MoO3 Research Articles

Molybdenum trioxide as a newer diversified economic catalyst for the transformation of nitroarenes to arylamine and 5-substituted-1H-tetrazole.

The present work has developed a straightforward, gentle, and effective approach for synthesizing arylamines and 5-substituted-1H-tetrazole derivatives, and among the two tested catalysts, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) proved to be highly effective. The selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes to arylamines presents a significant challenge due to the complex reaction mechanism and the competitive hydrogenation of other reducible functional groups. It facilitated the transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene using hydrazine hydrate-produced amino compounds and enabled the [3 + 2] cycloaddition of sodium azide with aromatic nitriles to yield 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles. The structure of compound 5-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-tetrazole (5k) was verified through single-crystal X-ray analysis, and the calculation of Green Chemistry Metrics showed the optimal range. Notably, the MoO3 catalyst can be reutilized for up to seven cycles with minimal loss of effectiveness. These attributes make molybdenum trioxide particularly attractive for industrial applications. This methodology offers several advantages over traditional synthetic methods.

Improved capacitive energy storage performance in hybrid films with ultralow aminated molybdenum trioxide integration for high-temperature applications.

Dielectric capacitors play a pivotal role in advanced high-power electrical and electronic applications, acting as essential components for electrical energy storage. The current trend towards miniaturization in electronic devices and power systems highlights the increasing demand for scalable, high-performance ultra-thin dielectric films with a high-temperature stability. While significant progress has been made in enhancing the discharged energy density (Ue) of dielectric polymers at elevated temperatures, such advancements have faced certain challenges. Herein, an innovative molecular engineering approach for the bonding of amine-functionalized molybdenum trioxide (A-MoO3) with the dianhydride monomer of polyetherimide (PEI) is presented, leading to a reduction in conduction loss and the substantial enhancement in storage energy density under high-temperature and high-field conditions. It is revealed that charge redistribution at the bonding sites induces a subtle variation in the potential energy, creating an in-built electric field between the PEI matrix and A-MoO3 based on density functional theory (DFT) analyses. The observed phenomenon leads to an increase in the electron barrier, effectively inhibiting the release of trapped electrons. Notably, at conditions of 200 °C and 100 Hz, the PEI/A-MoO3 hybrid film demonstrates a notable Ue at η > 90%, reaching up to 5.53 J cm-3, surpassing the performance of many current dielectric polymers and composites. Furthermore, the hybrid film's exceptional cycling durability, coupled with its ability to be fabricated into large-area, uniform-quality films, underscores its potential in the development of dielectric energy storage devices tailored for extreme environments.

Rapid carbothermal shocking fabrication of iron-incorporated molybdenum oxide with heterogeneous spin states for enhanced overall water/seawater splitting.

Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) has been considered as a promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst. However, the active sites are mainly located at the edges, resulting in few active sites and poor activity in the HER. Herein, we first reported on an efficient strategy to incorporate Fe into MoO2 nanosheets on Ni foam (Fe-MoO2/NF) using a rapid carbothermal shocking method (820 °C for 127 s). Notably, the different spin states between Fe and Mo atoms could lead to rich lattice dislocations in Fe-MoO2/NF, exposing abundant oxygen vacancies and the low-oxidation-state of Mo sites during the rapid Joule heating process. As tested, the catalyst exhibited superior activity with ultralow overpotentials (HER: 17 mV@10 mA cm-2; oxygen evolution reaction (OER): 310 mV@50 mA cm-2) and high OER selectivity in alkaline seawater splitting. Meanwhile, this catalyst was equipped in a home-made anion exchange membrane (AEM) seawater electrolyzer, which achieved a low energy consumption (5.5 kW h m-3). More importantly, Fe-MoO2/NF also coupled very well with a solar-driven electrolytic system and turned out a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of 13.5%. Theoretical results also demonstrated that Fe incorporated and abundant oxygen vacancies in MoO2 can distort the distance of the Mo-O bonds and regulate the electronic structure, thus optimizing the binding energy of H*/OOH* adsorption. This method can be extended to other heterogeneous spin states in MoO2-based catalysts (e.g. Ni-MoO2/NF, Co-MoO2/NF) for seawater splitting, and provide a simple, efficient and universal strategy to prepare highly-efficient MoO2-based electrocatalysts.

TiO2-modified two-dimensional composite of nitrogen-doped molybdenum trioxide nanosheets as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries.

Nitrogen-doped molybdenum trioxide (MoO3/NC) has drawbacks such as volume expansion during long-term charging and discharging cycles, which severely limit its further application. This work proposes the addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) for performance improvement of MoO3/NC. TiO2 NPs embedded on the surface of a MoO3/NC nanosheet can alleviate its volume expansion and the accumulation of lithiated products and improve the conductivity of the electrode material. The results show that the MoO3/NC nanosheet decorated with TiO2 NPs (TiO2@MoO3/NC), when used as an electrode material, exhibited a discharge specific capacity of 419 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.05 A g-1 and retained a discharge specific capacity of 517 mA h g-1 after 600 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1.

The Effect of Different Concentrations of Molybdenum Trioxide in Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs): Performance Enhancement of DSSCs

The Effect of Different Concentrations of Molybdenum Trioxide in Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs): Performance Enhancement of DSSCs

Delving into the bandgap tuning and nonlinear optical properties of hydrothermally synthesized pristine and boron doped molybdenum trioxide nanorods

Delving into the bandgap tuning and nonlinear optical properties of hydrothermally synthesized pristine and boron doped molybdenum trioxide nanorods

MoO3 based nanocomposites for the photocatalytic degradation of colourants – A review

BackgroundPhotocatalysis is the most environmentally friendly method for reducing and mineralizing organic contaminants because of its high efficacy, low toxicity, and low cost. Semiconductor photocatalysts are one of the most intriguing catalysts because they are safe and produce no secondary pollution, making them one of the best at removing pollutants from water. MethodsTransition metal oxide molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is a widely used photocatalyst because of its tunnel structure and one-dimensional behaviour. Because it is common, has strong electrochemical activity, is non-toxic, and kills bacteria, MoO3 also plays a big role in semiconductor photocatalysts. MoO3 outperformed other oxide semiconductors as photocatalysts owing to its superior adsorption properties. MoO3 is commonly found in three polymorphs: orthorhombic, monoclinic, and hexagonal. In addition, the efficacy of various experimental settings on the deterioration of various colourants was investigated. Scientific findingsAs a result, the current study examines the photocatalytic activities of various MoO3-based nanocomposites as well as the results of various experimental conditions, with a particular emphasis on extensive colourants.

Fabrication and characterization of ternary composite MgFe2O4/MoO3@CNTs for the enhanced photocatalytic activity to degrade organic pollutants

The recent industrial revolution and population growth have escalated the threat to the environment. Industries themselves discharge millions of tons of different harmful solvents, chemicals, and organic/metal ions into the water system each year. For the degradation of these organic wastes, photocatalysis has been extensively studied. The most researched classes of nanoparticles used as photocatalysts in environmental remediation are metal oxide and metal ferrite nanostructures. In this context, we have fabricated magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanorods by coprecipitation and hydrothermal processes, respectively. Moreover, their binary composite (MgFe2O4/ MoO3) was fabricated to improve the absorption of light in the visible region. Further, its ternary composite was fabricated with CNTs (MgFe2O4/MoO3 @CNT) to enhance photocatalytic activity by reducing the recombination rate via trapping photoinduced species. X-rays diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis were carried out for structural confirmation. From XRD data, the crystallite size and other crystallographic parameters of the fabricated samples were determined. The calculated crystallite sizes of MgFe2O4 and MoO3were 12.74 nm and 31.36 nm, respectively. Band gap calculation and optical studies were done by UV–visible spectroscopy. The decrease in band gap value of MgFe2O4/MoO3 leads to remarkable photocatalytic activity than bare photocatalysts. The photocatalytic performance of all photocatalysts was examined by degrading methyl orange (MO) dye, pendimethalin (PDM), and benzoic acid (BA). Comparative studies revealed that MgFe2O4/MoO3 @CNT exhibited brilliant photocatalytic activity among the aforementioned photocatalysts. It degraded 96%, 82%, and 67% methyl orange (MO), pendimethalin (PDM), and benzoic acid (BA), respectively. This outstanding increase in photodegradation process was due to the movement of photoexcited species from the conduction band to CNTs, where it traps the photoexcited species and limits their chances of recombination. Overall, this research offers a fresh understanding of the effective utilization of the MgFe2O4/MoO3 @CNT ternary composite as a high-performance photocatalyst to address environmental protection concerns when exposed to visible light.

Spin-selective thermal radiation with near-perfect circular dichroism in twisted hyperbolic materials

Spinning thermal radiation is a unique phenomenon in the symmetry-broken system, which is of both fundamental and applied interest. Its potential applications include chiral nanoparticle probing and radiation detection. However, these applications are often restricted by limited circular dichroism and quality factor. In this paper, the spinning thermal radiation of twisted hyperbolic heterostructures is investigated. By adjusting the twist angle, we demonstrate the near-perfect circular dichroism (CD = 0.99) and the high quality factor at a wavelength of 20 μm. The epsilon-near-zero mode of α-phase molybdenum trioxide allows for excellent spin-selective thermal radiation. The co-polarization and cross-polarization have proven it in the reflected wave and the distribution of the electric field components. The strong spinning thermal radiation originates from the cross-polarization conversion between the left-handed circularly polarized and right-handed circularly polarized waves. This work provides a general approach to spinning thermal radiation for future energy applications.

Decoupled Electrolysis: A Novel Method for Water Splitting Using WO3 Auxiliary Electrode

More emphasis must be placed on the use of clean and renewable energy sources. Production of electricity using solar, wind geothermal etc is becoming more widespread however these types of energy production suffer from intermittence in production and a mismatch of production and consumption cycles. These problems result in a need for an energy storage medium. A hydrogen is a viable option because of its high gravimetric heat capacity (143 MJ/kg) and low flashpoint (-231°C) [1]. For now, most of the produced hydrogen is from hydrocarbons and only 4% is being produced using electrolysis. Hydrogen production via electrolysis is an efficient way how to store surplus energy from renewable energy sources but electrolysis must be made more achievable. Commonly used water electrolysis is limited by the need for complicated gas distribution systems to avoid mixing of H2 and O2 which can lead to a serious safety hazard. Membranes and diaphragms can solve gas mixing problems but they significantly reduce efficiency and increase hydrogen production costs.Here we demonstrate the principle of decoupled electrolysis where oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is separated in space with the use of a WO3 redox mediator. WO3 was produced by the solvothermal method. In accordance with SEM (Fei, NanoSEM 650), XRD (Rigaku, Ultima+) and XPS (Thermo Scientific, Escalab Xi+) data, monoclinic WO3 nanosheet assemblies with a cluster size of 10-20 μm and plate thickness of 50-100 nm were produced without lower oxidation states. Electrodes were produced using carbon felt which was saturated with ink suspension containing active material (WO3), carbon black and polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF) in a mass ratio of 60-30-10. DMF was used as a solvent. Electrolysis was achieved in a two-step process. In the first step, an OER reaction occurs and the H ion is intercalated into WO3 forming tungsten bronze HxWO3. OER reaction occurs on platinum and O2 is released with gas purity above 99.9 %. In the second step, H ion deintercalation occurs and H2 is released at the Pt electrode with a purity greater than 99.9%. Gas purity was determined using a gas mass spectrometer. Electrochemical measurements were performed using Metohm AutoLAB potentiostat with Nova software. The electrode was analysed using cyclic voltammetry (CVP), impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronopotentiometry. 0.5 M H2SO4 was used as an electrolyte solution.In accordance with the CVP capacity of the WO3 electrode reaches 325 F/g at a scan rate of 2 mV/s and decreases with an increase in scan speed. A decrease in capacity due to an increase in scanning speed can be associated with limited charge diffusion [2]. The shift of the maximum in the anodic direction associated with the transition from W5+ to W6+ with an increase in scan speed is polynomial and can be associated with the pseudocapacitive behaviour of electrode material. The Nyquist plot from EIS measurements shows the formation of an incomplete arc in the high-frequency interval and linear correlation in lower frequencies. In chronopotentiometry with a current density of 100 mA/g faradaic efficiency reached 90.2% and increased to 100% when 1000 mA/g were used, however taking into account both OER and HER reactions, cycle efficiency decreased from 65 to 43 % with the same current densities. If only HER reaction is analysed when hydrogen is being released and deintercalation happens, cycle efficiency reaches 341 %. High efficiency can be explained by extra energy obtained from the building potential of the WO3 electrode that lowers the standard potential for water electrolysis. Long-term tests showed good stability and no degradation was observed in accordance with SEM and XPS studies. At high intercalation-deintercalation cycle times, a non-Faradaic process can be observed which reduced HER cycle time. A spontaneous deintercalation can be observed. One of the future goals is to prevent this process by the use of different auxiliary electrode materials.[1]-Tashie-Lewis BC, Nnabuife SG. Hydrogen production, distribution, storage and power conversion in a hydrogen economy - a technology review. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 2021;8:100172.[2]- Das AK, Karan SK, Khatua BB. High energy density ternary composite electrode material based on polyaniline (PANI), molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) prepared by sonochemical method and their synergistic contributions in superior supercapacitive performance. Electrochim Acta 2015;180:1e15. Figure 1

A Short-Range Ordered α-MoO3 with Modulated Interlayer Structure via Hydrogen Bond Chemistry for NH4 + Storage.

The layered orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) is a promising host material for NH4 + storage. But its electrochemical performances are still unsatisfactory due to the absence of fundamental understanding on the relationship between structure and property. Herein, NH4 + storage properties of α-MoO3 are elaborately studied. Electrochemistry together with ex situ physical characterizations uncoverthat irreversible H+/NH4 + co-intercalation in the initial cycle confines the electrochemically reactive domain to the near surface of α-MoO3 thus resulting in a low reversible NH4 + storage capacity. This issue can be resolved by decreasing ion diffusion pathway to construct short-range ordered α-MoO3 (SMO), which improves the specific capacity to 185 mAh g-1. SMO suffers from dissolution issue. In view of this the interlayer structure of SMO is reconstructed via hydrogen bond chemistry to reinforce the structural stability and it is discovered that the hydrogen bond network only with moderate intensity endows SMO with both high capacity and ability against dissolution. This work presents a new avenue to improve the NH4 + storage properties of α-MoO3 and highlights the important role of hydrogen bond intensity in optimizing electrochemical properties.

Mucilage-assisted fabrication of molybdenum trioxide nanostructures for photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells.

Nanostructures have been used for various biomedical applications due to their optical, antibacterial, magnetic, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties. Cancer is a prevalent disease that severely threatens human life and health. Thus, innovative and effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required for cancer. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach to killing cancer cells. In this investigation, we developed a low-cost, simple, green technique to fabricate molybdenum trioxide nanostructures (MNs) using Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage as a template. Moreover, the MNs were functionalized with folic acid (FA) for cancer PTT. The X-ray diffractometer results revealed that the prepared MNs have an orthorhombic crystal phase. The transmission electron microscope image of MNs shows a flake shape with 20-150nm diameter. The cytotoxicity of MNs and FA-conjugated MNs was studied in vitro. These cell viability assay results suggested that fabricated MoO3 nanostructures reduced 25% of cell viability in MCF-7 cells, even at high doses. However, even with high-dose treatment, FA/MNs do not cause significant cell death. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining revealed DNA and chromatin condensation in MCF-7 cells exposed to MNs. Overall, the in vitro study results suggested that FA/MNs have excellent biocompatibility, which applies to biomedical applications. MNs dispersion temperature gradually increases from 26 to 58°C under 808nm laser irradiation. We found significant mortality rates after NIR irradiation in MNs- or FA/MNs-treated MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that FA/MNs can be used as an effective photothermal agent to treat breast cancer.

MoS2/MoO3 heterojunctions enabled by surface oxidization of MoS2 nanosheets for high-performance room-temperature NO2 gas sensing

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as ideal candidates for room-temperature gas sensing due to their remarkable semiconductor properties. However, bare TMDs typically exhibit drawbacks such as low sensitivity, slow response, and low recovery speeds, which limit their applicability. In comparison to single materials, enhancing the sensing performance of the material can be achieved through the realization of heterostructures. Therefore, the key to improving the performance of metal-sulfide gas sensors lies in the controlled construction of unique heterostructures. In this work, surface heterostructures composed of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflowers loaded with molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) enabled are realized through the surface oxidization of MoS2 nanosheets for high-performance room-temperature detection of NO2 gas. The heterostructures were easily constructed by oxidizing flower-like MoS2 using a hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution. The gas sensor based on the MoS2/MoO3 heterojunction exhibits a response of 18.9 % to 1 ppm NO2, which is nine times higher than that of the MoS2 sensor (2.1 %). Furthermore, even at a NO2 concentration as low as 50 ppb, the sensor response can reach 6.9 %. The sensor displays good repeatability and excellent selectivity. The enhanced gas-sensing performance of the MoS2/MoO3 heterostructure may result from the unique structure of MoS2 and the p-n heterojunction formed at the interfaces. The proposed design strategy and the surface heterostructure constructed in this work can provide guidance for the development of high-performance gas-sensitive materials and devices.

A Brief Review of MoO3 and MoO3-Based Materials and Recent Technological Applications in Gas Sensors, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Adsorption, and Photocatalysis.

Molybdenum trioxide is an abundant natural, low-cost, and environmentally friendly material that has gained considerable attention from many researchers in a variety of high-impact applications. It is an attractive inorganic oxide that has been widely studied because of its layered structure, which results in intercalation ability through tetrahedral/octahedral holes and extension channels and leads to superior charge transfer. Shape-related properties such as high specific capacities, the presence of exposed active sites on the oxygen-rich structure, and its natural tendency to oxygen vacancy that leads to a high ionic conductivity are also attractive to technological applications. Due to its chemistry with multiple valence states, high thermal and chemical stability, high reduction potential, and electrochemical activity, many studies have focused on the development of molybdenum oxide-based systems in the last few years. Thus, this article aims to briefly review the latest advances in technological applications of MoO3 and MoO3-based materials in gas sensors, lithium-ion batteries, and water pollution treatment using adsorption and photocatalysis techniques, presenting the most relevant and new information on heterostructures, metal doping, and non-stoichiometric MoO3-x.

Comparison between carbon nanotubes and molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles embedded in polymeric membrane for environmental remediation

Comparison between carbon nanotubes and molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles embedded in polymeric membrane for environmental remediation

Optical and electrical characteristics of perovskite solar cells incorporating MoO3 as an active layer

Perovskite-based solar cell technologies have sparked much interest in recent decades. A solar cell’s efficiency is an essential factor in developing a highly efficient device. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of Perovskite-based solar cells can be enhanced by adding new materials to the photon-absorbing layer and altering the electron and hole transport layers. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly used in electron transport layers (ETLs), but it has been shown that replacing TiO2 with molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) improves PCE. We use the OghmaNano software to simulate a perovskite-based solar cell and investigate the PCE for TiO2 and MoO3 ETL layers by altering their thickness. The influence of electron and hole drift diffusion, carrier continuity equations in the position space to describe charge flow within the device, Poisson’s equation, and charge carrier recombination have all been investigated in the context of solar cell simulation. It was observed that by substituting the ETL layer of TiO2 with MoO3 in the device, the PCE significantly increases.

MOF-derived amorphous molybdenum trioxide anchored on nitrogen-doped porous carbon by facile in situ annealing for efficient oxidative desulfurization

Electron transfer between supports and metal oxides is of great significance in optimizing the catalytic activity, while this is still an open issue for understanding its real role in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process. Herein, the defective molybdenum trioxide derived from molybdenum-based metal–organic frameworks was highly dispersed on nitrogen-doped porous carbon (VO-MoO3@NPC) by a single-step carbonization treatment. The uniform integration of organic moieties and the unique porous structure of carbonaceous materials are conductive to the active site exposure and mass transfer process during the ODS reaction. Meanwhile, richer oxygen vacancies are generated due to the weakened Mo-O bonds, which is pertinent to the promoted electron transfer between nitrogen-doped porous carbon and molybdenum trioxide by shrinking the band gap. The results manifest that the obtained VO-MoO3@NPC realizes an extraordinary desulfurization efficiency of 99.1% within 20 min, as well as a stable recyclability of up to 9 times. Furthermore, the catalyst delivers an extremely remarkable turnover frequency of 96.2 h−1, which is far superior to that of previously reported molybdenum-based catalysts. This manuscript provides new inspiration for designing excellent ODS catalysts by introducing electron-rich nitrogen to construct strong metal-support interactions.

Guided spiraling phonon polaritons in rolled one-dimensional MoO3 nanotubes.

Polaritons in reduced-dimensional materials, such as nanowire, nanoribbon and rolled nanotube, usually provide novel avenues for manipulating electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale. Here, we theoretically propose and study hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) with rolled one-dimensional molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanotube structure. We find that the HPhPs in rolled MoO3 nanotubes exhibit low propagation losses and tunable electromagnetic confinement along the rolled direction. By rolling the twisted bilayer MoO3, we successfully achieve a canalized phonon polaritons mode in the rolled nanotube, enabling their propagation in a spiraling manner along the nanotube. Our findings demonstrate the considerable potential of the rolled MoO3 nanotubes as promising platforms for various applications in light manipulation and nanophotonics circuits, including negative refraction, waveguiding and routing at the ultimate scale.

The Influence of Selected Transition Elements on Cell Metabolism

Abstract The elements are present in the environment. Moreover, they are used in pharmacy and the production of new materials used in medical applications. They are often as environmental pollutants. They can accumulate in organisms and induce toxic effects on the cellular level. HepG2, L929 and Caco-2 cell lines were exposed to known concentrations of chromium chloride, iron chloride, nickel chloride, molybdenum trioxide and cobalt chloride (200 or 1000 μ M used alone and in combinations). Concentrations of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum and cobalt in the cell lysate and the culture medium were determined by ICP-MS. Moreover, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations were also measured. What is more, cells were observed under light and scanning electron microscope. The dose-dependent increase in the concentration of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum and cobalt in all cell lines after incubation with elements was observed. Potassium concentration decreases while sodium calcium and magnesium increase after incubation of cells with of mentioned elements. The incubation of cells with microelements induces cell morphology changes. The presented study shows the crucial role of tested microelements in the induction of cell death as a result of an imbalance of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentration inside the cell.

Study of Alternative Radiation Material Shielding for Gamma Radiation using Monte Carlo Simulation

Lead as the most commonly used material for radiation shielding but possessing toxic properties. This research aims to identify alternative, lead-free, and non-toxic materials for gamma radiation shielding through Monte Carlo simulations. Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3), Barium Oxide (BaO), Tungsten Trioxide (WO3), Tungsten Dioxide (WO2), and Molybdenum Trioxide (MoO3) were selected as potential substitutes for lead. Pure lead (Pb) and Lead Oxide (PbO) were used for comparison. The simulation were performed using Particle Heavy Ion Tracking System (PHITS) software, with a gamma energy of 662 keV. The result of the simulation shows that the linear attenuation coefficient values for Pb and PbO were 0.902 mm-1 and 0.74 mm-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the simulation results of those simulated materials that are closest to Pb and PbO are Bi2O3 and WO2 with an attenuation coefficient of 0.71 mm-1. This simulation shows that for non-lead materials, BiO2 and WO2 have potential as alternative of non-lead radiation shielding.