Mood Signs Research Articles

Dermatologists across Europe underestimate depression and anxiety: results from 3635 dermatological consultations.

It was recently demonstrated that a significant number of patients with common skin diseases across Europe are clinically depressed and anxious. Studies have shown that physicians not trained as psychiatrists underdiagnose depression. This has not been explored among dermatologists. To estimate the concordance between clinical assessment of depression and anxiety by a dermatologist and assessment with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The study was an observational cross-sectional multicentre study of prevalent cases of skin diseases in 13 countries in Europe. Consecutive patients were recruited in outpatient clinics and filled in questionnaires prior to clinical examination by a dermatologist who reported any diagnosis of skin disease and signs of mood disorders. Analysis of the 3635 consultations showed that the agreement between dermatologist and HADS was poor to fair (lower than 0·4) for all diagnosis categories. The true-positive rate (represented by the percentage of dermatologists recognizing signs of depression or anxiety in patients with depression or anxiety as defined by a HADS value ≥ 11) was 44·0% for depression and 35·6% for anxiety. The true negative rate (represented by the percentage of dermatologists not detecting signs of depression or anxiety in non-depressed or non-anxious patients defined by HADS-value < 11) was 88.8% for depression and 85.7% for anxiety. Dermatologists in Europe tend to underestimate mood disorders. The results suggest that further training for dermatologists to improve their skills in diagnosing depression and anxiety might be appropriate. When present, the psychological suffering of patients with dermatological conditions needs to be addressed.

Depression signs, Teasing and Low Self-esteem in Female Obese Adolescents: a clinical evaluation

Objective: the study identifies the presence of the signs of depression, teasing and self-esteem in obese female adolescents compared to a control group. Methods: the studied group consisted of female subjects (N= 106 obese adolescents and 106 control group) aged from 12 to 18. In the study, the subjects were administered measures of body image, Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS), Scale of perceived Teasing, Self-Liking (SL) and Self-competence (SC) to appraise self-esteem. Results: the comparative assessment highlighted that obese adolescents are significantly depressed. Regarding the teasing, the adolescents were affected from a physical viewpoint. A significant difference also emerged in relation to self-esteem. Conclusion: the emotional consequences should be carefully weighed in consideration of the possible psychopathologies that may arise, i.e. mood signs. In relation to the signs, the prevention with psychological interventions is important for eating disorders and improve psychosocial health.

Signs of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chimpanzees

BackgroundIn humans, traumatic experiences are sometimes followed by psychiatric disorders. In chimpanzees, studies have demonstrated an association between traumatic events and the emergence of behavioral disturbances resembling posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We addressed the following central question: Do chimpanzees develop posttraumatic symptoms, in the form of abnormal behaviors, which cluster into syndromes similar to those described in human mood and anxiety disorders?Methodology/Principal FindingsIn phase 1 of this study, we accessed case reports of chimpanzees who had been reportedly subjected to traumatic events, such as maternal separation, social isolation, experimentation, or similar experiences. We applied and tested DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and major depression to published case reports of 20 chimpanzees identified through PrimateLit. Additionally, using the DSM-IV criteria and ethograms as guides, we developed behaviorally anchored alternative criteria that were applied to the case reports. A small number of chimpanzees in the case studies met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and depression. Measures of inter-rater reliability, including Fleiss' kappa and percentage agreement, were higher with use of the alternative criteria for PTSD and depression. In phase 2, the alternative criteria were applied to chimpanzees living in wild sites in Africa (n = 196) and chimpanzees living in sanctuaries with prior histories of experimentation, orphanage, illegal seizure, or violent human conflict (n = 168). In phase 2, 58% of chimpanzees living in sanctuaries met the set of alternative criteria for depression, compared with 3% of chimpanzees in the wild (p = 0.04), and 44% of chimpanzees in sanctuaries met the set of alternative criteria for PTSD, compared with 0.5% of chimpanzees in the wild (p = 0.04).Conclusions/SignificanceChimpanzees display behavioral clusters similar to PTSD and depression in their key diagnostic criteria, underscoring the importance of ethical considerations regarding the use of chimpanzees in experimentation and other captive settings.

Aristotel o stavčnih tipih in oblikah govora

Kot se vidi iz 4. poglavja Hermenevtike, spada analiza neizjavljalnih stavkov, kot so želje, zapovedi itd., v retoriko in poetiko. Toda obdelani niso niti v Retoriki niti v Poetiki, kjer je v 20. poglavju njihova obravnava izrecno izločena iz pesniške umetnosti in premeščena v veščino uprizarjanja ali predvajanja. Ta članek daje za opisano diskrepanco razlago, ki temelji na Aristotelovi zavrnitvi Protagorove kritike Homerja.

Some Sub-Atomic Particles of Logic1

I can best begin this contribution to the articulation of speech acts with a consideration of the Fregian 'assertion-sign', or, to speak more accurately, 'judgement-stroke'. This correction itself warns us that there is not just one kind of sign that has to be examined, but several, and that an elucidation of this difficult subject has to begin with a careful distinction between them. Only then can we see which of these signs are necessities, or even possibilities, for logic-that is, what we are to say about Wittgenstein's complete dismissal of Frege's sign in Tractatus 4.442 and subsequently as 'logically quite meaningless'. I submit this discussion as a penance for having failed to make the necessary distinctions clear in my first book The Language of Morals, in spite of being at least partially aware of them at the time.2 I later made some of them in print, especially that between what I shall be calling signs of subscription and signs of mood.3 In spite of this, the distinction is still often neglected; in particular, both Michael Dummett's and Donald Davidson's discussions would have been a great deal clearer if they had been more attentive to it.4 I should perhaps add that I have found Dummett's treatment of assertion rewarding, and agree with most of it. Let us then look at some of the different things that are done by what I called in that book the 'neustic'. I am going to start with the easiest customer. I do not think that anybody could, on reflection, deny that a logical notation needs a sign of mood, if it is to handle sentences or speech acts. or different kinds of things that are said. in different moods. This is