Mood Disorders Research Articles

Effect of Apelin-13 on Anxiety Like Behaviour in Male Rats

Aim: Apelin-13 is known to be one of the predominant neuropeptides with a marked crucial role in circuits involved in mood disorders. Abnormalities of the hippocampus and amygdala play an important role in the development and/or maintenance of pathological anxiety. Here, we assessed the potential anxiolytic effect of Apelin-13 on anxiety-like behaviors in male rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n=12). Control (C), Social Isolation (SI), Apelin-13 (A), and Social Isolation + Apelin-13 (SI+A). In the C and A groups, four animals were housed per cage for 8 weeks. In the SI and SI+A groups, each animal was housed individually for 8 weeks. After that apelin-13 administration was applied by osmotic pomp. Anxiety/depression-related behaviors were evaluated using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field Test (OFT), and Light-Dark boxes (LDB). We also measured the expression of Apelin-13, Apelin receptor (APJ), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Mammalian Atonal Homolog 1 (MASH1), Nestin, Doublecortin (DCX) and Neuritin in the hippocampus. These are important markers indicating the anxiety mechanism in the hippocampus. Results: Our findings showed that apelin-13 administration reduced anxiety behaviors. Open arm entires and time spent were higher in the A group. In the open field test, grooming and rearing were lower in the SI group. Moreover, apelin-13 and APJ gene expression was higher in the A group. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that apelin-13 infusion may lead to a decrease in anxiety-related behaviors in male rats.

Increased atherogenicity in mood disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) often coexist with metabolic syndrome. Both are linked to increased atherogenicity and a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis of key atherogenic biomarkers in MDD/BD is still lacking. This meta-analysis evaluates the relationship between atherogenic indices and MDD/BD, while identifying the most effective atherogenic biomarker. This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, for articles published up to August 1, 2024. We included 85 eligible studies (14 on BD and 71 on MDD), covering 70,856 participants: 18,738 patients and 52,118 healthy controls. MDD/BD patients showed significant increases (p < 0.001) in the Castelli Risk Index 2 (CRI2), Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), and (triglyceride or TG + low-density lipoprotein + very low-density lipoprotein)/(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or HDL + Apolipoprotein A or ApoA) ratio, but not CRI1 and ApoB/ApoA ratio. Significant lower HDL and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity, and higher TG levels were observed in MDD/BD patients compared with controls. There were no significant differences between MDD and BD patients. Most included studies lacked the most essential information on the inclusion and exclusion of important confounders. AIP is the most effective atherogenicity index for mood disorders. Regular lipid profiling and metabolic syndrome screening are crucial in MDD/BD. Early intervention with lipid-lowering therapies is recommended to prevent the worsening of atherogenicity and disease progression.

Pattern of Referral of Patients with COVID-19 for Psychiatric Consultation: Experience at a Multidisciplinary Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.

To determine referral patterns for psychiatric consultations among COVID-19 patients encompassing both the in-patient and Emergency Department of a multidisciplinary hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. A retrospective chart review. Place and Duration of the Study: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2020 to December 2021. The research team collected pertinent information from medical records using a standardised proforma, which encompassed data from physicians' notes, nurses' notes, assessment forms, and discharge summaries. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. This study examined 233 psychiatric referrals, with 67% male patients (n = 156) and 57.1% (n = 133) aged above 60 years. The primary psychiatric diagnosis was delirium (47.1%, n = 105), followed by adjustment disorders (10.8%, n = 27) and mood disorders (11.7%, n = 25). The main symptoms leading to consultation were agitation/confusion (45%, n = 106) and psychotropic adjustment (18%, n = 41). Clinical outcomes, including mortality, were associated with agitation/confusion (p = 0.001), delirium (p = 0.001), older age (p = 0.003), and longer length of stay (p = 0.001). Patients aged 61 years and above exhibited frequent agitation/confusion (p = 0.002) and delirium (p = 0.001). Longer stays correlated with agitation/confusion (p = 0.022), and a one-month hospital stay showed an association with delirium (p = 0.050). This study highlights the crucial role of consultation-liaison psychiatric services in addressing the psychological issues in COVID-19 patients. The significance of delirium and its high mortality risk underscores the need for focused research and integration of mental health care into pandemic responses for comprehensive patient care. Referrals, Psychiatric consultations, Hospitalised patients, COVID-19, Pakistan, Consultation-liaison services.

Effects of antidepressant type on allostatic load of male and female psychiatric outpatients

Sex differences and antidepressant use are not systematically accounted for in studies measuring physiological dysregulations associated with chronic stress and allostatic load (AL) in neuropsychiatry. Critically, assessing commonly prescribed antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) could help monitor potential iatrogenic effects on AL and health that are associated with prolonged antidepressant use. The objective of this exploratory analysis was to investigate how male and female psychiatric outpatients using either SSRIs or SNRIs differ in their AL indices. To achieve this, we used data from a larger project collecting administrative, medical, and biological data among psychiatric outpatients of the Anjou Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, based in Montreal, Canada (n=116). Sociodemographic variables included age and birth-assigned sex. We calculated AL using 10 biomarkers reflecting cardiovascular (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse) and metabolic (glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total cholesterol/HDL ratio, triglycerides, body mass index) functioning. Psychiatric medications were classified using the Anatomical and Therapeutic Classification system. We found that relative to female outpatients, male outpatients showed significantly higher AL levels. In addition, relative to SSRI users, SNRI users had significantly higher AL levels. However, there were no interactions effects between birth-assigned sex and antidepressant types on AL. We discuss the potential clinical implications of our findings, as well as directions for future studies that aim to investigate AL among male and female patients using antidepressants.

Association of ambient temperature with social isolation among the community-dwelling Chinese older adults: A cross-sectional study in Hong Kong.

The adverse health impacts of ambient temperature have been well-documented, encompassing not only the mortality and morbidity burden but also mood and mental health disorders. However, the relationship between temperature and social isolation remains unexplored. The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential associations between ambient temperature and social isolation among the aging population. We took advantage of a cross-sectional survey conducted between January 2017 and November 2018 from a community service program special for older adults aged ≥60 who lived in a central community of Hong Kong. The personal social isolation was assessed by the validated Lubben Social Network Scale-6 (LSNS-6), with a score ranging from 0 to 30 and score of less than 12 indicating social isolation. The environmental exposures, including ambient temperature, sunshine hours, rainfalls, and air pollution, were obtained from the nearby monitoring stations. The association of ambient temperature with LSNS-6 score or social isolation was examined by the generalized linear models while adjusting the potential confounding from other environmental exposures and personal sociodemographic factors. Among the 1616 participants, the distribution of LSNS-6 score was approximately normal and the mean score was a bit higher on cool days than on hot days (13.0 vs. 12.2). Compared with cool temperatures (14.4-19.5oC), the independent effect estimates of hot ambient temperatures (24.5-28.7oC) was associated with a 2.38 (95%CI: 1.63-3.13) decrease in LSNS-6 score. Meanwhile, we observed statistically significant associations of sunshine exposure, gender, health status, marital status, living alone, religion, and housing type with LSNS-6 score or social isolation. Our study revealed a clear association between ambient cool temperatures and reduced social isolation, as well as association between hot temperatures and social isolation among older Chinese adults residing in the urban community of Hong Kong.

Incidence and antecedents of emergent suicidal ideation and behavior among Veterans with serious mental illness receiving intensive case management.

Veterans with serious mental illness (SMI; i.e., schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, major mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder) are a high-risk group for suicide and little is known about those with emergent suicidal ideation and/or behavior. The primary study aim was to examine the six-month incidence and baseline antecedents of emergent suicidal ideation and/or behavior (suicidal ideation and/or behavior at six-month follow-up but not at enrollment) in Veterans with SMI enrolled in the Veterans Health Administration's (VHA) community-based treatment program (i.e., Intensive Community Mental Health Recovery [ICMHR]). A second, exploratory aim was to examine six-month follow-up ICMHR service use (e.g., frequency of contact with Veteran, type of services provided) in those with emergent suicidal ideation and/or behavior. National ICMHR program evaluation data from 2000 to 2013 were analyzed for Veterans with enrollment and six-month follow-up assessments (n=9921). Analyses examined differences in baseline characteristics and ICMHR service use in those with emergent suicidal ideation and/or behavior compared to those with other suicidal ideation and/or behavior patterns (i.e., none [at either timepoint], improved [present at enrollment but not at follow-up], persistent [present at both timepoints]). Results showed that 1.7% (n=167) of the sample had emergent suicidal ideation and/or behavior. Some suicidal ideation and/or behavior groups differed significantly from the emergent suicidal ideation and/or behavior group on odds of: lifetime hospitalizations, baseline subjective distress, affective disorder diagnosis, and baseline quality of life. Overall, historical and current clinical factors and quality of life should be assessed in this population given their association with emergent suicidal ideation and/or behavior.

The gut-brain axis: Unveiling the impact of xenobiotics on neurological health and disorders.

The Gut-Brain Axis (GBA) is a crucial link between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system. Xenobiotics, originating from diverse sources, play a significant role in shaping this interaction. This review examines how these compounds influence neurotransmitter dynamics within the GBA. Environmental pollutants can disrupt microbial populations, impacting neurotransmitter synthesis-especially serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and dopamine pathways. Such disruptions affect mood regulation, cognition, and overall neurological function. Xenobiotics also contribute to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, with changes in serotonin levels linked to mood disorders and imbalances in GABA and dopamine associated with anxiety, stress, and reward pathway disorders. These alterations extend beyond the GBA, leading to complications in neurological health, including increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases due to neuroinflammation triggered by neurotransmitter imbalances. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how xenobiotics influence the GBA and their implications for neurological well-being.

Understanding mood disorder treatments.

Understanding mood disorder treatments.

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Neuropathic Pain and Negative Emotion in Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a prevalent chronic condition frequently accompanied by adverse emotional states. Previous research has demonstrated the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in mitigating neuropathic pain and its associated mood disorders. Recent studies have underscored a correlation between gut microbiota and both NP and negative emotional states. Nevertheless, the relationship between the modulation of gut microbiota by EA and the amelioration of NP remains inadequately understood. Mice were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: the Control (Con) group, the EA group, and the Chronic Constrictive Injury (CCI) group (n = 12 each). Starting from the 8th day post-CCI induction, the EA group underwent EA treatment once every two days, for a total of 20 sessions. To investigate the impact of gut microbiota on CCI mice, we employed a variety of methods, including various behavioral tests and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing. The results indicated that EA significantly ameliorated mechanical allodynia and emotional dysfunction induced by CCI in mice. Analysis through 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the gut microbiota of NP model mice exhibited a marked increase in diversity. However, EA could partially reverse changes in the diversity of gut microbiota. The abundance of Alloprevotella, A2, Roseburia, Muribaculum, Ruminiclostridium, and Rikenella was increased, and the abundance levels of Bacteroides were decreased at the genus level in CCI mice. Following EA treatment, the relative abundance of Alistipes, A2, Roseburia, and Rikenella was decreased, whereas the relative abundance of Alloprevotella and Parabacteroides was increased in EA group when compared with the CCI group. These findings suggested that EA exerted a significant therapeutic effect on NP, potentially through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Are indicated prevention and effective early intervention achievable goals for youth with bipolar mood disorders?

Compared with other areas of mental health research that are focused on the active and early management of youth presenting in the early stages of major mental disorders, there has been a relative lack of focus on young people with emerging or established bipolar disorders. Recently, this has stimulated both international professional societies (e.g., International Society for Bipolar Disorders [ISBD] Early Intervention Task Force) and funding agencies from Canada, UK, Australia, and the USA – including the Daymark Foundation (Jain et al. 2023), Wellcome Trust (2022), National Health and Medical Research Council, and BD2 – to promote a focus on identifying the major challenges in this field and gathering support for novel research and clinical service programmes.

"When you're in the office, it means you managed to get somewhere": An interpretive descriptive study of the perceptions of adolescents accessing primary care for mental health services.

Primary care offers an entry point into the health care system for adolescents experiencing mental illnesses. This study explored the perceptions of adolescents with an anxiety or mood disorder accessing primary care for mental health services. Qualitative interpretive descriptive design was employed. Participants ages 15-18 years (n = 10) were recruited from a mid-sized city in Canada utilizing flyers and social media advertisements. Data were collected between August and December 2019. Data generation methods included photo-elicitation, demographic survey, and semi-structured interviews. Analysis was guided by a health care access framework and ecological model. Adolescents perceived the process of accessing primary care for mental health services as complex and beginning prior to entering the primary care environment; a novel conceptual framework was developed to depict the process. Adolescents described three stages in this process: feeling uncertain about their concerns and requiring help; seeking informal support from parents and friends to initiate help-seeking; and receiving mental health services through primary care. A novel conceptual framework to depict the process of access for adolescents is proposed. Primary care practitioners require awareness of the access process adolescents conceptualize prior to deciding to seek help in primary care, as well as the need to foster their emerging adulthood in care. Targeted interventions to enable early intervention include providing information about mental health services available during routine interactions.

Cannabinoid type-1 receptors in CaMKII neurons drive impulsivity in pathological eating behavior.

Overconsumption of palatable food and energy accumulation are evolutionary mechanisms of survival when food is scarce. This innate mechanism becomes detrimental in obesogenic environment promoting obesity and related comorbidities, including mood disorders. The endocannabinoid system favors energy accumulation and regulates reward circuits. We applied a genetic strategy to reconstitute cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1) expression at functional levels specifically in CaMKII+neurons (CaMKII-CB1-RS) and adipocytes (Ati-CB1-RS), respectively, in a CB1 deficient background. Rescued CB1 expression in CaMKII+neurons, but not in adipocytes, promotes feeding behavior, leading to fasting-induced hyperphagia, increased motivation, and impulsivity to palatable food seeking. In a diet-induced obesity model, CB1 re-expression in CaMKII+neurons, but not in adipocytes, compared to complete CB1 deficiency, was sufficient to largely restore weight gain, food intake without any effect on glucose intolerance associated with high-fat diet consumption. In a model of glucocorticoid-mediated metabolic syndrome, CaMKII-CB1-RS mice showed all metabolic alterations linked to the human metabolic syndrome except of glucose intolerance. In a binge-eating model mimicking human pathological feeding, CaMKII-CB1-RS mice showed increased seeking and compulsive behavior to palatable food, suggesting crucial roles in foraging and an enhanced susceptibility to addictive-like eating behaviors. Importantly, other contingent behaviors, including increased cognitive flexibility and reduced anxiety-like behaviors, but not depressive-like behaviors, were also observed. To sum up, CB1 in CaMKII+neurons is instrumental in feeding behavior and energy storage under physiological conditions. The exposure to risk factors (hypercaloric diet, glucocorticoid dysregulation) leads to obesity, metabolic syndrome, binge-eating and food addiction.

L-type calcium channel blockade attenuates the anxiogenic-like effects of cocaine abstinence in female and male rats.

Cocaine abstinence and withdrawal are linked to relapse and heightened anxiety. While L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) have been associated with cocaine use disorders in humans and drug-seeking in rodents, their role in mood-related symptoms during cocaine abstinence remains unclear. We addressed this by investigating the ability of LTCC blockade with isradipine to alter the mood-related behavioral phenotypes induced by cocaine abstinence. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine or saline, followed by a 14-day period of abstinence. Subsequently, behavioral responses were examined using the sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and forced swim test (FST). Cocaine-abstinent rats showed decreased open arm time in the EPM and increased immobility time in the FST with no changes in the SPT. Isradipine (0.4mg/kg or 1.2mg/kg, i.p.), reversed the anxiogenic-like EPM behavior in female cocaine-abstinent rats, whereas only the higher dose (1.2mg/kg, i.p.) was effective in male cocaine-abstinent rats. In the FST, the lower dose (0.4mg/kg, i.p.) of isradipine reversed the increased immobility time observed in cocaine-abstinent female and male rats, with no isradipine effect in saline-abstinent rats. In contrast 1.2mg/kg, i.p. isradipine decreased immobility time in both cocaine and saline abstinent female and male rats. In summary, isradipine administration reversed the anxiogenic and increased the FST immobility time associated with cocaine abstinence in a dose and sex-dependent manner. The data underscore the importance of further investigation of LTCC mechanisms and their therapeutic potential for mood disorders associated with cocaine use disorder.

Loss of PV Interneurons in the BLA May Contribute to Altered Network and Behavioral States in Chronically Epileptic Mice.

Psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression, are highly comorbid in people with epilepsy. However, the mechanisms mediating the shared pathophysiology are currently unknown. There is considerable evidence implicating the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the network communication of anxiety and fear, a process demonstrated to involve parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons. The loss of PV interneurons has been well described in the hippocampus of chronically epileptic mice and in postmortem human tissue of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We hypothesize that a loss of PV interneurons in the BLA may contribute to comorbid mood disorders in epilepsy. To test this hypothesis, we employed a ventral intrahippocampal kainic acid model of TLE in mice, which exhibits profound behavioral deficits associated with chronic epilepsy. We demonstrate a loss of PV interneurons and dysfunction of the remaining PV interneurons in the BLA of chronically epileptic mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate altered principal neuron function and impaired coordination of BLA network and behavioral states in chronically epileptic mice. To determine whether the loss of PV interneurons contributes to these altered network and behavioral states, we partially ablated PV interneurons in the BLA by stereotaxically injecting AAV-Flex-DTA into the BLA of PV-Cre mice. Loss of PV interneurons in the BLA is sufficient to alter behavioral states, such as increasing avoidance behaviors and impairing fear learning. These data suggest that compromised inhibition in the BLA in chronically epileptic mice may contribute to behavioral deficits, suggesting a novel mechanism contributing to comorbid anxiety and epilepsy.

Restorative properties of chronic lurasidone treatment on emotional dysfunction in rats exposed to chronic unavoidable stress: A role for medial prefrontal cortex - nucleus accumbens network.

Anhedonia, a transdiagnostic symptom prevalent in depressive and psychotic disorders, poses a significant challenge for pharmacological intervention due to its association with impaired motivation. Understanding how psychotropic drugs can modulate this pathological domain and elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying such effects are crucial endeavors in psychiatric research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the pro-motivational properties of lurasidone in a rat (Sprague Dawley males) model of anhedonia and to unravel the interplay between lurasidone and the brain regions critical for reward processing. Exposure to unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) led to a marked reduction in motivation, a deficit that was restored by lurasidone treatment at 3mg/kg, but not at 10mg/kg. Interestingly, the stress-induced decrease in reactivity to negative stimuli was reversed by both doses of lurasidone. At the molecular level, stressed animals exhibited reduced expression of neuroplastic markers, that was increased following lurasidone administration. Furthermore, UCS exposure impaired the activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in response to hedonic stimuli, an effect amended by lurasidone treatment. Additionally, lurasidone restored the impaired phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a key regulator of dopamine signaling, in mPFC and NAc of UCS rats exposed to a hedonic stimulus. These findings underscore the potential of lurasidone in improving various psychopathological domains, like impaired motivation and emotional reactivity, core elements contributing to the disability associated with mental disorders. These effects highlight the therapeutic potential of lurasidone in addressing the intricate behavioral and neurochemical alterations associated with anhedonia and related mood disorders.

Consultation Liaison Psychiatry in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Consultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP) is a subspecialty that bridges the gap between psychiatry and general medicine, managing the psychiatric needs of patients with physical illnesses in hospital settings. It plays a crucial role in addressing the mental health comorbidities that accompany medical conditions, improving patient care and interdisciplinary collaboration. Objective: This study aims to explore the role of CLP services in a tertiary care hospital, examining the profile of referred patients, their reasons for referral, and the psychiatric diagnoses. It seeks to assess the effectiveness of CLP in addressing psychosocial care needs and enhancing the integration of psychiatric support in medical settings. Methodology: A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 220 participants, including patients, healthcare staff, and psychiatric consultants. Data was analyzed to assess patient satisfaction, efficacy of interventions, and the challenges faced by medical professionals in managing psychiatric comorbidities. Results: Among the 220 referred patients, 60% were male. Most referrals came from the general medicine department (52%), followed by pulmonary medicine (12%) and nephrology (9%). The primary reasons for referral included psychiatric evaluation of medically ill patients (38.6%), substance use assessment (18.2%), and evaluation of self-harm/suicidal ideation (13.6%). Mood disorders were the most common psychiatric diagnosis (40.9%). Conclusion: CLP services in the tertiary care hospital provided significant benefits in managing patients with complex medical and psychiatric conditions, highlighting the need for integrated care to improve overall patient outcomes.

LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY - EXPLORING HEALTH, METABOLIC, AND PSYCHIATRIC CHALLENGES

Introduction and objective:Precocious puberty (PP) is a condition marked by the premature onset of puberty in children, which can lead to a range of physical, metabolic, and psychological challenges. This review seeks to assess the health implications of precocious puberty and evaluate the treatment options available, with particular emphasis on GnRH analog therapy and the psychological support required for both affected children and their families. Review methods:A comprehensive review of studies related to precocious puberty was conducted, focusing on its physical, metabolic, and psychological effects. Research was analyzed on how PP impacts growth, obesity risk, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and emotional and social challenges in affected children. Results:The findings suggest that precocious puberty leads to reduced final height, an increased risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, girls with precocious puberty are at higher risk for developing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), mood disorders, body image issues, and social challenges. GnRH analog therapy has been shown to improve growth outcomes, though the effectiveness of treatment varies depending on the age of initiation and the progression of puberty. Conclusion:Precocious puberty is associated with a range of serious health consequences that require a comprehensive treatment approach. Successful management should not only address the medical aspects but also incorporate psychological support and emotional monitoring to improve the overall well-being and quality of life. Early intervention and parental education are essential for improving outcomes, and further research is needed to refine treatment strategies and better understand the long-term effects of this condition.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГУСТОГО ЭКСТРАКТА CALLICARPA NUDIFLORA НА НЕКОТОРЫЕ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ЧЕРЕПНО-МОЗГОВОЙ ТРАВМЕ

In the modern world, neurotrauma has become one of the main problems in the field of medicine. Such injuries can be caused by various factors, including accidents, falls, violence, sports injuries, etc. The consequences of neurotrauma can be different, including impaired brain function, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, mood disorders and other negative consequences, so the search for new methods of treating neurotrauma is an urgent task for medicine. It is known that the consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is short- and long-term cognitive deficit, usually manifested in impaired attention, learning, memory and higher integrative functions. Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. &amp; Arn is a plant species used in traditional Asian medicine to treat various diseases, including diseases of the nervous system. According to its chemical composition, Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. &amp; Arn contains flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, macro- and microelements: potassium, iron, copper, sodium, calcium, etc. The object of this study is the extract of Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. &amp; Arn (Callicarpa nudiflora). Quantitative determination of the total content of reducing substances in the analyzed extract in terms of gallic acid was analyzed spectrophotometrically by the reaction of the interaction of the studied extract with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. However, the neuroprotective effect of this plant under experimental neurotrauma has not been sufficiently studied. The study found that the extract of Callicarpa nudiflora under experimental craniocerebral trauma leads to new opportunities for assessing the psycho-emotional status. The study will expand our current knowledge of the pharmacological properties of Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. &amp; Arn and provide a deeper understanding of what molecular mechanisms may be involved in its neuroprotective effects.

К ВОПРОСУ О РАСПРОСТРАНЕННЫХ НАРУШЕНИЯХ ПСИХИЧЕСКОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ У ПОДРОСТКОВ С ОНКОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ НА ЭТАПЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ И В ПЕРИОД РЕМИССИИ

This article presents the results of a long-term study on mental health disorders in яadolescent patients with oncological and hematological diseases during stages of active antitumor treatment and remission (recovery). It was found that non-psychotic mental disorders prevail both during treatment and throughout the remission period. Adaptation disorders are most common during hospitalization, while residual organic syndromes of varying severity are more typical during remission. The study revealed that mood disorders predominantly reactive in nature prevail during active antitumor treatment. Psychogenic depression in adolescents is mainly represented by asthenic forms, with less frequent anxious and anxious-hypochondriacal variants. Upon completion of specific antitumor treatment, a residual non-psychotic organic disorder was identified, characterized in most patients by mild organic insufficiency symptoms: headaches triggered by physical and mental strain; vestibulopathy, resulting in dizziness and poor tolerance for travel; dysfunction of the brain's autonomic centers, manifesting as impaired thermoregulation, poor tolerance to heat and stuffiness; weather sensitivity; emotional lability; and impulsive emotional expression.

Comparison of Immune and Systemic Inflammation Parameters in Patients with a Depressive Episode in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND: Many studies have aimed to investigate and compare immune system and systemic inflammation parameters in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) suffering from a depressive episode. However, no systematic review of the results has been conducted so far. AIM: The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review of research studies comparing immune and systemic inflammation parameters in patients with BD and MDD during a depressive episode. METHODS: The search for studies was conducted in the Medline and eLIBRARY databases for the period from January 1994 to December 2022. Open-access articles written in English and Russian were selected. The review included original studies that compared groups of patients with BD and MDD (diagnosed based on the DSM-IV, DSM-5, or ICD-10 criterion) by immune and systemic inflammation parameters (such as the counts, ratio, and functions of blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, concentrations of immunoglobulins, cytokines, acute phase proteins, complement components, and autoantibodies). RESULTS: The review included 24 studies. Current depressive episodes in patients with BD were associated with higher concentrations of chemokines (C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), CCL4, CCL5, CCL11), platelet-derived growth factor B, and interleukin 9 (IL-9) (two studies in each case), whereas patients with MDD tended to have higher concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and immunoglobulin G to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (two studies each). Patients with BD and MDD had comparable concentrations of IL-8 (five studies); IL-2 and IL-10 (four studies each); IL-13 and gamma interferon (three studies each); IL-17, IL-1Rα, the vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as white blood cells, monocyte, and platelet counts (two studies each). Contradictory results were obtained for the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (the concentrations did not differ in five studies, were elevated in BD patients in five studies, were elevated in MDD patients in two studies), IL-6 (the concentrations did not differ in eight studies and were elevated in BD patients in four studies), C-reactive protein (the concentrations did not differ in six studies, were elevated in BD patients in two studies), IL-4 (the concentrations did not differ in three studies and were elevated in MDD patients in two studies), IL-1β and the neutrophil count (the levels did not differ in one study each and were elevated in BD patients in two studies). Several studies have demonstrated an association between immune and systemic inflammation parameters and the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, melancholic depression, age of mood disorder onset, body mass index, and imipramine equivalent. CONCLUSION: Some immune and systemic inflammation parameters are associated with a current depressive episode in patients with MDD or BD. These parameters may be considered as potential biomarkers for a differential diagnosis of these disorders.