Monoammonium Salt Research Articles

The Impact of Adding a Cationic Metal Salt and Curcumin to Monoammonium Glycyrrhizic Acid on Its Solubilizing Capacity and Gelation.

Monoammonium glycyrrhizic acid (MAG), a glycyrrhizic acid monoammonium salt, is a naturally derived low-molecular-weight gelling agent with surface-active properties. It has the capacity to individually facilitate the preparation of gel-solubilized drugs. As MAG is an anionic surfactant with carboxyl groups, the addition of counterions may affect micelle formation and gelation. In this study, the solubilization and gelling properties of MAG were investigated following the addition of metal salts (NaCl and KCl). The addition of metal salts resulted in a decrease in the critical micelle concentration and an increase in gel hardness. Supersaturation of curcumin (CUR) was maintained by the addition of metal salts because of increased micelle number and viscosity. When the gel hardness was compared between formulations with and without CUR, a significant reduction in hardness was observed with the solubilization of CUR. The addition of KCl prevented the decrease in the hardness of gels containing CUR compared to the addition of NaCl. Put together, the addition of metal salts had a noteworthy impact on micelle and gel formation of MAG. In particular, the addition of KCl was more effective in the preparation of gel-solubilized CUR.

Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules: An Extended Release System for the Antiarrhythmic Complex of Allapinin with Glycyrrhizic Acid Salt.

Allapinin has antiarrhythmic activity and can be used to prevent and treat various supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Nevertheless, it is highly toxic and has a number of side effects associated with non-specific accumulation in various tissues. The complex of this substance with the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (Al:MASGA) has less toxicity and improved antiarrhythmic activity. However, the encapsulation of Al:MASGA in polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMC) for prolonged release will reduce the residual adverse effects of this drug. In this work, the possibility of encapsulating the allapinin-MASGA complex in polyelectrolyte microcapsules based on polyallylamine and polystyrene sulfonate was investigated. The encapsulation methods of the allapinin-MASGA in polyelectrolyte microcapsules by adsorption and coprecipitation were compared. It was found that the coprecipitation method did not result in the encapsulation of Al:MASGA. The sorption method facilitated the encapsulation of up to 80% of the original substance content in solution in PMC. The release of the encapsulated substance was further investigated, and it was shown that the release of the encapsulated Al:MASGA was independent of the substance content in the capsules, but at pH 5, a two-fold decrease in the rate of drug release was observed.

Creation of Modified Forms of Amiodarone with Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Monoammonium Salt and Study of Their Cytotoxicity on Hela Cells

Creation of Modified Forms of Amiodarone with Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Monoammonium Salt and Study of Their Cytotoxicity on Hela Cells

New Molecular Complexes of Glycyrrhizic Acid Monoammonium Salt (Glycyram) with Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics

Aims: The study aimed to search of new molecular complexes of licorice saponin with fluoroquinolone antibiotics and to explore their pharmaceutical potential. Background: Molecular complexation of triterpene glycosides with pharmaceutical substances reduces side effects and therapeutic doses, increases bioavailability and stability, and expands the spectrum of biological activity of drugs. Glycyrrhizic acid is the major triterpene glycoside of licorice. Molecular complexes of monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (glycyram, GC) with fluoroquinolone antibiotics have not been described. Objectives: This study is devoted to the preparation and analysis of molecular complexes of GC with fluoroquinolones, and investigation of their antimicrobial activity. Methods: Complexation was studied via FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. Results: Molecular complexes of GC with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, along with their benzylated derivatives, were obtained for the first time. Conclusion: The complexes composition was defined as 1:1. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed during complexation. In addition, stability constants of 105 М-1 order were calculated. Some complexes are comparable in antimicrobial activity with individual antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CP) and moxifloxacin (Moc) or surpass them in relation to a number of bacteria. These molecular complexes could be potential low-dose drugs with antimicrobial activity.

SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF GLYCYRRHISIC ACID AND ITS MONOAMMONIUM SALT WITH ETHACISIN HYDROCHLORIDE

The problem of effective and safe therapy of cardiac arrhythmias requires the creation of new antiarrhythmic drugs with low toxicity. Clathration of medicinal substances with cyclodextrins or plant glycosides is a promising method for reducing their side effects and increasing their solubility.
 The aim of this research is the complex formation of ethacizin hydrochloride with triterpene glycosides and the study of physicochemical properties of the resulting complexes.
 Complexes of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and its monoammonium salt (MASGA) with ethacizine hydrochloride (EtHQ) in various molar ratios (2 : 1, 4 : 1, 8 : 1) characterized by certain physicochemical parameters have been obtained. The resulting inclusion compounds were studied by UV and IR spectroscopy. It has been determined that molecular complexes of GA and MASGA with EtHQ are formed through weak intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Supramolecular complexes of natural glycosides with EtHQ have the same stoichiometric composition, approximately equal to the stability constant, and the negative value of the Gibbs free energy confirms the formation of a molecular complex as a result of autoassociation.
 The obtained experimental data can serve and/or supplement scientific data for the creation of new promising drugs with a broad therapeutic effect, targeted delivery, synergistic effect and low toxicity.

Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules-A Promising Target Delivery System of Amiodarone with the Possibility of Prolonged Release.

Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. Pharmacological preparations are used for treatment to control heart rate and rhythm. Amiodarone is one of these highly effective preparations, but, at the same time, it has significant toxicity and nonspecific accumulation in tissues. The drug delivery system based on polyelectrolyte microcapsules is one of the solutions. For this purpose, we compared different encapsulation methods of amiodaron: monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (Am:MASGA) complex (molar ratio 1:8). The concentration of amiodarone was determined by spectrophotometric methods at 251 nm. It has been shown that the co-precipitation method allows capturing 8% of Am:MASGA by CaCO3 microspherulites, which is not sufficient for the long-acting drug. The adsorption method allows encapsulating more than 30% of Am:MASGA into CaCO3 microspherulites and polyelectrolyte microcapsules CaCO3(PAH/PSS)3, but, at the same time, an insignificant amount of substance is released into the incubation medium. The development of delivery and long-acting drug system based on such methods are not inexpedient. The most appropriate encapsulation method of Am:MASGA is the adsorption method into polyelectrolyte microcapsules with complex interpolyelectrolyte structure (PAH/PSS)3. Such a type of PMC adsorbed about 50% of the initial amount of the substance and 25-30% of Am:MASGA was released into the medium after 115 h of incubation. The adsorption of Am:MASGA by polyelectrolyte microcapsules has electrostatic nature as evidenced by the acceleration of the release by 1.8 times as ionic strength increases.

Monoammonium Trimetaphosphimate (NH4)H2(PO2NH)3

Trimetaphosphimates show a rich structural variability in both cation coordination and anion arrangement. They are precursors for crystalline, as well as amorphous oxonitridophosphates. The ammonium trimetaphosphimate (NH4)H2(PO2NH)3 is formed during the decomposition of the corresponding acid in solution. The monoclinic crystal structure of the monoammonium salt was elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The trimetaphosphimate monoanions exhibit a twist conformation and form crankshaft-like stacks along [100], which have so far only been observed in (NH4)3(PO2NH)3·H2O and Ag3(PO2NH)3. (NH4)H2(PO2NH)3 decomposes at 170 °C, forming a poorly crystalline phase. Therefore, it is a model system and possible precursor for the synthesis of oxonitridophosphates.

Comparative Study of the Antiarrhythmic Activity of Liposomal Forms of Lappaconitine Hydrobromide and its Complex with Glycyrrhizic Acid Monoammonium Salt in the Aconitine Arrhythmia Model

Comparative Study of the Antiarrhythmic Activity of Liposomal Forms of Lappaconitine Hydrobromide and its Complex with Glycyrrhizic Acid Monoammonium Salt in the Aconitine Arrhythmia Model

Synthesis of complex compounds of the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid and thiourea

With poor (low) solubility in the aquatic environment, highly toxic drugs (aspirin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, sulfonamides and others), a low level of glycyrrhizic acid (HA) leads to a decrease in the toxicity of drugs and increases their biological activity due to poor solubility in water. The stability constants (stability) and the value of the Gibbs energy of the synthesized supramolecular complex have been calculated, theoretical and experimental research methods were used to determine the conditions for obtaining supramolecular complexes of glycyrrhizic acid and thiourea. These researches were carried out as part of joint work to study the effect of the toxicity of medicines on a living organism, under an interuniversity program between Andijan State University and the Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The aim of the research is to determine the stability constant (stability) of the synthesized supramolecular complex of the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (MASHA) with thiourea and the value of the Gibbs energy. To determine the structure and composition of the resulting supramolecular complex of MASHA with thiourea, UV and IR spectroscopy and the isomolar series method were used.

The effect of ethanol on fibrillar hydrogels formed by glycyrrhizic acid monoammonium salt

MotivationThe monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (AGA) is known to form fibrillar hydrogels and few studies regarding self-assembly of AGA have been published. Yet, the understanding of the fibrillar microstructures and the gelation remains vague. Thus, we attempt to achieve a deeper understanding of the microstructures and the gelation process of binary solutions of AGA in water. Further, we examine the effect of ethanol on the microstructures to pave the way for potential enhancement of drug loading in AGA hydrogels. ExperimentsA partial room temperature phase map of the ternary system AGA/ethanol/water was recorded. Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering experiments were performed over wide ranges of compositions in both binary AGA/water and ternary AGA/ethanol/water mixtures to get access to the micro-structuring. FindingsBinary aqueous solutions of AGA form birefringent gels consisting of a network of long helical fibrils. ‘Infinitely’ long negatively charged fibrils are in equilibrium with shorter fibrils (≈25 nm), both of which have a diameter of about 3 nm and are made of around 30 stacks of AGA per helical period (≈9nm), with each stack consisting of two AGA molecules. The interaxial distance (order of magnitude ≈20 nm) varies with an almost two-dimensional swelling law. Addition of ethanol reduces electrostatic repulsion and favors the formation of fibrillar end caps, reducing the average length of shorter fibrils, as well as the formation of small, swollen aggregates. While the gel network built by the long fibrils is resilient to a significant amount of ethanol, all fibrils are finally dissolved into small aggregates above a certain threshold concentration of ethanol (≈30 wt%).

Synthesis, Structure-Property Evaluation and Biological Assessment of Supramolecular Assemblies of Bioactive Glass with Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Monoammonium Salt.

Medical nutrients obtained from plants have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, owning to the protective and therapeutic properties of plant extracts and products. Glycyrrhizic acid is one of those that, apart from its therapeutic effect, may contribute to stronger bones, inhibiting bone resorption and improving the bone structure and biomechanical strength. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a bioactive glass (BG) addition to the structure–property relationships of supramolecular assemblies formed by glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and its monoammonium salt (MSGA). FTIR spectra of supramolecular assemblies evidenced an interaction between BG components and hydroxyl groups of MSGA and GA. Moreover, it was revealed that BG components may interact and bond to the carboxyl groups of MSGA. In order to assess their biological effects, BG, MSGA, and their supramolecular assemblies were introduced to a culture of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Both the BG and MSGA had positive influence on BMSC growth, viability, and osteogenic differentiation—these positive effects were most pronounced when BG1d-BG and MSGA were introduced together into cell culture in the form of MSGA:BG assemblies. In conclusion, MSGA:BG assemblies revealed a promising potential as a candidate material intended for application in bone defect reconstruction and bone tissue engineering approaches.

Metal and organic characterization of bladder stones removed surgically from VesicoVaginal Fistula patients at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

Objectives: Complication of obstetric fistula is the formation of bladder stones which rarely occur in Vagina-Vesico Fistula (VVF) patients. In this study, the metal and organic characterization of bladder stones removed between 2010-2019 from vesicovaginal fistula patients managed at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre (NOFIC), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria were carried out. Methods: The solubility of the bladder stones in different solvents were investigated and metal compositions were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OESS). The qualitative chemical composition was determined following standard procedures while the structural chemical characterization and functional groups were determined using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: Distilled water and aqueous solvent chloroform extract of W. lateritia demonstrated significant capacity to dissolve bladder stones in-vitro. Chemical compounds identified include uric acid, oxalate, cysteine, and phosphate from the bladder stones. The metals found in the bladder stones were: Ca, Na, Cu, Zn, Mg, B, Pb, and Al. Trace elements can influence the external morphology of growing crystals and may increase or decrease the speed of the crystallization process. The GC-MS revealed the presence of the following compounds: methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl sulfoxide; methylene chloride; mercaptamine;1,1diethoxy, dichloroactealdehyde; Cyclopentasiloxane; monoammonium salt; di-Allo-Cystathionine; dichloroacetaldehyde; 2-(2Furyl)-2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran; Methenamine; 1,1-Difluoro-1-sila-5-thiacyclooctane; Triacetonetriperoxde; 4-Aminosalicylic acid, 3-Trimethylsilyl (3TMS) derivative;Pentanethiol; and 2,5-Bis-(5-hexyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborinan-2-yloxy)-benzene. FTIR revealed the following: hydroxyl, carboxylic, ester, aromatic, and aliphatic groups, confirming the compounds identified. Conclusion: Metals (Mg, Ca, Pb, etc), organic metabolites (oxalate, cystine, uric acid, phosphate, methenamine, methylene chloride, 4-Aminosalicylic acid, 3-Trimethylsilyl, etc) were found in the bladder stones.

Supramolecular complexes of kinetin and adenin with glycyrrisic acid and its monoammonium salt

Supramolecular complexes of kinetin and adenin with glycyrrisic acid and its monoammonium salt

ASAP CAIR DARI LIMBAH KULIT MANGROVE Avicennia alba UNTUK PENGAWETAN BAKSO IKAN (LIQUID SMOKE FROM MANGROVE SKIN WASTE Avicennia alba FOR THE PRESERVATION OF FISH BALLS)

Liquid smoke has been successful pabricated from mangrove Avicennia alba shell by pyrolysis method at a temperature of 400℃ for 3 hours. Liquid smoke was purified by adsorption using activated kaolinite as adsorbent. The test results showed that activated kaolinite could bring down the rancidness to become odorless and the color of liquid smoke from dark chocolate to gray colour. The composition of the liquid smoke compound was determined by using the Gass Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) consists of 2-propanone (CAS) acetone 25.79% and furan, tetrahydro- of 10.37% and carbamic acid, monoammonium salt (CAS) ammonium carbamate of 58.46% . The LC50 value of pure liquid smoke ranging from 1000 ppm is an indication that it is not toxic and safe to use for food preservation. Activity test against the inhibition of microbial growth in fish meatballs, showed that ability. The higher the concentration of liquid smoke, the better the inhibition of microbial growth. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the liquid smoke produced from mangrove Avicennia alba shell purified by the activated kaolinite is very promising as a foodstuffs preservative

Sorption-spectrometric determination of nickel by monoammonium salt of glycirrizic acid

There was obtained IR spectra of the nickel diglycyrrhizinate complex. A simple and express spectral method for determination of the nickel ion is presented. The optimal conditions for the determination of the nickel ion are found. Under optimal conditions, a gradual graph was drawn up, which is linear in the concentration range for nickel of 20.0–40.0 μg/25 ml, the composition of the complex of nickel with the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (MASGA) were determined.

The molecular complexes of the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid with urea, thiourea, methylolthiourea and their fungicidal activity

The molecular complexes of the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid with urea, thiourea, methylolthiourea and their fungicidal activity

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn.: In vitro germination and somatic embryogenesis via tissue culture studies

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is commercially extracted from plant Glycyrrhiza glabra L., while Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn, licorice of India comprise similar phytochemical constituents but has been least studies on commercial applications. In 21st century, scientist and pharmacognocist explored new biomolecules in several plants which proved to comprise medicinal properties for examination against bacteria and fungi, to circumvent loss of native plants, for better and quantitative extraction using plants of similar properties. GA from the root extracts of plants exhibits promising anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and anti-germ tube formation protection and other cytotoxic activities. This compound has pharmacological properties such as HIV inhibition, in the food sector, mono-ammonium salt (glycyrram) is a form of sweetener with nutrient enhancement properties. The present study experiments on methods for Development of somatic embryos from root culture and to regenerate plant using root cultures. The observations revealed that, shoot initiation and rate of root growth ranged from 65.4% to 89.3% while plant regeneration from somatic embryos was 82.6% when cultures in 1/4th strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium by sucrose 2% used as a supplement. The study illustrates that proliferative germination of seeds in respective media and also suggested that T. cuneifolia could be used as substitute of G. Glabra used as an systematic methodology and plants are mass-produced from a single mother plant.

Intermolecular Interaction of Glycyrrhizin with Cholesterol

The 1:1 molecular complex of licorice triterpene glycoside glycyrrhizic acid (in the form of monoammonium salt) with cholesterol was obtained in 80% aqueous isopropyl alcohol for the first time. The complexation was studied by 13C NMR, UV, and ATR IR-Fourier spectroscopy. The hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions are formed in the molecular complex.

Molecular Complex of Glycyrrhizic Acid Monoammonium Salt with Cholesterol

Background: Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA) is the major triterpene saponin of licorice roots. The most important derivative of GA is its monoammonium salt (glycyram, GC). Some pharmacological properties of triterpene saponins explain their molecular complexation with Cholesterol (Chol). However, the molecular complexation of GC with Chol has not been proven. The functional groups of GA and GC involved in the interactions with Chol were not identified. Methods: The complexation has been investigated by the method of isomolar series in the spectrophotometric version, IR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The constant is calculated on the basis of isomolar curves. Results: The molecular complex of GC with Chol has been prepared for the first time. It has been shown that GC forms a 1 : 1 complex with Chol having a stability constant Ks of (3.3 ± 0.2)×105 (mol/L)-1 (in 70% aqueous EtOH at 18 °С). Conclusion: Intermolecular interaction in the complex is carried out by hydrogen bond formation between C=O group of GC (in carboxyl group of the terminal residue of glucuronic acid in the carbohydrate part) and 3β-hydroxyl group of Chol: -С=О⋅⋅⋅Н-О-. Hydrophobic contacts of the aglycone part of GC with a lipophilic Chol molecule are possible.

1,1′-2-Trisubstituted ferrocenyl dibismuthines containing N / O donor pendant arm

New unsymmetrical chiral 1,1′-2-ferrocenyl dibismuthines [(C5H4)(BiPh2)]Fe(2-{Me2NCH(R)}C5H3)(BiPh2) containing 2-[(Me2NCH(R)] where R = Me (1) or H (3) pendant arm on ferrocenyl ring were synthesized. An unsymmetrical 1,1′-ferrocenyl-bismuthine (5) in a low yield and 1,1′-2-ferrocenyl chlorodibismuthine (11) as an impurity were also isolated from the reaction mixture. Furthermore, Monoammonium salt [CpFe{2-(Me3N+CH2)C5H3}(BiPh2)2][I−] (6) and 1,1´,2-vinylferrocenyl dibismuthine derivative (7) were obtained by the reaction of CH3I with (3) and (1) respectively. The nucleophilic substitution reaction of (6) by o-hydroxyacetaphenone, salicylaldehyde, and N-methyl piperazine in acetonitrile gave the new functionalized 1,1′-2-substituted ferrocenyl dibismuthines [(C5H4)(BiPh2)]Fe[{2-(RCH2)C5H3}BiPh2] where R = OC6H4-2-C(O)Me (8), OC6H4-2-C(O)H (9) and N(CH2CH2)2NMe (10) respectively with different N or O containing pendant arm. 1,2-disubstituted ferrocenyl compounds presented in this work present planar chirality. These new compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). The X-ray structures of 1,1´,2-trisubstituted ferrocenyl dibismuthines (10) and (11) were determined. The molecular structure of (11) shows hypervalent Bi···N bonding in the solid-state. The compound (11) has planar chirality, central chirality, and Bi center-chirality with pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal geometry (see-saw structure) around the chiral Bi center while the other bismuth atom has distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry. The variable temperature 1H-NMR spectra of compound (3) in −40°C to 40°C range in CDCl3 indicates a lack of Bi···N coordination.