Moradabad City Research Articles

Groundwater Quality Assessment with Respect to Heavy Metal Content by using Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) of Moradabad District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), is a rating method to assess the water quality and to categorize the groundwater pollution with respect to heavy metals content. The aims of the present study are to look over the current status of heavy metals pollution in and around Moradabad city. Heavy metal pollution in water has gained universal consciousness due to its tenacity, accumulation in the food chain and negative effects on ecological as well as human health. Its variation in concentration can cause deterioration of water. The study focuses on examining the content of heavy metal (Zn, Fe, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cr) in the 30 water samples from the surrounding areas of Moradabad city. The concentrations of Cd, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr in water samples were recorded in the pre- and post-monsoon season of 2017. The examined samples reveal that the contamination level of heavy metal is in the following sequence Ni>Fe>Pb>Cd>Cr>Cu>Zn>Mn in premonsoon 2017, whereas in postmonsoon season, heavy metals values are shown as Fe>Pb>Ni>Mn>Cr> Cu>Zn>Cd. The HPI average value in pre-monsoon 2017 is 13.07, which recommended that the groundwater quality is good. While in post-monsoon season HPI average values has been 159.26 suggesting that the water quality is poor to inferior. The correlation matrix has been evaluated and shows a positive correlation with the elements. The immense production of industrial solid waste in Moradabad city and its improper disposal in the form of heap piled outside the city area generates leachate. Heavy metal leaching from these disposal points may contaminate the groundwater as well as surface water resources. The study shows that heavy metal concentration has a noticeable rise in water due to different anthropogenic and various natural sources of contamination.

A Study Related to the Assessment of Vitamin a Deficiency in Children Aged (3-6) Years and Survey the Knowledge of the Mothers

The present study was taken with the objective to study the socio-economic profile of the subjects, assess the anthropometric measurements of the pre-school children aged (3-6 yrs.), assess the clinical symptoms of the subjects, mother’s knowledge pre and post- test regarding vitamin A with questionnaire. A total 50 mothers aged 25- 35 years were randomly selected from the two different rural areas (Uncha gaon and Machariya village) of the Moradabad city. Subjects were interviewed for obtaining general information, frequency table, anthropometric data, clinical symptoms, and mother’s knowledge test with questionnaire. Mostly 32% mothers were housewife, 18% mothers were service women. Majority of the subjects 30% were illiterate and 32% mothers were eight class or intermediates but knowledge level is less about vitamin. After pre-test council were given to mothers then there is increment in knowledge level was seen regarding to vitamin A.

Clinical symptoms of COVID-19 among tobacco users in Moradabad city, India: A retrospective observational study

Background: Tobacco is one of the leading risk factors for many respiratory infections and is linked to the clinical severity of the disease. COVID-19 primarily infects the lungs and causes severe pneumonia-like illness. Tobacco consumption may thus, increase the risk for developing COVID-19. However, this study was planned to assess the tobacco consumption among COVID-19 patients and determine the relationship between SARS CoV-2 and tobacco use among COVID-19 patients. Methods: Lists of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 positive patients aged 18-70 years were obtained from District Government Hospital on November 2020 and were interviewed telephonically after taking informed consent. A total of 470 patients under home isolation for the past one month after getting diagnosed with SARS CoV-2 were recruited in this study. Data was entered in MS Excel 2019 (Microsoft Corp.) and analysis was done using SPSS 25 (IBM Inc.). Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used and significance level was set 0.05 with 95% confidence interval. Results: In the present study, the mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 37.8 (12.1) years. Among the COVID-19 patients, 21% of participants were tobacco users. Clinical symptoms such as fever, severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), acute respiratory illness (ARI), loss of taste/smell, and other symptoms such as body-ache, myalgia, nasal secretion and flue like symptoms were presented; of which most common symptoms were fever (26.8%) followed by SARI or ARI (11.5%) and significantly presented more among tobacco users (66.3%) than non-tobacco users (55.6%) (P=0.036). Nonetheless smokers, these symptoms also affected significantly SLT users (64.8%) (P=0.029) and dual tobacco users (100%) (P=0.010). Conclusion: Tobacco use may worsen COVID-19 disease symptoms among COVID-19 patients.

Performance analysis of a serrated absorber plate solar air heater with paraffin wax storage.

The study aims to examine the thermal performance of solar air heaters employing two different absorber plates under two different configurations. The experiments have been conducted in the summer climatic conditions of Moradabad City, India. A total of about 04 models of solar air heaters have been developed. The experimental investigation has been done using a flat-plate absorber and a serrated geometric absorber (with and without using the tested phase change material) to estimate the thermal performance. Notably, 03 different mass flow rates (i.e., 0.01kg/s, 0.02kg/s, and 0.03kg/s) have been used to investigate the heat transfer coefficient, instantaneous efficiency, and daily efficiencies. Results of the study showed that Model-4 is the best among all the tested models that provide an average exhaust temperature of about 46°C after sunset. The optimum daily average efficiency has been obtained at about 63% at 0.03kg/s. The efficiency of a serrated plate-type SAH without using phase change material is about 23% higher than that of a conventional system, while it is about 19% higher than that of a conventional SAH using phase change material. Overall, the modified system is suitable for moderate-temperature applications, like agricultural drying and space heating.

Role of Traditional Craft in Shaping the Historic City of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh

Moradabad is known as the Brass City of India. The paper would cover the study of the tangible heritage of Moradabad including the understanding of the historic city and identifying the historic structures of the old city. The second one would be to study the Intangible Heritage of Moradabad focusing on identifying the traditional brass making areas. This aspect would also focus on documenting the ‘karkhanas’ where they make brass items and the traditional knowledge system involved in the craft. This study would be based on primary on-site surveys.After studying both the layers, the paper would also try and find the connection between the traditional craft and the historic city. Artisans from the major backbone of the city. The conditions in which they are working has a direct implication on their health, the paper would aim to study these issues and give design solutions/ proposals for the same.

Prevalence, Pattern, and Severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in 8-12-year-old Schoolchildren of Moradabad City.

Recently, molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) has become more evident and one of the most common reasons for loss of teeth in children after dental caries. Being a country with a diverse ethnic population, the prevalence of MIH in different regions of India may differ. Hence, the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, pattern, and severity of MIH in 8-12-year-old Schoolchildren in Moradabad city. This study was conducted in various schools of Moradabad city to target a sample of 2,300 children aged between 8 and 12 years. The examination was done in their respective schools by a calibrated examiner in natural daylight using European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry diagnostic criteria for MIH 2015. The results, thus obtained, were statistically analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test. A prevalence of 3.96% (91/2300) for MIH was reported without any gender predilection. Molar hypomineralization showed a prevalence of 1.3% (29/2300) whereas the prevalence for hypomineralization of second primary molars was 1.4% (22/1620). The most common type of defect was type 2 and most of the affected teeth were of grade I. Mandibular molars were more commonly affected compared to the maxillary molars. A prevalence of 3.96% (91/2300) was observed for MIH. Frequent dental screening camps should be organized in schools at the community level for the enhancement of early diagnosis of MIH and designing appropriate management strategies. Khan A, Garg N, Mayall SS, et al. Prevalence, Pattern, and Severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in 8-12-year-old Schoolchildren of Moradabad City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(2):168-174.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis b, c and HIV among patients attending a multispecialty hospital: An 8 year old retrospective study

Background: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV infection are serious global health problems. Many risk behaviors as well as the routes of transmission for HBV and HCV infections are identical to those for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. They are considered as occupational risk for dental professionals and other health care workers of getting HIV, HBV or HCV infection from an infected patient and the potential transmission to susceptible patients from infected dental personnel. Due to lack of knowledge regarding the prevalence of these viral diseases among the local populations, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV by detecting the presence of HBV antigen (HBsAg) and HCV antibodies (HCV-Ab) and HIV antibodies (HIV-Ab) and the relation of their presence with other factors such as gender and age among dental patients visiting a tertiary care teaching hospital in Moradabad city in Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Case records of a total of 3000 patients were included whose serum was screened using Rapid card diagnostic kits using standard recommended procedure. HIV TRI-DOT for HIV antibodies, HEPACARD for HBsAg and HCV TRI-DOT for HCV antibodies. All rapid test positive samples were further tested by a third-generation Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Data was analyzed and put for statistical analysis. Results: The overall seroprevalence of the HIV, HBV and HCV increased over the eight year period by approximately 5%. A statistical significant difference in prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV in male and females was obtained. A high seropositivity was prevalent in the age group of 30-40 years. Conclusion: The sero frequency of HIV, hepatitis B and C was high among patients especially from rural population visiting the tertiary health care hospital that usually go unnoticed leading to cross infection. Thus proper history taking, diagnostic tests and sterilization protocols can minimize and prevent these dreadful blood borne infections from spreading.

Effect of Heavy Metals caused by E-waste Activities on Soil Samples, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, Human Fingernails, and Scalp Hair in Moradabad City, India

<p>E-waste is a popular name for electronic products nearing the end of their favorable life. Which ensuing in increased dangers of digital waste normally acknowledged as e-waste. Present study was aimed to find out the soil quality, air pollution and its relation to human health risk. Therefore, two study sites (SI and SII) were choised on the basis of various activities. PM<sub>2.5</sub> air samples had been gathered with the help of RDS after which were analyzed to heavy metals through ICP-MS. Objectives of the study, was to generate baseline data at the quantity of heavy metal cognizance in soil from two test sites. In rise, we measured the heavy metallic concentrations in scalp hair and fingernails to discover if there exists any relation among organic publicity and environmental. Hypertension, Hypoxemia and Asthma had been additionally decided for the evaluation of fitness parameters among the take a look at population. For this purpose, investigation also involved the collection of fingernails and scalp hair for heavy metal analysis (ICP-MS) from human subjects of two study sites. Results indicated that, except SI, SII had significant level of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its heavy metal content. All soil indices which were employed to determine the level of pollution, indicates extreme level of metals at all the study sites. Therefore, local residents as well as workers, who were engaged in e-waste burning and industrial activities also had various levels of toxic metal concentrations in their scalp hair and fingernails. We concluded that the high levels of air pollution, containing toxic metal pollutants such as Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni released from e-waste burning activities, resulted in significant health risks for the exposed human population.It is recommended that environment of Moradabad City should be closely monitored by government agencies on routine basis. It was concluded that the toxic metal contamination imposed a negative influence on the environment, soil and human health.</p>

Design and performance characteristics of an innovative heat sink structure with phase change material for cooling of photovoltaic system

ABSTRACT Performance of a photovoltaic (PV) module depends on module characteristics, operating conditions, control systems, cell temperature, and installation environment. PV cells operating at high temperatures have lower PV electrical conversion efficiencies. In the present work, efforts are made to design and develop an innovative heat sink through which both the water cooling and cooling with phase change materials (PCM) can be done whenever required. This experimental study reports on the performance of maintaining low PV temperatures with front-surface water-cooling and back-surface cooling with a PCM based heat sink in three different configurations under the climatic condition of Moradabad city in India. The same reference module was compared with (i) a front-surface water-cooled system; (ii) a back-surface PCM-cooled module; and (iii) a system that was time dependently water-cooled and PCM-cooled module. Average surface temperature was reduced by 78.7% under first configuration, 25.7% under second configuration, and 36.8% under third configuration. The net average electrical conversion efficiency enhancement was about 22.8%, 7.8%, and 10.3% for first, second, and third configurations, respectively. New heat sink is found better for thermal management of PV systems in comparison to other available cooling techniques and conventional PV modules.

Clinical Measurement of Maximum Mouth Opening in Children Aged 6-12.

To evaluate the clinical maximum mouth opening in children and its correlation with age, and sex. Three hundred children of age 6-12 years, from different schools of Moradabad city were included. The participants were divided into three groups based on their age i.e Group 1 (n=100) 6-8 years, Group 2 (n=100) 8-10 years and Group 3 (n=100) 10-12 yrs. Three recordings of maximum mouth opening (MMO) were obtained using digital vernier caliper and the mean of three was considered as the MMO of that child. The data was analyzed using Spearman correlation, ANOVA with post- hoc Bonferroni test. The significance level was predetermined at p≤0.05 . The mean MMO for children of Moradabad of aged 6-8yrs in boys is 39.87 ± 4.91 mm and in girls is 36.85± 4.09 mm. In 8-10 yeas age group, the MMO in boys is 44.5± 5.1 mm and in girls 41.77± 5.24 mm. In 10-12 year age group, the MMO in boys is 49.63± 5.56 mm and in girls is 49.33±5.32 mm respectively. The MMO was found to be higher in boys in all the three age groups. There was a significant difference in values of MMO in all the three age groups with boys having higher MMO values when compared to girls. Varying range of MMO values was observed within three age groups.

Effect of extended geometry filled with and without phase change material on the thermal performance of solar air heater

The goal of this research is to conduct an experimental investigation of a solar air heater (SAH) on four different configurations of the two different absorber plates by using phase change material (PCM). Modified models of SAHs with PCM are tested under the climatic conditions of Moradabad city (latitude- 28o 50‘N and Longitude-78o 47‘E), India. Parameters affecting thermal performance of SAH are estimated and studied by conducting experiments on flat plate type absorber and absorber with small cylindrical tubes, with and without PCM. Thermal performance parameters of the modified systems are analyzed for varying mass flow rates such as; 0.01 kg/s, 0.02 kg/s and 0.03 kg/s and varying mass of the tested PCM. Experimental findings showed that the maximum temperature difference between the ambient air and the exhaust air temperature of SAH with PCM filled small cylindrical tubes is about 2 °C to 9 °C in comparison of SAH with flat plate absorber on forced convection. Configuration 4 is observed the optimum configuration among the all tested configurations which provided the exhaust temperature about 48 °C for a lengthy duration about 9.8 h/day minimum with 66% daily efficiency which is quite suitable for space heating and agricultural drying operations.

Identification of the processes controlling groundwater quality in shallow aquifers of Moradabad city, west Uttar Pradesh, India

Present study has been carried out to identify the processes controlling groundwater quality of Moradabad city, Uttar Pradesh. A total 188 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions in pre- and post-monsoon seasons of years 2012 and 2013. Analysis results showed higher concentration of Na, K, Cl, SO4 and NO3. LL diagram showed dominance of alkalis and Cl + SO4, in three sampling seasons except in post-monsoon 2012, when Na + K–Cl + SO4 facies is recorded in 50% samples. There is dearth of HCO3 complexes in the pre-monsoon season of 2012, and then, their appearance in the post-monsoon season with alkali bicarbonates being 50%. This trend is reversed in 2013. Groundwater composition showed potential impact of varying rainfall pattern suggesting that chemistry of groundwater is intimately related to meteorological parameters. To predict minerals and their reactivity in groundwater, saturation index (SI) was calculated for pre- and post-monsoon of 2012. Groundwater is highly under-saturated with respect to halite, sulphates of Ca and fluorite and super-saturated with respect to chalcedony, quartz and talc, and these minerals may possibly be precipitated out. Relationship of SiO2 with Cl and TDS gives unequivocal evidence of anthropogenic factors having significant effect in determining the chemical characteristics of groundwater. Groundwater chemistry of the area is sum total of factors, such as, meteorological, hydrological and lithological and a set of processes related to various domains of anthropogenic activities, where variation in intensity and distribution of rainfall seems to be one of the driving factors responsible for overall temporal variations in groundwater chemistry.

Thermal performance evaluation of a solar air heater integrated with helical tubes carrying phase change material

Abstract In this present work, the efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of solar air heater (SAH). For this, total two models have been developed. There is one reference model SAH-A and one modified model SAH-B which is integrated with paraffin wax as a low cost energy storage material. Furthermore, model SAH-B is further modified into a new model SAH C which is integrated with a specific mixture of paraffin wax and Granular coarbon powder (GCP). For better heat storage capacity of the aforesaid energy materials, helical tube of copper made has been considered as a container. Both the models of air heater (SAH-B and SAH C) have been experimentally tested on natural and forced convection under the climatic conditions of Moradabad city, India. Results show that SAH- C is better over SAH-A and SAH-B in performance comparison. Thermal efficiency of SAH C is found to be 79.10%, whereas it is found around 57.41% for SAH-B and around 50% for SAH-A. The other major parameter is heat transfer coefficient and for SAH C it is found to be 411.05 W/m2K, whereas it is found around 389 W/m2K for SAH-B and around 249.19 W/m2K for SAH-A. The maximum exhaust temperature of SAH C is reported to be 52.5 °C, whereas it is observed around 46.9 °C for SAH-B and about to be 44.7 °C for SAH-A. The main parameters of the present work summarizes that the model SAH C is an economic and optimum model for space heating, timber seasoning, drying operations etc. The total cost of the best configured SAH C model is only $67.

Design and thermal performance evaluation of an air heater with low cost thermal energy storage

In the present experimental study a modified solar air heater (SAH) has been tested which integrated with cylindrical copper tube carrying low cost thermal energy storage (TES) material. The blackened copper tube is flexible to integrate with any flat plate type thermal system for performance enhancement especially for providing the hot air for long deliberating hours in low ambient conditions. Total, three low cost TES materials namely; granular carbon powder (GCP), paraffin wax and a unique combination of these two has been tested to evaluate its significance on the performance of SAH in geographical location of Moradabad city, India. Total three different models of air heater (SAH-B, SAH-C and SAH-D) have been developed and experimentally tested on TES encapsulated flexible copper tubes for performance enhancement. Flexibility of the tube is that it can be easily placed on the solar absorber of SAH whenever required by filling any desired TES material. Results show that all the new developed air heaters have been found better over the conventional air heater (SAH-A) but the model SAH-D has been found the best among all models in terms of heat transfer (485.31 W/m2 K), thermal efficiency (78.31%) and exhaust temperature (50 °C). The overall cost of the modified system is only $67.75 which is much economical to the other studied models.

An Experimental Evaluation on the awareness of “Pradhan Mantri Jan Aryogya Yojna - Ayushmaan Bharat” (PMJAY-AB) Scheme among residents of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh

Background: One of the most ambitious health insurance programme of the world was launched in September 2018 i.e. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) popularly known as Ayushmaan Bharat. The programme aims to help the 100 million poor families of India to get the benefits of medical services for their health and take the treatment of disease which they cannot afford. This gives a chance to Shri Narendera Modi’s government to transform the health care sector of India. This paper discuss about the awareness of PMJAY-AB programme among the residents of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. Material & Methods: It empirical study done on the residents of Moradabad region in Uttar Pradesh by Around 150 samples were collected in which 130 samples were found correct, as they were completely filled and used as a data for analysis. This topic was taken for study to assess people awareness regarding government schemes in health care sector which is associated with hospital and health care management by applying Chi-Square Test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s Correlation Test. The period of study was of 4 months i.e. from February 2019 to May 2019. The cluster convenient sampling method was chosen for the study. For the collection of data the Moradabad was divided into three parts:- 1. MDA- near Vivekanand Hospital, 2. Majhola, Mansarover & Budhi Vihar – near Sai Hospital and 3. Pakbara – near TMU Hospital Results & Conclusion: The study concludes that the demographic factors have some relationship, effect and correlation on PMJAY – AB awareness at Moradabad. These demographic factors gender, age, marital status, religions, education qualification, occupations & income status were tested with resident’s awareness status of PMJAY-AB by conducting descriptive analysis, chi-square test (Relationship), analysis of variance & post hoc (Effect) and correlation (Association). RELATIONSHIP: It is hereby concluded from the results obtained by applying chi-square test (cross tabulation) that except demographic variable Age groups no other variable has a significant relationship with the resident’s awareness of PMJAY - AB at Moradabad. EFFECT: It is hereby concluded from the results obtained by conducting ANOVA that age groups, education level and income-socio-economic level play role in effecting the resident’s awareness regarding PMJAY- AB at Moradabad. It is also concluded that very old people (above 60 yrs) have highest awareness of PMJAY- AB and young generation (20-30 yrs) have the lowest awareness regarding this government scheme. Further residents between age bands 31-60 yrs have moderate awareness in the Moradabad City. When it comes to education level awareness about PMJAY- AB scheme is least among under graduates and there is no difference between the Awareness of PMJAY- AB among graduates and post graduates in Moradabad. Other demographic variable does not have any effect on awareness of this government scheme in Moradabad. ASSOCIATION: It is hereby concluded from the results obtained after applying Pearson_Correlation(r) test that except age groups no other variable (education qualification and income) make any association with awareness level of PMJAYAB scheme at Moradabad.

Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Study on Factors Yielding the Effectiveness of the Academia–Industry Interface (With Special Reference to Moradabad City)

In the era of globalization and making headway in innovation, educational establishments and industries are confronting new difficulties as well as openings in the zone of transferring knowledge. The stipulation for students and lecturers has changed significantly and they anticipate becoming competent enough to use new technology for researching. With the growing pace of technology, the faculty, students, and managers are becoming more hi-tech-oriented as never before, which is resulting in more demand for research and training. Training will help the academia–industry to compete in the global environment as well as cater to international students and fulfill their needs too. However, to remain competent globally, knowledge transfer has become the need of the hour to disseminate knowledge and provide inputs to solve business problems. Knowledge transfer between educational institutions and industry is considered as an important driver of innovation and economic growth, as it eases the commercialization of new scientific knowledge within firms. Knowledge transfer denotes facilitating the sharing of the mentioned knowledge with one another. The paper will emphasize on a methodical literature review of the academia–industry interface in order to identify various factors contributing to their effectiveness. The primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey done on a sample of 100 employees working in various educational institutions and industries of Moradabad city, Uttar Pradesh, India and analyzed with the help of various statistical tools. The study also aims to identify the impact of key success factors on employee compliance with knowledge transfer. The researcher also evaluates the impact of employee compliance with knowledge transfer on organizational effectiveness. The contribution of this study will help both educational institutions and industry to better understand the knowledge transfer systems.

Estimation of Anthropogenic Influences in Groundwater Quality of Shallow Aquifers of Moradabad City, Western Uttar Pradesh

ABSTRACT The present work has been carried out in Moradabad, one of the important cities in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The main focus of the study is to estimate the extent of anthropogenic contamination in shallow groundwater of the area. For this purpose, total 188 groundwater samples collected from handpumps in pre- and post monsoon period of 2012 and 2013 (47 in each season) were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and anions (Cl, HCO3, SO4, NO3 and F). The results of the analysis suggested that groundwater is slightly alkaline, hard to very hard in nature, average TDS values were found to be more than 1000 mg/l, which gives a clear evidence of anthropogenic influences. To estimate the extent of contamination, the information on relatively unpolluted groundwater systems occurring in different terrains including Ganga plain where the groundwater was relatively unaffected by anthropogenic activities is used. The estimated pristine chemical composition of groundwater of different terrains used in the present study was compared with the groundwater of Moradabad city. This comparison showed that Moradabad city with the highest Na, K, Cl, SO4 and NO3 values being 440 mg/l, 96 mg/l, 537 mg/l, 537 mg/l and 244 mg/l, respectively, is one of the most polluted urban centres within the Ganga plain. It may be suggested that values of > 50 mg/l for Na, > 10 mg/l for K, > 25 mg/l for Cl, > 50 mg/l for SO4 and > 10 mg/l for NO3 have their respective sources in anthropogenic activities such as agricultural in the peripheral region, human and animal wastes, leakages from drains and septic tanks, landfill leachates and industrial effluents.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Oral Health and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes among Rural and Urban Pregnant Women of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Aim: This study aimed to compare and evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes among rural and urban pregnant women of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at health-care centers, private and government hospitals, and institutions in Moradabad city (Uttar Pradesh, India). A structured questionnaire with a set of 18 questions for a sample of 515 was designed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women regarding oral hygiene and its adverse pregnancy outcomes [Appendix 1]. Data obtained from this questionnaire were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. Statistical significance was measured using Chi-square test for qualitative variables at P

Environmental Monitoring of <sup>222</sup>Rn Radiations in "Bare Mode" in Moradabad City of Western Uttar Pradesh, India

Environmental Monitoring of <sup>222</sup>Rn Radiations in "Bare Mode" in Moradabad City of Western Uttar Pradesh, India

Effect of airborne lead pollution on some avenue trees in Moradabad city.

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the atmospheric lead pollution on the highway and its effect on the leaves of some avenue trees. Emission of lead from the automobile exhaust contaminates soil and surrounding plants. Samples of unwashed leaves were used to assess the concentration level of lead (Pb) in plants and for the purpose the leaves of five different a venue plant species i. e. Holoptelea integrifolia , Ficus rumphii, Anthocephalus kadamba, Alstonia scholaris and Bauhinia variegata were collected from five different locations and were analyzed by ICP. The results indicate that among the plants Bauhinia variegata have the highest concentration of lead (I.SIpgg-^) at unpolluted site as well as at polluted site (4.56pgg-^) while Holoptelea intagrifolia the have the lowest (1.01 pgg'^) at unpolluted site compared to the polluted site (2.94pgg-^) possibly due to difference in plant morphology and leaf surfaces. On this basis it may be concluded that Holoptelea integrifolia, Ficus rumphii and Anthocephalus kadamba, are the resistant cultivars and may be grown as avenue trees near highways.