Moral Relativism Research Articles

The Tolerant Society and its Enemies: Moral Relativism, Multiculturalism, and Islamism

AbstractIn this paper, T. M. Murray defends a vision of liberal tolerance as grounding the common good. She critiques the discourse that Western liberalism amounts to ‘Islamophobia’ or ‘cultural imperialism’. She argues that liberal academics, in maintaining these narratives, contradict their own vaunted values and tacitly collude with religious hypocrisy and intolerance. She argues for a universal vision of the common good broadly grounded in human flourishing and human nature and linked to the philosophies of Aristotle and J. S. Mill.

THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN RAISING THE EFFICIENCY OF EMPLOYEES :APPLIED STUDY IN THE NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY

The issue of raising the efficiency of workers has gained great importance for business organizations, especially in light of the challenges facing institutions today and their ability to adapt to technological changes. The knowledge economy is also one of the most important means that raise the efficiency of workers and increase their productivity. Therefore, the researcher found that insurance companies suffer from not giving importance to the concept of knowledge management and how to take advantage of knowledge to improve the performance level of workers and raise the efficiency and productivity of the worker, which will be reflected on the performance of the bank as a whole. In order to find out the causes of the problem and develop solutions to it, a sample of 40 managers in the National Insurance Company was selected, which included general managers, heads of departments, and directors of departments and branches to test the research hypothesis, which stipulated (there is a moral relationship with statistical significance between knowledge management and raising the efficiency of workers’ performance). The aim of the research is to clarify the role of knowledge management in raising the efficiency of workers and increase their productivity and to reach proposals that try to help the bank in question to improve the concept of knowledge management and how to apply it. The research also reached a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which is that insurance companies try to draw a clear path for the application and development of knowledge management and how to benefit from it in raising the efficiency of workers, and the bank should work permanently to generate knowledge and try to apply it to individuals working in the bank.

The Role of Time Management in Enhancing Classroom Management Analytical Study of the Opinions of a Number of Principals and their Assistants in Basic Schools on the Outskirts of the Erbil Governorate

This research seeks to uncover the role of time management in enhancing classroom management in basic schools in the outskirts of the erbil governorate, to identify the extent to which principals and their assistants in basic schools have a clear vision of the two variables and their importance in achieving effectiveness. This research presented a theoretical framework on time management as an independent variable. It depends on five dimensions, namely: (Time Planning, Time Organizing, Setting  Goals  and Prioritizing Time, Time Direction, Follow- Up and censorship  Time ), and strengthening classroom management as an approved variable, and the field side was also adopted to identify the nature of the relationship and the impact between the two variables, and to reach According to the objectives of this research, the research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in dealing with its variables. A hypothetical outline of the research was designed expressing its main hypotheses. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data and it was distributed to (206) principals and assistants in (100) basic schools as a sample of the research of 700 principals and their assistants. Administrative experiences in (250) basic schools as a community for research, and (200) questionnaires were retrieved valid for analysis, and a set of statistical methods were used to determine the results and through The software computer spss.v.24. The research reached the group of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a moral relationship between the dimensions of the independent variable collectively and individually and the adopted variable, classroom management, that time management in schools is the most important dimension of classroom management, as well as the presence of a moral impact relationship for the dimensions of time management in strengthening classroom management. After "setting goals and priorities," time is the most influential dimension in enhancing classroom management in basic schools. The research ended with a set of proposals in line with the conclusions to strengthen the base of this sector in addition to education.

Ethical Challenges in the Treatment of Anxiety.

Ethical Challenges in the Treatment of Anxiety.

Moral Relativism, Metalinguistic Negotiation, and the Epistemic Significance of Disagreement

Although moral relativists often appeal to cases of apparent moral disagreement between members of different communities to motivate their view, accounting for these exchanges as evincing genuine disagreements constitutes a challenge to the coherence of moral relativism. While many moral relativists acknowledge this problem, attempts to solve it so far have been wanting. In response, moral relativists either give up the claim that there can be moral disagreement between members of different communities or end up with a view on which these disagreements have no “epistemic significance” because they are always faultless. This paper introduces an alternative strategy: accounting for disagreement in terms of “metalinguistic negotiation”. It argues that this strategy constitutes a better solution to the challenge disagreement poses for moral relativists because it leads to a nuanced understanding of the epistemic significance of moral disagreement between members of different communities. The upshot is a novel account of disagreement for moral relativists that has consequences for how moral relativism should be understood.

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AT RUSSIAN MEDICAL SCHOOL: THE ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The development of ethical standards for future doctors is one of the main goals of higher medical education. It is especially important for students from different countries studying together. But if in ordinary times the determinants of moral relationships are obvious and successfully implemented, in the "Covid era", when many international students were isolated from each other and from the university due to the closed borders, self-isolation, quarantine and switched to distance learning, it became extremely difficult to solve the problem of ethical meaning of communication [1]. In order to identify the main directions of work in this area, we
 applied the focus group method, inviting as experts not those students who are studying at the university now, but our international graduates from different years and those who worked with them, so that they could compare the former and the current, not yet fully formed, models of higher medical education.

Cognition in moral space: A minimal model

We describe moral cognition as a process occurring in a distinctive cognitive space, wherein moral relationships are defined along several morally relevant dimensions. After identifying candidate dimensions, we show how moral judgments can emerge in this space directly from object perception, without any appeal to moral rules or abstract values. Our reductive “minimal model” (Batterman & Rice, 2014) elaborates Beal’s (2020) claim that moral cognition is determined, at the most basic level, by “ontological frames” defining subjects, objects, and the proper relation between them. We expand this claim into a set of formal hypotheses that predict moral judgments based on how objects are “framed” in the relevant dimensions of “moral space.”

Subtle Insights Concerning Knowledge and Practice

Subtle Insights Concerning Knowledge and Practice

The way things go: moral relativism and suspension of judgment

The way things go: moral relativism and suspension of judgment

MORAL RELATIVISM IN SOCIAL SCIENCES UNDERSTOOD FROM THE IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES OF KUHN TO ARENDT

The present essay has the purpose of explaining, though the perspectives of six different thinkers and scientists, what is the philosophical idea of Moral Relativism within Social Sciences – with a special focus on International Relations –, how might it be useful in understanding its (philosophical) implications for future research, and what could be the possible alternatives. The thinkers and authors discussed are Thomas Kuhn, Hannah Arendt, Charles Wright Mills, Arnold Brecht, Kees Van Der Pijl and Jeppe Nicolaisen. Some of them don’t discuss directly about Moral Relativism, while others deal specifically with the theme. Ideas of what power and truth are also discussed. By the end of the essay it is affirmed how this philosophical idea was and is used by the elite to influence unconsciously the opinion and moral ideas for their own benefits, and to keep the status-quo.

Morality: Restoring the Common Good in Divided Times

Morality: Restoring the Common Good in Divided Times

Ahlaksız Hukuk ve Dinsiz Ahlak Mümkün Müdür?: Felsefi Bir Yaklaşım

The purpose of this article is to discuss the problematic grounding of immoral law and irreligious morality and to examine them with a different approach. Are the rules of morality and the rules of law the same? Can law without morals satisfy the human conscience?Is morality an obstacle to freedom? What is the source of morality? What is the relationship of morality with nature and religion? Can an atheistic person be moral, and can a religious person be immoral? Is it possible to ground morality with secular references? Around these and similar questions, we will discuss the possibility of immoral law and irreligious morality. In our article, we will try to analyse that immoral law will be inadequate to satisfy human conscience, and that morality can be grounded without religion or God in its source, which creates great difficulties. All these analyses will be presented in the philosophical and theological perspective in our article.

Biased Benevolence: The Perceived Morality of Effective Altruism Across Social Distance.

Is altruism always morally good, or is the morality of altruism fundamentally shaped by the social opportunity costs that often accompany helping decisions? Across four studies, we reveal that in cases of realistic tradeoffs in social distance for gains in welfare where helping socially distant others necessitates not helping socially closer others with the same resources, helping is deemed as less morally acceptable. Making helping decisions at a cost to socially closer others also negatively affects judgments of relationship quality (Study 2) and in turn, decreases cooperative behavior with the helper (Study 3). Ruling out an alternative explanation of physical distance accounting for the effects in Studies 1 to 3, social distance continued to impact moral acceptability when physical distance across social targets was matched (Study 4). These findings reveal that attempts to decrease biases in helping may have previously unconsidered consequences for moral judgments, relationships, and cooperation.

Cost considerations for adoption of diabetes technology are pervasive: A qualitative study of persons living with type 1 diabetes and their families.

Cost is a major consideration in the uptake and continued use of diabetes technology. With increasing use of automated insulin delivery systems, it is important to understand the specific cost-related barriers to technology adoption. In this qualitative analysis, we were interested in understanding and examining the decision-making process around cost and diabetes technology use. Four raters coded transcripts of four stakeholder groups using inductive coding for each stakeholder group to establish relevant themes/nodes. We applied the Social Ecological Model in the interpretation of five thematic levels of cost. We identified five thematic levels of cost: policy, organizational, insurance, interpersonal and individual. Equitable diabetes technology access was an important policy-level theme. The insurance-level theme had multiple subthemes which predominantly carried a negative valence. Participants also emphasized the psychosocial burden of cost specifically identifying diabetes costs to their families, the guilt of diabetes related costs, and frustration in the time and involvement required to ensure insurance coverage. We found broad consensus in how cost is experienced by stakeholder groups. Cost considerations for diabetes technology uptake extended beyond finances to include time, cost to society, morality and interpersonal relationships. Cost also reflected an important moral principle tied to the shared desire for equitable access to diabetes technology. Knowledge of these considerations can help clinicians and researchers promote equitable device uptake while anticipating barriers for all persons living with type 1 diabetes and their families.

Madness, virtue, and ecology: A classical Indian approach to psychiatric disturbance

The Caraka Saṃhitā (ca. first century BCE–third century CE), the first classical Indian medical compendium, covers a wide variety of pharmacological and therapeutic treatment, while also sketching out a philosophical anthropology of the human subject who is the patient of the physicians for whom this text was composed. In this article, I outline some of the relevant aspects of this anthropology – in particular, its understanding of ‘mind’ and other elements that constitute the subject – before exploring two ways in which it approaches ‘psychiatric’ disorder: one as ‘mental illness’ ( mānasa-roga), the other as ‘madness’ ( unmāda). I focus on two aspects of this approach. One concerns the moral relationship between the virtuous and the well life, or the moral and the medical dimensions of a patient’s subjectivity. The other is about the phenomenological relationship between the patient and the ecology within which the patient’s disturbance occurs. The aetiology of and responses to such disturbances helps us think more carefully about the very contours of subjectivity, about who we are and how we should understand ourselves. I locate this interpretation within a larger programme on the interpretation of the whole human being, which I have elsewhere called ‘ecological phenomenology’.

Financial derivatives and their role in financial decision An analytical study of the views of managers in a sample of private sector banks in the city of Erbil

The purpose: The research aims to know the role of financial derivatives of all kinds (options contracts, futures contracts, and swap contracts) in making financial decisions of all kinds (investment decisions, financing decisions and profit distribution decisions). The research problem was defined by asking questions centered on the nature of the relationship, influence and clustering between the research variables. A hypothesis scheme was designed for the research, and the main and subsidiary hypotheses emerged from it. The research followed a (descriptive - analytical) approach to achieve the research objectives. The research used the questionnaire form as a means to obtain the data. The research sample consists of managers in private banks in the city of Erbil, whose number is (127) managers in (46) banks in the field of research. The questionnaire form was distributed to (127) managers, and (110) valid forms were retrieved for analysis. In order to verify the validity of the hypotheses, it was subjected to multiple tests using the SPSS-V.22 statistical program. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a positive and very good level of moral relationship between financial derivatives at the macro and partial level, as the stronger relationship between swap contracts and financial decisions. This indicates that the more private banks researched relied on financial derivatives, this led to improved levels of financial decisions. And among the most important suggestions is the necessity for the management of private banks to invent other financial tools that support their financial decision-making, and the research suggests the necessity to maintain the management of private banks on their financial position without collapsing and confusion.

The Role of Applying the Balanced Scorecard in Evaluating Strategic Performance

The current research aims to analyze the role of applying the balanced scorecard opinions of  heads of scientific departments in private universities, represented by its perspectives( financial perspective, customer perspective, internal operations perspective, growth and learning perspective, environment and society perspective) in the dimensions of strategic performance, represented by (survival, adaptation, growth), and the research problem was identified by asking questions It focused on the philosophical concepts of the research variables, and on the nature of the relationship and influence between the variables. A hypothetical scheme was designed expressing the main assumptions, and the questionnaire form was used as a means of obtaining data, as it was distributed to heads of departments in private universities in the city of Erbil, consisting of (85) department heads, and the number of valid forms for analysis was (85) forms. In order to verify the validity of the hypotheses, we underwent multiple tests using the statistical program (SPSS. V.23).The research followed a descriptive analytical approach. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which were revealed by the results of the correlation on the positive moral relationships between the perspectives of balanced scorecard and strategic performance at the macro level. In directing the perpectives of balanced scorecard for the purpose of enhancing the strategic performance. The research suggests the necessity of investing in the strong relationships between the perspectives of balanced scorecard and the dimensions of strategic performance at the macro level, and directing this relationship towards serving the researched universities.

The peripheral perception and its relation with backline and front row players for Sulaimani handball adolescent

Perception is one of the mental processes, which plays an important role in the sport aspects. Therefore, it is one of the basic requirements for improving performance in various sports. The importance of this study is that, handball players should be attempt in such peripheral perception test in order to develop player’s performance and achieve a high altitude.As a researcher I thought that in the training session here is a lack of using scientific laboratories to evaluate the elevation of the player that would be guidance for coaches to maintain their training plan.Aim of the study:-To determine the amount of perception of the players, also the comparison of perception between the players of the back and front lines of the players of the participants.Method of the study:-Used descriptive method in the survey method appropriate to the research problem.
 the results of the perceptual assessment, through which the research objectives and hypotheses were achieved, and the researcher concluded that the research sample has (a field of vision, focus power, divided attention, reaction time, and emotional maturity) were approved, as there are Moral correlation relationship between the different playing positions and the perceptual variables (field of vision, concentration force, divided attention, reaction time, and emotional maturity).

The Idea of ‘Moral Relativism’ in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche

In this paper, I shall apply the idea of ‘moral relativism’ in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. The concept of ‘moral relativism’ has been closely related to postmodernism, and in particular proponents of Aristotlian reject Nietzsche’s kind of relativism, yet the issues remained part of Nietzsche’s philosophy and prominently situated in his philosophical works. Nietzsche talks about morality as antinature, he thinks that how morality is repressive ‘relative’ to what we might concern as the unbridled manifestation of wants and needs and appetites. In his famous publications of Beyond Good and Evil (1886) and On the Genealogy of Morals (1887), Nietzsche argues intensively and effectively about morality, his thought undoubtedly has a pronounced relativistic tendencies. Moral values are not universal and absolute, but are therefore conditional constructions of particular group at particular times with particular goals. Nietzsche speaks in the “interpretation” or “perspective” regarding morality or values in particular. According to Nietzsche, no one kind of morality is correct and neither is incorrect nor unacceptable for everyone; it should be noted that Nietzsche considers that each is correct for one type of person and incorrect for others. This makes it possible for Nietzsche to take a more important level on moral relativism.

Prefo and Social Trust in The Du-Hope Barter System of Lamalera Community

The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the barter du-hope tradition as a traditional Lamalera exchange system of goods in a subsistence economic system, (2) to explain the barter du-hope tradition resulting in a new kinship competition (prefo) based on mutual trust between communities. This study uses ethnographic methods to be able to get emic of the du-hope barter system. The study was conducted in four villages, namely Lamalera, Wulandoni, Puor and Labalimut. The results showed two main theses. First, the barter du-hope tradition is the economic defence system of the local community. Barter du-hope became the food security system of the Lamalera coastal community and the mountain community. Secondly, du-hope barter transactions create new relationships built on strong social trust. Prefo is a new kinship like family (outside of biological kinship) built on mutual trust between the people of Lamalera and other communities in the mountain area. Social trust is created by exchanging and sharing food items and building joint needs. Preference is a complete moral relationship with a sense and desire to help one another. This research provides support for the development of the local economy by providing support and space for the protected system of the barter du-hope Lamalera, which is now being threatened by the capitalist economic system and the global market.