心理距离对初中生和大学生道德判断的影响

Abstract

目的：采用实验法探讨时间距离和社会距离对初中生和大学生道德判断的影响。方法：随机选取新乡医学院1~3年级大学生80人和安阳某中学八年级学生80人，让被试对6个情境故事进行评价，这些故事问题分别涉及不同的时间距离和社会距离。本研究采用2 (时间距离：今天、一年后) × 2 (社会距离：好朋友、陌生人) × 2 (学生类型：大学生、初中生) × 6 (情境故事：1~6)的混合实验设计，其中学生类型、时间距离、社会距离为被试间变量，情境故事为被试内变量，因变量为道德评价得分。结果：学生类型和故事情境的主效应均显著，F(1,146) = 10.355，P < 0.01，F(1,730) = 27.96，P < 0.001；故事情境、学生类型和社会距离三者之间的交互作用显著，F(5,730) = 2.566，P < 0.05。进一步的简单简单效应分析表明，大学生从自己人的角度对故事1 (考试作弊)和故事3 (偷钱救病妻)的道德评价得分显著高于初中生，大学生从陌生人角度对故事1 (考试作弊)的道德评价得分显著低于初中生，对故事4 (帮哥哥隐瞒杀人)的道德评价得分显著高于初中生；评价故事1 (考试作弊)时，大学生从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德判断水平高于从陌生人的角度，而初中生则表现出从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德判断水平低于从陌生人的角度；在评价故事6 (工人偷录像带)时，大学生和初中生均表现出从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德决策水平高于从陌生人的角度。结论：学生类型、社会距离和情境故事共同对个体道德判断产生影响。 Objective: To explore the effect of temporal distance and social distance on the college students’ and junior middle school students’ moral judgment. Methods: 80 college students participants in grade 1 - 3 from Xinxiang Medical College and 80 junior middle school students in grade 8 from a middle school of Anyang city were randomly selected, who were asked to answer some questions about the moral judgments in six moral stories involving different temporal distance and social distance. The 2 (temporal distance: today vs. a year later) × 2 (social distance: a good friend vs. a stranger) × 2 (student type: college students vs. junior middle school students) × 6 (situational stories: 1 - 6) were adopted, student type, temporal distance and social distance being between- subject variables and situational stories being within-subject variables, and the evaluated moral scores being dependent variable. Results: The statistical analysis indicated that, the main effects of student type and situational stories was significant, F(1,146) = 10.355, P < 0.01, F(1,730) = 27.96, P < 0.001, and the interaction effect between situational stories, student type and social distance was significant, F(1,730) = 2.566, P < 0.05. The simple-simple effect analysis showed that, the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment in story 1 (cheat in a test) and story 3 (stealing money for sick wife) from a good friend angle were significantly higher than junior middle school students’; from a stranger angle, the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment were significantly lower in story 1 (cheat in a test) and significantly higher in story 4 (concealing murders of elder brother) than junior middle school students’; in story 1 (cheat in a test), the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment from a good friend angle were significantly higher than from a stranger, but the mean scores of junior middle school students from a good friend angle were significantly lower than from a stranger; in story 6 (workers stealing videotapes), the mean scores of the college students and junior middle school students from a good friend angle both were signi- ficantly higher than from a stranger. Conclusion: The three of student type, social distance and situational stories together have a significant impact on moral judgments.