Monitoring Mode Research Articles

Determination of chlormequat chloride residues in animal derived foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the determination of chlormequat chloride (CCC) residues in animal derived foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) acetic acid and defatted with n-hexane, followed by clean-up on a cationic solid phase extraction column. The analytes were separated on a Venusil MP C18(2) column (150 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm) under a gradient elution program using acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phases. Then, the analytes were detected by tandem mass spectrometry using a positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) source in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Matrix-matched internal standard calibration curves were used for quantitative analysis. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.200-500 μg/L for CCC, with correlation coefficients (r2) no less than 0.9993. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.500 μg/kg. The average recoveries of CCC in pork, beef, mutton, chicken, egg, pig kidney, beef liver, sheep kidney, chicken liver and milk matrices at spiked levels of 0.500-500 μg/kg were 93.4%-101%, and the relative standard deviations were 2.3%-8.0%. The method has less matrix interference, with high sensitivity, accuracy and reliability, and it is suitable for the quantitative detection of CCC residues in animal derived foods.

Integrated Studies of Tropospheric Aerosol at the Institute of Atmospheric Optics (Development Stages)

In the work dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAO SB RAS), experimental studies are reviewed in a certain chronology that have been milestones in the development of an integrated study of aerosol life in the atmosphere. We discuss briefly the main results from the series of expedition studies of the optical and microphysical properties of aerosol of marine coastal hazes, arid zones, and different geographic regions of the World Ocean. The modern set of methods and instrumentation that we use to measure the aerosol characteristics in the monitoring mode at the network of IAO SB RAS stations is described. The results of multiyear studies of tropospheric aerosol using aircraft laboratories are presented.

Emergency Prioritized and Congestion Handling Protocol for Medical Internet of Things

Medical Internet of Things (MIoTs) is a collection of small and energyefficient wireless sensor devices that monitor the patient’s body. The healthcare networks transmit continuous data monitoring for the patients to survive them independently. There are many improvements in MIoTs, but still, there are critical issues that might affect the Quality of Service (QoS) of a network. Congestion handling is one of the critical factors that directly affect the QoS of the network. The congestion in MIoT can cause more energy consumption, delay, and important data loss. If a patient has an emergency, then the life-critical signals must transmit with minimum latency. During emergencies, the MIoTs have to monitor the patients continuously and transmit data (e.g., ECG, BP, heart rate, etc.) with minimum delay. Therefore, there is an efficient technique required that can transmit emergency data of high-risk patients to the medical staff on time with maximum reliability. The main objective of this research is to monitor and transmit the patient’s real-time data efficiently and to prioritize the emergency data. In this paper, Emergency Prioritized and Congestion Handling Protocol for Medical IoTs (EPCP_MIoT) is proposed that efficiently monitors the patients and overcome the congestion by enabling different monitoring modes. Whereas the emergency data transmissions are prioritized and transmit at SIFS time. The proposed technique is implemented and compared with the previous technique, the comparison results show that the proposed technique outperforms the previous techniques in terms of network throughput, end to end delay, energy consumption, and packet loss ratio.

Quantification of 4-Methylimidazol in NMRI Mice Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) by Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

A sensitive method using ion-pair extraction was developed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for measurement of 4-methylimidazole (4-MI) in NMRI mice plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Detection was done by electrospray positive ionization mass spectrometry in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The validation method was applied to quantification of 4-MI in plasma and CSF samples using oral doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg in NMRI mice. The efficiency of the method was evaluated in terms of linearity (R 2> 0.99), recovery (98–107%, 3 levels) and precision (8–10%, 3 levels, n = 6). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 25 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL, respectively. The results obtained showed that the exposure to oral doses of 4-MI in mice makes different concentrations in plasma and CSF and causes significant changes in mice. This study was the first report for determination of 4-MI in plasma and CSF samples in mice. Our results suggest that LC-MS/MS-based on ion-pair extraction is a robust method with high detection ability for measurement of 4-MI in plasma and CSF samples. Therefore, the developed method can be useful for evaluation and monitoring of imidazole derivatives in biological samples.

RSSI Fingerprinting Based iPhone Indoor Localization System Without Apple API

The flourish of mobile communications is driven by the increasing number of subscribers and rapid advance of electronic devices. This brings up many multimedia context-aware services, among which real time locating system (RTLS) has become necessary in many applications. To locate a mobile station (MS), RTLS could apply conventional fingerprinting algorithm using received signal strength indicator (RSSI), which allows a MS to collect RSSI data from beacons sent by access points (APs). However, this method does not work for iPhones because of the lack of open access to Apple application programming interface (API) to obtain RSSI values. This paper proposes an alternative approach, under which APs in the monitoring mode are used to collect RSSI values for semi-beacon packets sent from a MS. We implement the packet capture library, which enables us to obtain RSSI values of semi-beacon packets sent by an iPhone. With a region-based k-nearest neighbor (kNN) localization algorithm, we successfully locate an iPhone user in indoor environment. In addition, experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms the conventional RSSI fingerprinting approach.

Crowdsourced Children Monitoring and Finding With Holding Up Detection Based on Internet-of-Things Technologies

In this paper, we propose a crowdsourced children monitoring and finding (CCMF) framework to detect holding-up behaviors and find missing children using wearable devices and surrounding smartphones based on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. In the monitoring mode, the CCMF framework can prevent young children from taking away by strangers/people with bad intentions. In the finding mode, the CCMF framework can cooperatively find missing children equipped with wearable devices consisting of mobile iBeacon and 3-axis accelerometer modules through crowdsourced sensing networks formed by smartphone users with outdoor GPS and indoor IoT localization. According to our review of relevant research, CCMF is the first children monitoring and finding solution that can detect holding-up postures of a target child and provide the guiding path to a lost child through crowdsourced sensing networks. An iOS-based prototype with Arduino wearable devices and mobile/static iBeacon nodes is implemented to verify the feasibility and superiority of our framework. Experimental results show that CCMF outperforms existing methods and can significantly increase recognition success rates and efficiently reduce false alarm rates of holding up detection.

Seasonal and spatial variation in total trihalomethane formation potential in groundwater in Tulkarm and Hebron, Palestine

Water disinfection using processes such as chlorination is required to kill bacteria and harmful biological components. During chlorination, organic components in water react with chlorine, forming harmful disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs). These compounds are very harmful to humans, animals, and plants. Thus, the concentration of these substances in groundwater as well as the seasonal variation in this concentration are of immense interest to scientists. A headspace method was used to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) using an Agilent 6890N GC/MS. Five-milliliter water samples were employed in this analysis. Separation was performed on a J&W-VRX column. A selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode that complied with US EPA method no. 501 was developed for the detection of four THM species. Quantification and method validation were performed using external standard calibration. The total trihalomethane formation potentials (TTHMFPs) in four groundwater wells in the summer and the winter were found to be below the maximum limits specified by environmental agencies. Seasonal variations were more pronounced for the formation of chloroform (CF), which was the dominant THM species formed. The fraction of the TTHMFP that was due to CF increased in the winter in groundwater samples from the Anabta (2), Anabta (3), and Al Rehya wells, whereas the fraction of the TTHMFP that was due to CF was almost the same in summer (43.2%) and in winter (40.3%) in the groundwater samples from the Al Fawar well. These findings are important for the appropriate regulation of THM levels and for achieving a better understanding of environmental public health and epidemiological issues concerning disinfection by-products in Palestine.

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolite Profiling of Trepibutone in Rats Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined With Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap and Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers.

Trepibutone was widely used for cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, biliary tract dyskinesia, cholecystectomy syndrome, and chronic pancreatitis in clinic. However, few investigations on trepibutone have been conducted. In this study, an accurate, sensitive, and selective analytical method was developed and successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic behavior of trepibutone in rats. Trepibutone and carbamazepine (internal standard, IS) were quantified using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the transitions of m/z 311.09→265.08 and m/z 237.06→194.08, respectively. The linearity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability of the established method were all excellent within acceptable range. A total of 30 metabolites were identified in plasma and urine by Q-Exactive high resolution mass spectrometry, and several common metabolic pathways were observed such as dealkylation, oxidation, reduction, glucuronidation, and so on. This research provides more information on trepibutone in pharmacodynamics and toxicology and will assist the usage of trepibutone in clinical.

Replenishment of oil deposits from the position of a new concept of oil and gas formation

The article is devoted to the problem of replenishing of oil reserves and considers it (the problem) in the aspect of deep degassing of the Earth. Based on an analysis of the results of a long-term study of the Precambrian crystalline basement in the territory of Tatarstan and adjacent areas, a number of new criteria are formulated that allow us to identify the processes of deep degassing of the Earth within the studied region. The article provides a brief overview of current views on the problem of replenishing oil reserves, considers options for possible sources and the mechanism of replenishment of hydrocarbons in the developed deposits. The arguments in favor of the modern process of deep degassing within the South Tatar arch and adjacent territories are examined, which are unequivocally confirmed by: the dynamics of the hydrochemical parameters of the deep waters of the crystalline basement obtained in the monitoring mode at five deep wells; uneven heat flux and its anomalies, recorded according to many years of research under the guidance of N.N. Khristoforova. The degassing processes are also confirmed by the dynamics of gas saturation of decompressed zones of the crystalline basement recorded in well 20009-Novoelkhovskaya, the dynamics of gas saturation of oil of the sedimentary cover and the composition of the gas dissolved in it, identified by oil studies in piezometric wells located in different areas of the Romashkinskoye field; the seismicity of the territory of Tatarstan, as well as its neotectonic activity. As criteria proving the existence of a process of replenishing the reserves of the developed oil fields of the South Tatar Arch, the features of the deep structure of the earth’s crust according to seismic data, as well as the results of geochemical studies of oils are considered.

Simultaneous Determination of Three Bioactive Constituents from Bletilla striata by UPLC-MS/MS and Application of the Technique to Pharmacokinetic Analyses.

Bletilla striata has been widely used as a valuable hemostatic agent for thousands of years due to the high levels of bioactive constituents it contains. Here, we used a sensitive ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of three major active ingredients of the B. striata extract, namely, α-isobutylmalic acid, gymnoside I, and militarine in rat plasma. The three major active ingredients were determined using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode at m/z 189 ⟶ 129 for α-isobutylmalic acid, m/z 457.2 ⟶ 285.1 for gymnoside I, m/z 725.3 ⟶ 457.2 for militarine, and m/z 417.0 ⟶ 267.0 for the IS puerarin. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999) over the concentration range with the lower limit of quantification between 0.015 and 0.029 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intraday and interday measurements were less than 15%, and the method was accurate within 93.3–100.4%. The extraction recovery was 92.65–100.98%, and no matrix effect was observed. The results indicated that after oral administration of B. striata in rats, the Tmax of α-isobutylmalic acid was significantly longer than that of gymnoside I and militarine and the mean residence time and area under the curve of α-isobutylmalic acid and gymnoside I in rats were significantly higher than those of militarine. Moreover, the blood concentration-time curve of α-isobutylmalic acid showed double peaks, suggesting that α-isobutylmalic acid could exhibit the phenomenon of enterohepatic circulation or metabolic conversion. We also explored some of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of three ingredients from B. striata extract in vivo, and the data obtained may provide a basis for the further investigation of B. striata.

Integral health assessment of rural population for managerial decision making

Aim. The development of a software product based on the methodology of integral assessment of the health status of the rural population for the rapid assessment of the situation and management decisions.
 Methods. The study was conducted in the Orenburg region, which is part of the Volga Federal District. The object of the study was the rural population of the Orenburg region (40.1% of the population of the region) and 35 rural areas with a total number of 799 thousand people. As the initial information for an integral assessment of the health status of the population, the data of the state statistical reporting of the Medical Information and Analytical Center of the Orenburg Region were used. The health status of the rural population was studied in the context of rural areas. Among the indicators (P) for assessing the health status of the rural population the following were used: V the average age of the population of the territory; Zp an indicator of primary incidence; Zo an indicator of the overall incidence; I disability indicator; S mortality rate. The methodology for calculating the integral indicators for assessing the state of health has been tested in all 35 rural areas of the Orenburg region. The analysis made it possible to calculate the number of rural areas that are optimal, favorable, limitedly favorable, unfavorable and especially unfavorable by integral indicators for assessing the health status of the rural population.
 Results. Based on the application of our methodology, a software product has been developed that includes a two-dimensional assessment of the results: numerical and color, reflecting the degree of participation of each indicator in the integral assessment. The software product we developed allows us to evaluate public health indicators in a monitoring mode in rural areas. Using a software product makes it possible to assess and determine priorities for making strategic decisions at the level of heads of health authorities and institutions, as well as heads of administration of a subject of the Federation.
 Conclusion. The software product for assessing the health status of the population in a rural area may be subject to further expansion and modification of the function, and is also recommended for the presentation of information on the website of administrative territories and the administrative apparatus.

Establishment and validation of imatinib mesylate in plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Objective To establish a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitation determination of plasma imatinib mesylate and perform the general method Validation. Methods After proteins in plasma were precipitated, imatinib was analyzed by LC-MS/MS mode and multiple reaction monitor (MRM) mode, the ion pairs monitored were m/z 494.3→m/z 394.2 (imatinib), m/z237.3→m/z194.1 (carbamazepine, internal standard). Results The linear range was 6.25 to 3 200.00 μg/L. The within-run precision was 1.98%-4.46%, and between-run precision was 3.07%-7.54%. The correctness biaswas-7.34%-2.28%. Matrix effect factor was 0.93-1.05. Conclusion The method established is sensitive, accurate and stable, satisfying the quantification requirements of imatinib mesylate in plasma, and it could be used in clinical analysis. Key words: Imatinib mesylate; Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; Method validation

Protein Precipitation Method for Determination of Zileuton in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS

The main aim of this study was to establish a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of Zileuton in human plasma. Zileuton was extracted from human plasma samples by protein precipitation with acidified acetonitrile. Following protein precipitation (PPT), analyte separation was done using Phenomenex Kinetex™ XB-C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column using isocratic elution with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid (50%) and 0.1% formic acid:acetonitrile 2:3 V:V (50%) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and an injection volume of 5 μL. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode to monitor the precursor-to-product ion transitions of m/z 237.0 → 161.0, 241.0 → 165.0 for Zileuton and Zileuton-D4 in positive electrospray ionization mode, correspondingly. The method was validated over a concentration range of 20.0–8000.0 ng/mL on SCIEX Triple Quad 4500 MS System. Total run time was 2.1 min. The method was fully validated. Precision and accuracy results were as follows: the overall %Accuracy for intra batch LLOQ QC was within 93.7–109.5%, for the rest of QCs 98.8–111.6%, and the highest %CV for LLOQ QC was 10.1%, and for the rest of QCs 5.3%. The variety of tests for matrix effects, extraction efficiency, selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, recovery, and stability were also performed. A rapid, simple, and specific LC-ESI-MS method for determination of Zileuton in human plasma has been described. The method has several advantages compared to the previously reported methods, including shorter analysis time, better sensitivity, simple sample preparation, wider range of concentrations, and use of isotopic internal standard. The developed and validated method can be successfully applied for the bioequivalence/pharmacokinetic studies of Zileuton.

Upper Silesian Geophysical Observation System A unit of the EPOS project

The aim of the paper is to present the structure and research potential of the newly created measurement and information system for observing dynamic phenomena occurring in the Earth's crust in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland as a result of mining activities. The structure of the system is similar to the one developed for monitoring the movements of the European tectonic plate under the European Plate Observation System (EPOS) programme. The measurement part of the system consists of stationary devices and sensors working in monitoring mode, installed in various locations of the USCB, both on the surface and underground, as well as data sets from periodically performed measurements using land, air and satellite techniques. The IT part of the system will create a local data centre with specialized and dedicated processing and modelling software in which all measurement data will be archived and processed to a form which enables the analysis of the short and long-term impact of mining operations on the environment. As one of the elements of the system will be observations of the short and long-term gravity and morphology changes, the collected data will enable research in the field of the geodynamics of mining areas to be conducted.

Phrenic Nerve Stimulation in an LVAD Patient with Severe Sleep Apnea

Introduction Central sleep apnea (CSA) occurs in approximately 35% of patients with heart failure, thought to be an acquired pattern of respiratory control instability related in part to elevated sympathetic nervous system activation. Studies show that CSA is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in these patients. A newer approach to treatment involves implantation of a unilateral, transvenous phrenic nerve stimulator to restore a physiological breathing pattern during sleep. We present a case of a patient with heart failure and CSA who underwent placement of a phrenic nerve stimulator and subsequently a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Case A 62 year-old male with NYHA III, ACC/AHA C heart failure (EF 15%), paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with biventricular pacing and ICD placement who had polysomnography (PSG) that revealed severe CSA. He underwent placement of a transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation system. He subsequently reported improved symptoms, with less daytime sleeping and increased duration of daily exercise. His apnea hypopnea index decreased from 46.3 events/hour at baseline to 6.9 events/hour 18 months post-therapy, and his central apnea index decreased from 42.6 events/hour to 0.2 events/hour. Two years after device implant he underwent placement of an LVAD in the setting of worsening heart failure symptoms and refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Prior to surgery his device was placed in monitor mode. After successful LVAD implantation, despite normalization of cardiac output, he reported return of excessive daytime fatigue; PSG confirmed severe CSA. With device adjustment, the biventricular pacing leads, phrenic nerve stimulator system, and LVAD were able to run concurrently without artifact or interference. Subsequent PSG confirmed successful treatment of CSA along with improvement in symptoms. Discussion CSA is common in patients with heart failure, thought to be related to elevated sympathetic nervous system activation and hemodynamic perturbations. Medical treatment of heart failure has shown limited success in improving CSA, and small studies have shown that optimization of hemodynamics and end-organ function with LVAD implantation does not reverse CSA. We report the first case of a patient with successful implantation of both a transvenous phrenic nerve stimulator and an LVAD. Despite normalization of cardiac output after LVAD implantation, severe CSA persisted, consistent with prior case reports. Conclusion Phrenic nerve stimulation is an option for patients with heart failure and moderate to severe CSA, including LVAD patients.

Determining pesticide residues in wheat flour by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with QuEChERS extraction

ABSTRACTPesticides are used to increase crop yields and preserve quality by protecting crops against pests; however, their overuse can adversely affect human health and the environment. Herein, we report the development of a multi-pesticide screening method using optimized QuEChERS coupled with liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry for the analysis of 13 pesticides in wheat flour. Mass accuracies with errors of less than 2.4 ppm were obtained for all analysed pesticides, and the method provided satisfactory recovery and linearity. Repeatabilities of 0.3–12.7% and reproducibilities of 2.5–15.2% were observed in full-scan TOF mode. The performance of the developed full-scan TOF method was compared to that obtained in high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRM-HR) mode. The limits of quantification for the full-scan TOF and MRM-HR modes ranged from 2 to 10, and 3 to 9 μg kg−1, respectively. The two quantification methods exhibited high sensitivities (limit of detections: 1–3 μg kg−1 in full-scan TOF, and 1–3 μg kg−1 for MRM-HR mode). No pesticide residues were detected when the developed method was applied to 22 real wheat flour samples.

Development and Validation of Novel UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Macitentan in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Introduction: Macitentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist drug used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Materials and Methods: A new, sensitive, simple, accurate and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography in combination with tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of macitentan in pharmaceutical formulations. Macitentan and bosentan which are used as internal standard (IS) were detected using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in positive ion, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by monitoring mass transitions (precursor to product) m/z 589.1→203.3 and 552.6→311.5, respectively. Chromatographic separation was carried out on reverse phase C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 * 150 mm). Water containing 0.2 % acetic acid in acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) was used as the mobile phase in the isocratic elution. The system was optimized with injection volume of 10 µL, column temperature of 35 °C and flow rate of 1 mL min-1 Retention times were 1.97 min for macitentan and 1.72 min for IS. Results and Discussion: The calibration curve with a high correlation coefficient (0.9997) was linear range 0.5-500 ng mL-1. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) and average recovery values were determined as 0.5 ng mL-1 and 99.7 %, respectively. The developed novel method has been successfully applied for the determination of macitentan in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. Conclusion: The present method is the first study developed and validated for the determination of macitentan from the pharmaceutical preparations and pure form by UPLC-MS/MS method in the literature.

Postoperative Hypertension: When Blood Pressure Cuff and Arterial Line Disagree

Hypertension is a commonly encountered condition by anesthesiologists yet there is no clearly defined approach to monitoring and managing blood pressure in the perioperative period. In this review, we focus on common dilemmas in perioperative management of hypertensive patients including preoperative evaluation and indications for postponement of elective procedures; appraise the commonly used modes of perioperative blood pressure monitoring; discuss acute hypertension in the postoperative period and the role of blood pressure in discharge criteria for patients in the post-anesthesia care unit; and we review the relevant pathophysiology of organ perfusion in chronic hypertension and the implication for postoperative blood pressure management in hypertensive patients.

Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-PTLD) in the setting of allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a comprehensive review from pathogenesis to forthcoming treatment modalities.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpes virus that infects the majority of the population worldwide. The virus can establish a lifelong latent infection in host B-lymphocytes. In the setting of immunocompromise as is the case post transplantation, the virus can reactivate and cause one of the deadliest complications post hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), post-lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), the incidence of which has been increasing. Multiple risk factors have been associated with the onset of PTLD such as age, reduced intensity conditioning, EBV serology mismatch and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. The rarity of clinical trials involving PTLD and the lack of approved treatment modalities renders the management of PTLD challenging. While the first-line treatment involves weekly administration of rituximab, there is no consensus when treating rituximab-refractory PTLD. There is a handful of clinical trials that investigate the role of EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and novel agents, such as bortezomib, lenalidomide, everolimus, panobinostat, and brentuximab. This article aims to explore the entity of EBV-PTLD in HSCT recipients, expanding on clinical presentation, risk factors, modes of monitoring and treatment, and so highlighting the gaps in knowledge that are needed in order to build a treatment paradigm suitable for all patients at risk.

A Review of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-Based Dynamic Monitoring Technologies for Structural Health Monitoring

In the past few decades, global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology has been widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM), and the monitoring mode has evolved from long-term deformation monitoring to dynamic monitoring. This paper gives an overview of GNSS-based dynamic monitoring technologies for SHM. The review is classified into three parts, which include GNSS-based dynamic monitoring technologies for SHM, the improvement of GNSS-based dynamic monitoring technologies for SHM, as well as denoising and detrending algorithms. The significance and progress of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK), Precise Point Position (PPP), and direct displacement measurement techniques, as well as single-frequency technology for dynamic monitoring, are summarized, and the comparison of these technologies is given. The improvement of GNSS-based dynamic monitoring technologies for SHM is given from the perspective of multi-GNSS, a high-rate GNSS receiver, and the integration between the GNSS and accelerometer. In addition, the denoising and detrending algorithms for GNSS-based observations for SHM and corresponding applications are summarized. Challenges of low-cost and widely covered GNSS-based technologies for SHM are discussed, and problems are posed for future research.