuxolelwa abanjani? – he manages to link them in order to unify the story. The author's use of analepses (‘flashbacks’) and postponement of the answer avoid monotonous chronological narration and serve to complete the story. While ironic situations and coincidences are meant to emphasise the consequences of immoral deeds, they too add interest to the reading experience. The author also employs various narrative techniques to enhance the reading experience. Although instances of unreliability occur in the two novels, Sibiya has enriched isiZulu literature with these two novels; this is mainly due to his ability to write narrative prose that captivates the reader. He has also captivated the reader with the novel topic of homosexuality and transsexuality in Bengithi lizokuna.

A reading in moral literacy or love story in the shadow of the Holocaust

This essay attempts to account for the success of a German novel, Bernhard Schlink’s Der Vorleser, in English translation by analysing both the effects of translation decisions and the influence of prevailing discourses in the receiving culture. It is shown how particular decisions in relation to content and style result in the downplaying of the political and philosophical aspects of the novel and the foregrounding of relationships between individuals. This, in turn, is seen as further evidence of a tendency in German-English literary translation to understate difference in translation by moulding the text to the norms of the receiving culture.

Bankers in the dock: Moral storytelling in action

This article draws on insights from a variety of fields, including discursive psychology, ethnomethodology, dramatism, rhetoric, ante-narrative analysis and conversation analysis, to examine the discursive devices employed in the storytelling surrounding the recent financial crisis. Discursive devices refer to the linguistic styles, phrases, tropes and figures of speech that, we propose, are central to the development of a compelling story. We focus our analysis on the moral stories constructed during a public hearing involving senior banking executives in the UK. The analysis suggests that two competing storylines were used by the bankers and their questioners to emplot the events preceding the financial crisis. We propose that a discursive devices approach contributes to the understanding of storytelling by highlighting the power of micro-linguistic tools in laying out the moral landscape of the story. We argue that the stories surrounding the financial crisis are important because they shaped how the crisis was made sense of and acted upon.

God as the Great Parasite? Ideology and Ethics in Interpretations of the Parables

ABSTRACTScholars usually understand parables as stories about the everyday life in Roman- Palestine. The parables' perceived realistic setting served as an invitation to the listeners to engage with the story. However, despite the emphasis on realism, slavery in the parables has been neglected among scholars. They have overlooked the institutions of slavery in the Greco-Roman world; they have failed to confront its oppressive ideology; or erased the presence of slaves through translation. This article argues that slavery was a part of Jesus' social and cultural reality, as such it is necessary to investigate and challenge the implied ideology of slavery in the parables. This concern is more about ethical interpretations and less about interpreting the parables as moral stories.

Moral Virtue and Practical Wisdom: Theme Comprehension in Children, Youth, and Adults

ABSTRACT The authors tested 3 hypotheses about the relation of moral comprehension to prudential comprehension by contrasting comprehension of themes in moral stories with comprehension of themes in prudential stories among third-grade, fifth-grade, and college students (n = 168) in Study 1, and among college students, young and middle-aged adults, and older adults (n = 96) in Study 2. In both studies, all groups were statistically significantly better at moral theme comprehension than prudential theme comprehension, suggesting that moral comprehension may develop prior to prudential comprehension. In Study 2, all groups performed equally on moral theme generation whereas both adult groups were significantly better than college students on prudential theme generation. Overall, the findings of these studies provide modest evidence that moral and prudential comprehension each develop separately, and that the latter may develop more slowly.

Výcvik vodicích psů v organizaci

This article contributes to the ethnomethodological investigation of the human-animal relationship, focusing on practically oriented and situated members' methods, categorisations, and forms of interactions. The analysis shows how members reconstruct the rules of the training of guide dogs at a particular guide dog training centre (SVVP), and, while acting, how they ori- ent themselves towards the principles of the broader framework, namely, the 'institution of the guide dog'. The participation of the dogs in these interac- tions is also considered. The use of the rules and the principles is interpreted through the concepts of positioning (Harre, Davies), claiming (Bottero, Irwin), and, in general, the framework of the ethnomethodological respecifi cation of the concept of organisation, that is, 'organisation-in-action'. The article dem- onstrates how the image of the professional charitable client-orientated or- ganisation is constructed in situ, and how the positions of the guide dogs and the visually impaired are presented by particular speakers. It also reveals that telling moral stories is one of the most frequently used ethnomethods of self-presentation, and that the positions and the claims of the actors are constructed in two main contexts: visual impairment and the 'dog companion culture'.

How should I decide? The neural correlates of everyday moral reasoning

The present fMRI study is the first that investigates everyday moral conflict situations in which a moral standard clashes with a personal desire. In such situations people have to decide between a morally guided and a hedonistic behaviour. Twelve healthy subjects were presented with verbal stories describing conflicts with either moral or neutral content. The moral stories described conflicts requiring a decision between a personal desire and a conflicting moral standard, whereas the neutral conflicts required a decision between two conflicting personal desires. When compared to neutral conflicts, moral conflicts elicited higher activity in a wide spread neural network including the medial frontal cortex, the temporal cortex and the temporo-parietal junction and the posterior cingulate cortex. Further analyses of the moral conflicts revealed that hedonistic decisions in contrast to morally guided decisions were associated with significantly higher rankings of uncertainty and unpleasant emotions and induced significant more activation in the amygdala/parahippocampal region. The present results generalise findings on the neuroscience of moral understanding by extending it to everyday moral decisions. Furthermore, the results show that the amydala region plays a central role in the processing of negative emotional consequences associated with immoral decisions.

The Caveman's Conscience: Evolution and Moral Realism

An increasingly popular moral argument has it that the story of human evolution shows that we can explain the human disposition to make moral judgments without relying on a realm of moral facts. Such facts can thus be dispensed with. But this argument is a threat to moral realism only if there is no realist position that can explain, in the context of human evolution, the relationship between our particular moral sense and a realm of moral facts. I sketch a plausible evolutionary story that illuminates this relationship. First, the sorts of adaptive pressures facing early humans would have produced more than just potent prosocial emotions, as evolutionary antirealists like to claim; it would have produced judgments—often situated within emotions—to the effect that others could reasonably disapprove of some bit of conduct, for an early human who cared deeply about how others might respond to her action enjoyed the benefits of more cooperative exchanges than those early humans who did not. Second, according to objectivist versions of moral constructivism, moral facts just are facts about how others, ideally situated, would respond to one's conduct. Thus if any objectivist moral constructivism story is true, then we can intelligibly assert that a) our capacity for moral judgment is the product of adaptive pressures acting on early humans and b) some moral judgments are objectively true.

Reexamination of Young Children's Racial Attitudes and Skin Tone Preferences

This study continues the line of research on children's racial preferences that dates to Kenneth and Mamie Clark's classic research that revealed that Black children preferred White dolls and attributed more positive characteristics to White dolls than to Black dolls. In the current research, the authors examined Black and White preschool children's preferences for cartoon characters of different skin tones and whether their preferences shifted after listening to a moral story depicting a Black child as a hero. Findings are discussed in the context of how method of presentation may affect young children's responses and children's preferences in relation to race awareness and self-identification.