Moral Norms Research Articles

‘Through guilt and resilience, we author ourselves’: a collaborative autoethnography of Vietnamese PhD student mothers / ‘A través de la culpa y la resiliencia, nos escribimos a nosotras mismas’: una autoetnografía de madres doctorandas vietnamitas

In this article, we employed collaborative autoethnography to explore the experiences of ourselves as four Vietnamese PhD student mothers who crossed national borders in pursuit of further education and encountered multiple challenges along the way. Based on Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism, we unpacked our experiences by presenting ongoing dialogues that influenced thoughts about our doctoral studies and mothering practices. On the one hand, we recounted our experiences of mother guilt, life–work balance and escalating tensions in the academic journeys and our constant struggle to conform to the moral norms bound by the political and cultural ideologies prescribed to Vietnamese women. At the same time, we displayed our resilience through our self-dialogues, which helped us counter the social norms to author our voices.

Covert Mode of Sexual Crimes in the Tourism Sector in Indonesia

The phenomenon of sexual activity in tourism is still an unresolved problem, with every development the practice of prostitution can be found openly or covertly. These conditions cause the phenomenon of female commercial sex workers to continue to grow rapidly, as evidenced by the increasing number of comfort women or sex workers every year. Another problem caused by the existence of activities in the form of sex tourism which accommodate commercial sex workers is considered to be an act of immorality, in other words, this act is classified as something that violates and is contrary to moral norms, especially the practice of trafficking in persons in the tourism industry. Therefore, the research aims to analyze the forms and methods of sex crimes in the tourism sector and also how law enforcement related to sex crimes in the tourism sector in Indonesia is enforced. This research uses normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The data sources used are primary and secondary data sources. The data analysis used is classifying similar materials and processing them comprehensively so that this step is expected to make the flow of discussions on the completion of this research easier. The research results show that: first, forms of sexual crime in the tourism sector include commercial sexual exploitation, sexual harassment and sexual violence. Second, the law enforcement process against human trafficking, such as sex crimes in the tourism sector, does not only adhere to legal provisions, but must be linked to the social environment of society. The operation of law in society is not only emphasized by applicable regulations, but is also influenced by the social environment of the community. Likewise, preventing and enforcing the law against human trafficking is not only sufficient by making legal regulations that prohibit it, but also requires the participation of the community and government.

Intuitive moral bias favors the religiously faithful

Belief in powerful supernatural agents that enforce moral norms has been theoretically linked with cooperative altruism and prosociality. Correspondingly, prior research reveals an implicit association between atheism and extreme antisociality (e.g., serial murder). However, findings centered on associations between lack of faith and moral transgression do not directly address the hypothesized conceptual association between religious belief and prosociality. Accordingly, we conducted two pre-registered experiments depicting a “serial helper” to assess biases related to extraordinary helpfulness, mirroring designs depicting a serial killer used in prior cross-cultural work. In both a predominantly religious society (the U.S., Study 1) and a predominantly secular society (New Zealand, Study 2), we successfully replicated previous research linking atheism with transgression, and obtained evidence for a substantially stronger conceptual association between religiosity and virtue. The results suggest that stereotypes linking religiosity with prosociality are both real and global in scale.

Patronage Media in Post-Communist Mongolia

We provide a historically informed analysis of the media in post-communist Mongolia thirty years after the transition. In 1990, Mongolia chose a peaceful transition towards liberal democracy following the seventy years of the communist regime. Our analysis first establishes that amid the challenges and changes since the new constitution was adopted, a plural and commercial media system has undeniably been established. However, only a few established themselves as independent media with editorial, business, and ethical norms. While the plurality of media outlets created a media landscape aberrant from the socialist-time propagandistic media, the media market failures, along with rudimentary legal and professional institutions, contributed to the media instrumentalization and media capture in Mongolia.

Age differences in utilitarian and deontological moral judgments

ABSTRACT This study utilized a combination of questionnaires and computational modeling to investigate age-related differences in moral judgments and the underlying cognitive mechanisms among the Chinese population. Study 1 employed the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale to investigate impartial beneficence and instrumental harm across different age groups. Results indicated that older adults scored significantly higher than younger adults on both dimensions even after controlling for level of education and gender. Study 2 utilized the CNI (consequences, norms, inaction) model to gain a more nuanced understanding of age differences in moral judgments. Findings indicated that older adults exhibited less sensitivity to moral norms when forming moral judgments. This implies that older individuals psychologically lean toward utilitarianism and are less influenced by prevailing norms in their moral decision-making.

Good conscience of the debtor in the bankruptcy procedure: legal and moral and psychological dimension

At the current stage, the issue of bankruptcy of legal entities has been thoroughly worked out, has clearly defined and justified legal and economic mechanisms, works effectively not only in the world, but also in Ukraine. However, the issue of bankruptcy of individuals remains unresolved. The main problem is the ethical and psychological aspect of the bankruptcy procedure of an individual. Here there is a conflict of interests between the protection of the rights and freedoms of an individual as a citizen and the protection of the rights and interests of creditors. The article examines the good faith of the debtor in the bankruptcy procedure, focusing on legal and moral and psychological dimensions. The bankruptcy procedure is a complex process that affects both the legal position of the debtor and his psychological state. The good faith of the debtor is defined as a key principle that ensures the fairness and efficiency of bankruptcy procedures. The legislative framework that regulates the good faith of the debtor in Ukraine is analyzed, in particular the requirements for the behavior of the debtor at various stages of bankruptcy. The legal consequences of unscrupulous behavior are considered, such as the possibility of bankruptcy rejection or the imposition of additional sanctions. The moral and psychological dimension of good faith includes ethical norms and principles that influence the debtor’s decisions and his interaction with creditors and other interested parties. The psychological pressure experienced by the debtor during the bankruptcy procedure can affect his ability to act in good faith, so it is important to take this aspect into account when evaluating his behavior. The article also explores the socio-psychological consequences of bankruptcy, such as stigmatization and loss of reputation, which can affect the debtor’s integrity. Proposals are made to improve legislation to ensure greater transparency and fairness in bankruptcy procedures, as well as recommendations to support debtors on a psychological level. The changes proposed by the authors of the article will contribute to increasing the level of good faith of debtors, ensuring a fair and humane approach to solving bankruptcy problems.

Self-regulation of the digital economy in the conditions of the legal regime of martial state: codes of ethics

The legal regime of martial law led not only to changes in the legislation of Ukraine, but also to the activation of self-regulation of economic entities, which covers their internal organizational activities. War changes the conditions for the ethical conduct of digital business and adds certain features that should be reflected in a formalized collection of moral principles of the company. Codes of ethics are one of the important means of self-regulation of business entities in the digital economy. The digital economy is associated with the global movement of goods and services, so companies pay enough attention to the development and promotion of ethical principles and the formation of a certain collection based on them - a code of ethics. The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of ethical codes in the field of the digital economy after the full-scale invasion of russia on the territory of Ukraine. It has been established that economic entities of the digital economy are obliged to take into account and enshrine in ethical codes the peculiarities of carrying out activities under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. At the same time, it is not enough to have only the formal consolidation of ethical principles in the relevant internal documents of the company, their practical implementation is mandatory. Adherence to the norms of international law (transnational public order) is the duty of a socially responsible civilized business, which should help to recognize the ethical norms of the company, taking into account the peculiarities of the state of war. It is important that companies take responsibility, and not wait for a ban from the state, which needs time to change the regulations. It has been proven that the ethical codes should undergo changes, with the obligatory fixing of provisions: the company does not cooperate with business entities of the aggressor state and with persons who support and cooperate with them; the company does not work in the aggressor state and states that are accomplices and support aggression. Such a position should be formed not only on the basis of legislative prohibitions, but in the case of a regulatory gap, the company’s policy should be revised in order to implement such an idea to achieve the goals of the rule of transnational public order.

Moral norms and risk perceptions toward driving under the influence of recreational versus medical cannabis among Israeli young adults

ABSTRACT Many studies have compared individuals who use cannabis for recreational versus medical purposes, but little is known about the moral norms and risk perceptions toward recreational versus medical cannabis while driving. This study aims to examine young Israeli adults’ behaviors, perceived moral norms, and perceived risk regarding driving under the influence of recreational versus medical cannabis. Methods: The study was conducted using quantitative questionnaires. Participants were 504 young adults, aged 18–30 (M = 25.26; SD = 5.40), of whom 314 (62.3%) were women. Results: Driving under the influence of medical cannabis was perceived as more moral and less risky than driving under the influence of recreational cannabis. Significant positive correlations were observed between perceived risk and perceived moral norms for both types of cannabis. Significant negative correlations were found between the frequency of driving under the influence of recreational cannabis and the perceived risk and perceived moral norms associated with both types of cannabis. Conclusion: Policymakers should promote prevention, harm reduction, and enforcement interventions to address the issue of driving under the influence of both recreational and medical cannabis.

Exploring professional perspectives on integrating generative artificial intelligence into corporate learning and development: an organizational change perspective

Purpose The primary aim of this study is to investigate the integration of generative artificial intelligence, specifically ChatGPT, into workplace L&D practices, exploring the associated advantages and challenges such integration from an organizational change perspective. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured interviews with twelve learning and development (L&D) experts. Findings This study indicates that ChatGPT can positively impact L&D by streamlining processes and potentially enhancing employee performance, engagement and satisfaction. However, to mitigate employee resistance, organizations must clearly communicate the necessity and rationale behind the change, involve employees in the implementation process and address trust issues. Key challenges such as overreliance on ChatGPT, AI skill shortages and technology issues like privacy breaches and misinformation must be managed through strong governance frameworks, including policies, guidelines and regular audits. Research limitations/implications The study’s scope is confined to semi-structured interviews with L&D experts, potentially limiting its generalizability. Further research could explore the long-term effects and broader implications of ChatGPT integration in different organizational contexts. Practical implications By framing GenAI integration within the context of organizational change, this study offers insights into managing the transition effectively by providing guidance for managers on effectively integrating ChatGPT into L&D practices, emphasizing the importance of mitigating potential negative consequences while maximizing benefits. Social implications Integrating ChatGPT into organizational L&D has the potential to reshape how employees acquire new skills and knowledge, potentially influencing organizational culture and dynamics. However, careful consideration is required to ensure that the integration process aligns with ethical and social norms, minimizing adverse impacts. Originality/value This research contributes foundational insights into the integration of ChatGPT in corporate L&D by researching and understanding the opinions of corporate professionals. It serves as a starting point for organizations to identify challenges in adopting GenAI.

Ethical Considerations and Fundamental Principles of Large Language Models in Medical Education: Viewpoint.

This viewpoint article first explores the ethical challenges associated with the future application of large language models (LLMs) in the context of medical education. These challenges include not only ethical concerns related to the development of LLMs, such as artificial intelligence (AI) hallucinations, information bias, privacy and data risks, and deficiencies in terms of transparency and interpretability but also issues concerning the application of LLMs, including deficiencies in emotional intelligence, educational inequities, problems with academic integrity, and questions of responsibility and copyright ownership. This paper then analyzes existing AI-related legal and ethical frameworks and highlights their limitations with regard to the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. To ensure that LLMs are integrated in a responsible and safe manner, the authors recommend the development of a unified ethical framework that is specifically tailored for LLMs in this field. This framework should be based on 8 fundamental principles: quality control and supervision mechanisms; privacy and data protection; transparency and interpretability; fairness and equal treatment; academic integrity and moral norms; accountability and traceability; protection and respect for intellectual property; and the promotion of educational research and innovation. The authors further discuss specific measures that can be taken to implement these principles, thereby laying a solid foundation for the development of a comprehensive and actionable ethical framework. Such a unified ethical framework based on these 8 fundamental principles can provide clear guidance and support for the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. This approach can help establish a balance between technological advancement and ethical safeguards, thereby ensuring that medical education can progress without compromising the principles of fairness, justice, or patient safety and establishing a more equitable, safer, and more efficient environment for medical education.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ КУЛЬТУРНО-ЕТИЧНИХ ЗАСАД УПРАВЛІНСЬКИХ ВІДНОСИН У ПУБЛІЧНОМУ УПРАВЛІННІ

The article reveals the basics of the cultural and ethical foundations of managerial relations in public administration, describes the culture of managerial relations in the public administration system elucidates the basic foundations of the ethical foundations of managerial relations in the public administration system. It is noted that the European integration progress of Ukraine requires the formation of a new generation of employees who would act in accordance with European standards of management, moral and ethical norms of European society, correspond to modern trends in the political, economic arena, social realities and be able to observe a fundamentally new order of organizational and management interactions. The specifics of compliance with ethical and moral principles and the main components of the management culture of civil servants are determined: ethical beliefs, moral qualities (sense of responsibility, conscience, uncompromisingness), moral habits, abilities and actions, etc. The general characteristics of the culture of the social environment in which the personality of the civil servant is formed and the culture of the society in which his official activity is carried out are revealed, which determine the content of value orientation in the process of performing professional duties and general moral guidelines. It has been established that the key point for building professional ethics is awareness of the purpose of the profession in society, the social functions that professionals must perform – awareness of the mission of the profession. Such a mission for civil servants is the principle of service to the people – the semantic core around which the system of cultural and ethical professional value orientations of public managers should be built. Directions for improving the cultural and ethical foundations of managerial relations in public administration at the organizational and personal levels are proposed.

Ambiguity Degrees of Courtesy in Trial: Ethical and Legal Norms, Legal Reasoning in Judicial Decisions

Ambiguity Degrees of Courtesy in Trial: Ethical and Legal Norms, Legal Reasoning in Judicial Decisions

The Importance and Limitation of Epistemic Norms in Political Theory

One recent debate in political theory centers on the question of whether there is a distinctively political normativity. According to an influential view, there is a distinctive set of norms that applies specifically to political actions and decisions, which are not grounded in moral normativity. On one version of this non-moral view, political theory is grounded in epistemic normativity (and thus epistemic norms). Theorists identifying as “radical realists” insist that political theorists do not need any moral normativity (and thus moral norms), because epistemic normativity may provide action-guidance for political theory. In this article, we take our point of departure in a critical analysis of this epistemic version of the non-moral view, with the overall aim of analyzing the importance and limitation of epistemic norms in political theory. We argue that epistemic norms are necessary—since a political theory should not rely on empirical falsities—but not sufficient for a successful account in the political domain. Two claims are made: moral norms are essential in the process of political theorizing, both in the form of pre-epistemic norms and in the form of post-epistemic norms. More specifically, we contend, first, that we need moral norms to identify and justify which practices to study when conducting political theorizing, and second, that we need moral norms to tell us how to act in light of our investigation of warranted and unwarranted beliefs.

Analisis Prinsip Good Corporate Governance dalam Regulasi Hukum Perusahaan

Good Corporate Governance in companies in Indonesia or commonly known by the short term (GCG) is a governance framework that includes ethical rules and norms to protect the integrity, especially in this writing, of companies to improve their performance. The principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) emphasize fundamental principles that must be implemented to increase company effectiveness and compliance with company legal regulations. Good corporate governance (GCG) is an important concept in regulating company behavior to ensure transparency, accountability, fairness and compliance with the law. In corporate legal regulations, GCG principles are the basis for building a framework that ensures effective management, protection of shareholder interests and appropriate risk management. Through in-depth analysis of GCG principles, company legal regulations can be strengthened to create a healthy and sustainable business environment. However, there are obstacles to its implementation, including legal, cultural, political and business environments. Despite being a pressure, GCG is recognized as an opportunity to improve quality and sustainability in business efforts. The main challenge involves changing the company culture towards solid and transparent leadership. Steps to develop GCG require integrated awareness and good relationships between various stakeholders in the company. GCG principles, such as transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence and equality, are needed to ensure fair protection and interests for all parties involved in the company.

VALUE-NORMATIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

The article is devoted to the study of the ethical and value dimensions of the ecological crisis in the situation caused by war, and to the clarification of the significance of human responsibility for one’s actions in relation to nature. It is shown that the observance of moral and ethical norms and orientation to the values vital to man are a necessary condition for the preservation of human life and nature. The analysis of the tasks set in the article is carried out on the basis of the use of ideas of communicative philosophy and discursive ethics, which allows to form knowledge about the ecologically constructive relations of man with nature, to assess the scale of environmental problems in the conditions of war, and to search for ways to mitigate the consequences of the ecological crisis for man and nature.It is substantiated that the ecological crisis has value and cultural origins, therefore the awareness of the need to adhere to universal human values and the correlation of human actions in relation to nature with the norms of cultural and historical universalism becomes especially relevant. Attention is focused on the fact that in the conditions of war, barbaric expansion into the natural world, soullessness, merciless treatment of the plant and animal world, man and humanity must be guided in their actions by humanistic consciousness and moral principles, determine their actions by understanding responsibility for life. It has been established that modern man’s recognition of the importance of moral and ethical norms and humanistic values is an alternative to a lifestyle built on an unlimited, aggressive, exploitative attitude towards nature. Despite the difference between the types of culture and different cultural systems, the dominance of different value systems, people must equally ensure equal rights and bear joint responsibility for life. The most promising development strategy for humanity in a war situation should be the preservation of human life in unity with nature.

Етичні аспекти підготовки фахівців: відповідальність за якість освіти та розвиток професійної етики

The article deals with the urgent problem of taking into account the ethical aspects of training and responsibility for the quality of education. Theoretical approaches to determining the role of professional ethics in the formation of a competent and morally responsible specialist are studied. The importance of developing ethical consciousness and moral principles in the process of professional training is substantiated, since ethical norms become the basis for successful professional activity and ensuring a high level of public trust in the profession. The author analyses the impact of ethical training on the professional growth of specialists and identifies the key tasks of professional ethics, in particular, the formation of moral responsibility, development of professional competence and compliance with ethical standards. The role of educational institutions in the development of students' professional ethics is investigated and the need to integrate ethical principles into the educational process is emphasised. It is established that ensuring a high level of professional ethics requires an integrated approach, which includes not only teaching ethical norms, but also creating conditions for the practical application of these norms in professional activities. Implementation of the recommendations proposed in the article will contribute to the formation of ethically responsible professionals who are able to effectively perform their professional functions with due regard for the moral requirements of society. A promising area for further research is the development of innovative methods and technologies for the formation of professional ethics, as well as the creation of effective systems for monitoring and assessing the level of professional ethics of future specialists in technical specialties.

The Evolution of Dismounted Soldier Systems: A Comprehensive Review of GOSSRA’s Innovations

The Generic Open Soldier System Reference Architecture (GOSSRA) project represents a significant step forward in the evolution of Dismounted Soldier Systems (DSS). This article provides an in-depth analysis of the project, drawing on direct author participation, extensive project documentation, and a wide range of academic literature. It synthesizes key insights into the technological advancements, operational challenges, ethical considerations, and strategic implications of DSS. The research highlights the potential of advanced technologies to substantially enhance soldier capabilities but also underscores the complexities of integrating these technologies into cohesive and functional systems. The analysis delves into the operational effectiveness and flexibility of DSS, illustrating their ability to improve situational awareness, decision-making, and mobility in diverse operational contexts. However, it also points out the need for systems to adapt to varying scenarios and environments. The ethical and strategic dimensions of DSS deployment are explored, emphasizing the need for robust ethical frameworks and strategic planning to ensure that advancements in military capabilities align with ethical norms and contribute positively to global security. Lessons learned from past deployments and case studies provide invaluable insights into the real-world performance, user acceptance, and integration challenges of DSS. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective, anticipating future developments in DSS and outlining strategies for their successful implementation. The conclusions and recommendations presented provide a roadmap for the development and integration of DSS, ensuring they evolve in alignment with the imperatives of modern and future warfare.

The promise and challenges of Artificial Intelligence-Large Language Models (AI-LLMs) in obstetric and gynecology

HIGHLIGHTS 1. The article highlights how Artificial Intelligence with Large Language Models (AI-LLMs) greatly improves diagnosis and treatment personalization in obstetrics & gynecology, and also enhances medical education through interactive simulations and up-to-date learning materials.2. The article also discusses the ethical issues linked to AI, emphasizing the need for cooperation among different stakeholders to use AI responsibly in medicine, focusing on protecting data privacy and minimizing reliance on technology. ABSTRACT The introduction of Artificial Intelligence through Large Language Models (AI-LLM) into medicine holds great promise for improving patient care and medical education, especially in obstetrics and gynecology. AI-LLM can significantly improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency by utilizing large medical databases, which is especially useful for dealing with rare diseases that are difficult to document or understand by human practitioners alone. In addition, AI-LLM can provide informed patient care recommendations by analyzing large amounts of data and providing insights based on unique patient profiles, with the added benefit of being accessible 24/7 via the internet. This constant availability ensures that patients receive prompt information and assistance as needed. In the field of education, AI-LLMs enhance the learning experience by incorporating interactive simulations into the curriculum, improving medical students' and professionals' practical knowledge. They also ensure that educational materials are always up-to-date reflecting the most recent research and worldwide medical standards. This access latest information from global resources helps to bridge the educational gap, making advanced knowledge more accessible to learners regardless of their geographic location. However, the introduction of AI-LLMs is not without challenges. Ethical issues, such as data privacy and the risk of overreliance on technology, must be addressed. Effective management of these concerns necessitates collaboration among medical professionals, technological experts, academics, hospital committees, and representatives of patients. This multidisciplinary teamwork is vital for upholding ethical norms and preserving patient dignity and respect. AI-LLMs can considerably improve both patient care and medical education in obstetrics and gynecology provided they are appropriately balanced with innovation and ethics.

A synthesis of social responsibility theory and fact-checking ethics codes

ABSTRACT Building on the various revisions of research works on fact-checking activities, the fact – checkers’ norms and the social responsibility theory of press, the proposed model articulates eight functions of the social responsibility of fact-checkers. This paper combined the social responsibility theory with fact-checking organisations’ ethics codes. It also contributes to shaping ethical norms for these organisations, emphasising pragmatic objectivity, knowledge-based journalism, and explanatory reporting.

What does the Thinking about Relationalism and Humanness in African Philosophy imply for Different Modes of Being Present in the Metaverse?

In this article, I interrogate whether the deployment and development of the Metaverse should take into account African values and modes of knowing to foster the uptake of this hyped technology in Africa. Specifically, I draw on the moral norms arising from the components of communal interactions and humanness in Afro-communitarianism to contend that the deployment of the Metaverse and its development ought to reflect core African moral values to foster its uptake in the region. To adequately align the Metaverse with African core values and thus foster its uptake among Africans, significant technological advancement that makes simulating genuine human experiences possible must occur. Additionally, it would be necessary for the developers and deployers to ensure that higher forms of spiritual activities can be had in the Metaverse to foster its uptake in Africa. Finally, I justify why the preceding points do not necessarily imply that the Metaverse will have a higher moral status than reallife on the moral scale that can be grounded in Afro-communitarianism.