Monitoring Of Glucose Levels Research Articles

Glycemia control using remote technologies

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with a rapidly increasing prevalence. Glycemic control in diabetes mellitus remains the key to improving the effectiveness of therapy, reducing the risk of hypoglycemia, preventing microvascular complications, and reducing the long-term risk of macrovascular complications. However, regular glycemic control is only a part of this process, since an equally important step is the timely and correct interpretation of the data obtained, as well as the decision on further therapeutic tactics. Technological advances are providing tools to help diabetic patients reach their glycemic targets and facilitate ongoing monitoring of blood glucose levels. Currently, there is the possibility of remote monitoring of glycemia, transmission of data to medical professionals and caregivers: blood glucose meters with wireless glucose reporting, continuous glucose monitors, flash glucose monitors, and non-invasive glucose monitoring systems. Large scientific studies have proven the effectiveness and prospects of telemedicine technologies in the treatment of diabetes. Today, the digitalization of healthcare is actively developing from telemedicine and remote interaction with patients to new digital approaches to diagnostics and information exchange. Thus, in the Russian Federation, within the framework of the digital transformation strategy of the Healthcare industry until 2024 and for the planned period until 2030, the Personal Medical Assistants project is being implemented, aimed at creating technologies for dynamic remote monitoring of patients using platforms of centralized diagnostic services based on a unified state information system in the field of healthcare.

The Behavioral Determinants of Health In Housewife For Monitoring of Blood Glucose, Uric Acid, and Cholesterol Level

Indonesia is a country with a low level of participation in routine health checks, one of which is influenced by gender issues. An independent survey involving 9,612 respondents from all over Indonesia stated that 70% of Indonesians had never done a blood test. Housewives are considered unemployed, and they are considered to have no behavioral strength to decide independently about their health needs. This research aims to analyze the determinants of health behavior that influence housewives for routine monitoring of blood glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol level. This research method is an observational correlation, with a cross-sectional approach where researchers use questionnaires to 22 respondents (housewives) using purposive sampling. The results indicate that the support of people around is significant to the behavior of routine monitoring of blood glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol levels in housewives (p= 0.035; p<0.05). Meanwhile, attitude towards and ease of access is insignificant (p>0.05). The support of people around is crucial in fostering a consistent habit of monitoring blood glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol levels among housewives.

Fabricating a rapid and low-cost electrochemical biosensor with imprints of glycated albumin molecules to detect diabetes using bimetallic Au-Pt nanoparticles on μSPE

Diabetes is a primary factor that is accountable for health problems and results in millions of deaths. 4 million deaths approximately occurred due to diabetes every year and about 170 million people are suffering universally. For diabetes, no treatment is present that promises to cure this condition. Only blood glucose monitoring is recommended for diabetics. Regular and close monitoring of glucose levels can help to avoid further serious problems. Determining the level of glucose in the blood is an important requirement. This is done by monitoring the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which is a biomarker for glucose. But HbA1c monitoring is unreliable in the presence of certain medical conditions. In such cases another biomarker glycated albumin (GA) is used for glucose monitoring as it remains unaffected by such conditions. As a result, a bimetallic nanomaterial-based sensitive platform was created. This research focuses on the development of a biosensor that utilizes micro-screen printed electrodes (μSPE). The platform was designed to measure the level of GA and demonstrated the synergistic effects of bi-metallic gold-platinum (Au-Pt) nanomaterial. Additionally, the electrochemical response of mono-metallic and bi-metallic nanoparticles was investigated in order to detect glycated albumin, a diabetes biomarker. The biosensor constructed using bimetallic nanoparticles exhibits a broad range of concentrations, lower limit of detection, heightened sensitivity, and selectivity.

Synergisticeffect of elevated glucose levels with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced NOX-dependent ROS production in endothelial cells.

Diabetic patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often have a higher probability of organ failure and mortality. The potential cellular mechanisms through which blood glucose exacerbates tissue damage due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is still unclear. We cultured endothelial cells within differing glucose mediums with an increasing concentration gradient of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S protein). S protein can cause the reduction of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, and activation of NOX2 and NOX4. A high glucose medium was shown to aggravate the decrease of ACE2 and activation of NOX2 and NOX4 in cultured cells, but had no effect on TMPRSS2. S protein mediated activation of the ACE2-NOX axis induced oxidative stress and apoptosis within endothelial cells, leading to cellular dysfunction via the reduction of NO and tight junction proteins which may collectively be exacerbated by elevated glucose. In addition, the glucose variability model demonstrated activation of the ACE2-NOX axis in a similar manner observed in the high glucose model in vitro. Our present study provides evidence for a mechanism through which hyperglycemia aggravates endothelial cell injury resulting from S protein mediated activation of the ACE2-NOX axis. Our research thus highlights the importance of strict monitoring and control of blood glucose levels within the context of COVID-19 treatment to potentially improve clinical outcomes.

Blood Glucose monitoring in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more likely to develop pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, and to have the birth induced, suffer trauma to the perineum during birth, or to give birth by caesarean section.Good blood glucose control throughout pregnancy will reduce the risk of fetal macrosomia, trauma during birth (for her and her baby), induction of labor and/or caesarean section, neonatal hypoglycemia, and perinatal death. Monitoring of blood glucose levels is an important way to maintain control of sugar concentrations in the blood.However, it is not clear which is best method or frequency for monitoring blood glucose for limiting health complications for women and their babies.The purpose of this rapid literature review is to identify the most recent evidence and knowledge concerning blood glucose monitoring in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: We undertook a Rapid Literature Review focusing on articles published from 2020 to 2022 thus offering the readers access to most up-to-date evidence concerning the topic. We searched the online databases of Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and BMJ from January 2020 till May 15, 2022. Inclusion criteria were studies of blood glucose monitoring for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Results: Nine papers were included in the final review. Recent evidence on frequency of blood glucose monitoring, new glucose monitoring technologies, remote monitoring technologies and reminder systems in blood glucose monitoring were summarized. Main Contribution to Evidence-Based Practice: Recommendations for frequency of blood glucose monitoring should be tailored according to pregnant women’s blood glucose management plan. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) should be considered for pregnant women under some specific conditions. Remote monitoring technologies or reminder systems based on smartphones, computers and tablets could be considered to improve patient’s compliance toward blood glucose monitoring.

Magnetic Nanozyme Based on Loading Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots on Mesoporous Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for the Colorimetric Detection of Glucose.

The simple and accurate monitoring of blood glucose level is of great significance for the prevention and control of diabetes. In this work, a magnetic nanozyme was fabricated based on loading nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) on mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the colorimetric detection of glucose in human serum. Mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticles were easily synthesized using a solvothermal method, and N-CDs were then prepared in situ and loaded on the Fe3O4 nanoparticles, leading to a magnetic N-CDs/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. The N-CDs/Fe3O4 nanocomposite exhibited good peroxidase-like activity and could catalyze the oxidation of the colorless enzyme substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue TMB oxide (ox-TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). When the N-CDs/Fe3O4 nanozyme was combined with glucose oxidase (Gox), Gox catalyzed the oxidization of glucose, producing H2O2 and leading to the oxidation of TMB under the catalysis of the N-CDs/Fe3O4 nanozyme. Based on this mechanism, a colorimetric sensor was constructed for the sensitive detection of glucose. The linear range for glucose detection was from 1 to 180 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.56 μM. The recovered nanozyme through magnetic separation showed good reusability. The visual detection of glucose was also realized by preparing an integrated agarose hydrogel containing the N-CDs/Fe3O4 nanozyme, glucose oxidase, and TMB. The colorimetric detection platform has an enormous potential for the convenient detection of metabolites.

A facility-based study of lipids, glucose levels and their correlates among pregnant women in public hospitals of northern Ethiopia.

Lipids and glucose concentrations in the blood rise during pregnancy period. Poor control of these analytes results in cardio metabolic dysfunction. Despite this, there are no documented studies which investigate lipids and glucose among pregnant women in Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess lipid and glucose levels and identify their correlates among pregnant women in Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. We conducted a facility-based cross sectional study comprising of systematically selected 200 pregnant women from July to October 2021. Those who were severely ill were excluded from the study. We used a structured questionnaire to collect socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of pregnant women. Lipids such as triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, cholesterol and blood glucose were also measured using Cobas C311 chemistry machine from plasma samples. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Logistic regression was performed and statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Proportion of pregnant women with cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and blood glucose levels above the upper limit of the normal range used for clinical decision were 26.5%, 43%, 44.5% and 21%, respectively. Pregnant women's income > = 10,000 ETB (AOR = 3.35; 95%CI: 1.46-7.66), age (AOR = 3.16; 95%CI: 1.03-9.68), gestational age 29-37 weeks (AOR = 8.02; 95%CI: 2.69-23.90) and having systolic blood pressure greater than 120 mmHg (AOR = 3.99; 95%CI: 1.64-9.75) demonstrated statistically significant association with raised levels of lipids. Proportion of pregnant women with out of normal range values of lipids, particularly triglycerides and low density lipoprotein, is high. Gestational age is a strong predictor of increase in blood levels for both lipids. Provision of life style related health education and dietary intake to pregnant mothers matters. Moreover, monitoring lipid profile and glucose level during antenatal care period is essential.

Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients Often Exhibit Abnormal Glucose Metabolism While Having No History of Diabetes

Background: Upon check-in, tests were conducted to assess FBG, PPBG, and HbA1c levels in 100 patients. A majority of them, more than half, showed glucose processing issues, with FBG levels exceeding 100mg/dL. Additionally, 44 patients had increased HbA1c values. A follow-up after two weeks revealed that roughly 64% of patients still showed impaired glucose metabolism. Encouragingly, this number dropped to just 42% after a month. A concerning observation during the study was the heightened risk of glucose metabolism issues in patients with acute myocardial infarction, who had no prior history of diabetes. Hyperglycemia's persistent chance must be considered for these individuals. Objectives: In Peshawar's Hayatabad Medical Complex, the Department of Cardiology carried out a study on 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction who did not have diabetes history. The purpose was to investigate glucose metabolism by analyzing fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), and HbA1c levels upon admission, after two weeks, and at one month. The findings of this study may provide insight into the impact of acute myocardial infarction on glucose metabolism. Methods: The Department of Cardiology at Hayatabad Medical Complex evaluated the records of 100 AMI patients who had no history of diabetes between January 2017 and January 2018 as part of a retrospective study. The patients' mean age was 58.09 9.25 years, with ages ranging from 18 to 80. The patients' files were consulted to get more detailed information about them, including their gender, age, medical history, and clinical features. Blood tests were done at various intervals such as at intake, two weeks, and one month following admission to assess FBG, PPBG, and HbA1c levels.. With the aid of percentages, chi-square tests, standard deviations, and averages, descriptive statistics were used to examine the data in SPSS 25. Results: Out of the 100 patients that participated in the study, males made up the majority with a whopping 72%, leaving the remaining 28% to be females. The average age of all participants was clocked at 58.09 (9.25) years. During admission, numerous test results indicated that 62% of patients showcased abnormal glucose metabolism with levels of FBG exceeding 100 mg/dL, while 44 of the patients demonstrated elevated levels of HbA1c. Following admission, the percentage of patients with abnormal glucose metabolism remained high, at 64%, two weeks afterward; however, this figure reduced to just 42% after a month. Conclusion: According to a recent study, non-diabetic patients with AMI are at risk of abnormal glucose metabolism, potentially leading to chronic hyperglycemia. This highlights the importance of monitoring glucose levels in such patients.Complications can arise from Acute Myocardial Infarction. It's important to assess Risk Factors related to Glucose Metabolism, specifically Fasting Blood Glucose, Postprandial Blood Glucose, and HbA1c. Treatment is necessary to prevent further issues. Keywords: acute myocardial infarction, glucose metabolism, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c

Diyabetik Gebelerde HbA1c ve Glukoz Düzeylerinin Doğum Ağırlığı Tahmininde Kullanılması

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of baby birth weight estimation in relation to HbA1c levels of pregnant women diagnosed with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). &#x0D; Material and Methods: 105 patients who met the criteria agreed to participate in our study, of whom 7 were type 1 DM and 32 were type 2 DM. The pregnancy history of the patients who agreed to participate was obtained with a lot of demographic information as well as weight gains during pregnancy, HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels.&#x0D; Results: Fasting glucose values were measured at 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. The blood glucose values that we measured one hour after satiation and HbA1c were higher in the PDGM group than in the GDM group. There was no significant difference between weight gain and BMI values. We used ROC curve analysis to test the predictive power of fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels or weight gain during pregnancy in our patients with GDM for LGA babies(LGA) (AUC: 0.663, %95 CI [0.526, 0.800], AUC: 0.678, %95 CI [0.540, 0.816], AUC: 0.677, %95 CI [0.548, 0.805], respectively).In addition, ROC analysis was used in evaluating fasting blood glucose measurements, 1-hour postprandial blood glucose measurements, and HbA1c levels to predict LGA.(AUC: 0.889, %95 CI [0.782, 0.996], AUC: 0.893, %95 CI [0.737, 1.000], AUC:0.931, %95 CI [0.807, 1.000], respectively).&#x0D; Conclusion: In both healthy people and pregnant women, it is important to keep blood glucose levels within normal limits. In pregnant women diagnosed with PDGM or GDM, this is even more important as the welfare of the baby is considered. LGA deliveries can be avoided in pregnant women with PDGM by close monitoring of postprandial blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Close monitoring of GWG is also beneficial in the follow-up of pregnant women diagnosed with GDM.

Enabling glucose adaptive self-healing hydrogel based triboelectric biosensor for tracking a human perspiration

A breakthrough in intelligent healthcare enables the collection of real-time patient data and active diagnosis via the advancement of medical technology. Monitoring glucose levels steady is essential to minimize diabetes-related issues since glucose is used by cells as an essential source of energy. Despite the range of commercially available glucose monitoring devices, the pain of repetitive blood testing and complex power demands has addressed the shortcomings of painless compact glucose biosensors. To address these drawbacks, self-healing glucose adaptive hydrogel based triboelectric biosensors (GAH-TES) are proposed as a biocompatible noninvasive technique for simultaneous glucose monitoring. With the assistance of a -cyclodextrin inclusion complex, glucose-adaptive PVA hydrogels may be utilized as an immobilization matrix for the glucose oxidase enzyme. The modulation of dynamic hydrogel networks in the presence of diversified glucose environments leads in changes in conductivity that boost electrical performance. Introducing glucose-adaptive hydrogel into a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) allows for efficient energy conversion from motion-based glucose stimuli in human sweat to electrical output. Higher glucose concentrations were shown to boost TENG production due to the greater conductivity and polarization effect caused by the increased ionic strength carried by the enzymatic activity. Due to its ability to detect high glucose levels autonomously, GAH-TES has broadened the scope of diabetes management by highly selective, flexible, and reliable real-time monitoring of human perspiration.

Research progress on minimally invasive and non-invasive blood glucose detection methods

Blood glucose monitoring has become the weakest point in the overall management of diabetes in China. Long-term monitoring of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients has become an important means of controlling the development of diabetes and its complications, so that technological innovations in blood glucose testing methods have far-reaching implications for accurate blood glucose testing. This article discusses the basic principles of minimally invasive and non-invasive blood glucose testing assays, including urine glucose assays, tear assays, methods of extravasation of tissue fluid, and optical detection methods, etc., focuses on the advantages of minimally invasive and non-invasive blood glucose testing methods and the latest relevant results, and summarizes the current problems of various testing methods and prospects for future development trends.

Advances in a Microwave Sensor-Type Interdigital Capacitor with a Hexagonal Complementary Split-Ring Resonator for Glucose Level Measurement

This study involved the creation and assessment of a microwave sensor to measure glucose levels in aqueous solutions without invasiveness. The sensor design utilized a planar interdigital capacitor (IDC) loaded with a hexagonal complementary split-ring resonator (HCSRR). The HCSRR was chosen for its ability to generate a highly intense electric field that is capable of detecting variations in the dielectric characteristics of the specimen. A chamber tube was used to fill glucose solutions at the sensor’s sensitive area, and changes in the device’s resonance frequency (Fr) and reflection coefficient (S11) were used to measure glucose levels. Fitting formulas were developed to analyze the data, and laboratory tests showed that the sensor could accurately measure glucose levels within a range of 0–150 mg/dL. At a concentration of 37.5 mg/dL, the sensitivity based on S11 and Fr reached maximum values of 10.023 dB per mg/dL and 1.73 MHz per mg/dL, respectively. This implies that the sensor put forward has the possibility of being utilized in medical settings for the monitoring of glucose levels.

Non-enzymatic glucose detection using nanocomposite decorated Cellulose-Based field effect transistor - a green electronics approach

Cellulose portrays suitable substrate material for biodegradable, cheaper, and sustainable electronic devices making it an alternative to traditional silicon/plastic materials. Additionally, field-effect transistors (FET) engross huge demand in biosensing applications owing to high amplification factors and work like transducers. Herein, fabrication, and the applicability of an eco-friendly, flexible, nanocomposite-decorated cellulose-based paper FET (PFET) chip, are demonstrated. Having cellulose as a dielectric as well as an active channel layer for depositing nanocomposite materials, and electrodes made of silver (Ag) ink, the as-fabricated PFET brings the concept of green electronics. The device exhibited good electrical and electronic behaviour having high electron and hole mobility (µe and µh) 3641 cm2V-1S-1 and 2436 cm2V-1S-1 in the absence and 8823 cm2V-1S-1 and 9116 cm2V-1S-1 respectively in the presence of glucose. Moreover, when tested for non-enzymatic glucose sensing under physiological pH conditions, a linear range from 0.1 mM to 5 mM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3 µM was observed. Finally, with satisfactory results, we proved the practical applicability of low-voltage PFET biosensors by measuring the glucose content in commercially available energy drinks and artificial urine samples. Hence, we developed a high-performance PFET chip utilising the circular economy concept with an optimised device structure and sensing techniques. We envisage that the device could enable real-time monitoring of glucose levels in commercially available drinks and diabetic urine samples.

Continuous ex vivo glucose sensing in human physiological fluids using an enzymatic sensor in a vein replica

Managing blood glucose can affect important clinical outcomes during the intraoperative phase of surgery. However, currently available instruments for glucose monitoring during surgery are few and not optimized for the specific application. Here we report an attempt to exploit an enzymatic sensor in a vein replica that could continuously monitor glucose level in an authentic human bloodstream. First, detailed investigations of the superficial venous systems of volunteers were carried out using ocular and palpating examinations, as well as advanced ultrasound measurements. Second, a tubular glucose-sensitive biosensor mimicking a venous system was designed and tested. Almost ideal linear dependence of current output on glucose concentration in phosphate buffer saline was obtained in the range 2.2–22.0 mM, whereas the dependence in human plasma was less linear. Finally, the developed biosensor was investigated in whole blood under homeostatic conditions. A specific correlation was found between the current output and glucose concentration at the initial stage of the biodevice operation. However, with time, blood coagulation during measurements negatively affected the performance of the biodevice. When the experimental results were remodeled to predict the response without the influence of blood coagulation, the sensor output closely followed the blood glucose level.

A non-invasive method of glucose monitoring using FR4 material based microwave antenna sensor

Abstract This work presents a unique non-invasive method for monitoring glucose levels in blood using a planar Yagi–Uda antenna as a microwave sensor. The proposed antenna, operating at 5.5 GHz, exhibits a directional radiation pattern with a peak gain of 6.74 dBi. A low-cost FR4 material of size 30 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm is used as a dielectric substrate. A human finger phantom, comprising layers of skin, fat, blood, and bone, is created at 5.5 GHz in EM simulation tool for mimicking a real human finger. The finger phantom is positioned at different locations around the antenna and corresponding frequency shifts are remarked to a variation in glucose concentration from 0–500 mg/dL. An exemplary frequency shift of maximum 26 MHz is recorded when the phantom is placed at the bottom of the antenna. Time domain analysis is also carried out to understand the effect of glucose concentration variation on the output signal amplitude and delay. Simulated antenna results are found to be in stupendous agreement with the measured results. An experiment of placing a real human finger around the fabricated antenna also presents a splendid correspondence with the simulated results. Hence, this mechanism can be expedient for monitoring glucose levels in blood.

The psychological and health benefits of using a continuous glucose monitor for a person with type 1 diabetes: A South African higher education context

Background: There has been an increasing focus on the unique health needs and experiences of people with chronic health problems, given health disparities between these groups and the wider population. The focus of this study is on understanding the psychological and health benefits of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) by people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to present findings from interviews on their experiences. All interviewees were subsequently invited for intervention at an Open Distance Learning institution in South Africa. Methods: Data were collected using an online semi-structured questionnaire to gather information influencing the study participant’s decision to use CGM during the context of COVID-19. An invitation was sent via Facebook group ‘Type 1 Diabetics South Africa’ and attracted 30 responses. The final study comprised of 10 respondents whose returned questionnaires met the inclusion criteria and took part in the in-depth interviews for analysis using Atlas.ti9 software. Results: The results suggest that T1D participants benefited from using CGM in combating chronic medical and psychological (psychosocial) conditions. Many reported improvements in health and psychological factors; in time monitoring of glucose levels, low events of hypoglycaemia, improved self-confidence, improved concentration span, diminished numbers of hospitalization. Some reported improved socialization, relief from finger pricking pains and better control of life. Graphical representations of the different results will be depicted in tables and figures. Conclusions: The 4th industrial revolution is technology-based and continuous glucose monitoring is a form of artificial intelligence enabling people living with T1 diabetes to make smarter choices more often and at a faster pace with more information. If people with diabetes are unable to access this intelligent technology, they will be at increased risk of complications, hypoglycaemia, reducing their quality of life. The use of CGM by T1D, with complementary psychotherapy, indicated improved health related quality of life.

ISM Band 2.4 GHz Wearable Textile Antenna for Glucose Level Monitoring

Wearable technology has recently attracted much interest for various uses. An essential component of the wearable system is the wearable antenna. Textile and non-textile materials have both been used to create wearable antennas. Textile antennas are very useful and widely used nowadays, particularly in body-worn applications monitoring health parameters. Fabricated using microstrip technology, textile antennas have various benefits, including small size, lightweight, simple fabrication, and ease of wear. In this study, a microstrip antenna is created utilizing a substrate made of jeans. It works between 2.4 to 2.5 GHz in the ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band. High-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software was used to simulate two antennas, one with an incomplete and the other with a complete ground plane. Wearable antennas can protect the body from the impacts of RF radiation by utilizing the entire ground plane principle. Results from a vector network analyzer were obtained for the fabricated antenna (VNA). This antenna's main function is to track blood glucose levels. Blood's dielectric characteristics change when blood sugar levels fluctuate, affecting the antenna’s output frequency. There are two ways to monitor glucose levels. One method requires placing a finger on an antenna patch, while the other involves fixing an antenna to a person's arm and detecting the output frequency fluctuation. The antenna's resonant frequency raises in reaction to increased blood glucose levels. Therefore, these textile antennas are a great choice for non-blood sample monitoring of blood glucose levels.

Indolizine-based fluorescent compounds array for noninvasive monitoring of glucose in bio-fluids using on-device machine learning

Monitoring blood sugar level is highly important for managing diabetes and preventing complications. Herein, we describe a paper-based portable assay system for highly accurate monitoring of glucose levels in tears. The system combines enzyme reactions, the perturbation of fluorescence properties, automated image analysis, and pattern recognition powered by a machine-learning algorithms in a single assay without extra manual steps. A small size (20 × 20 mm) assay system was prepared simply by printing black wax crosswise on cellulose paper, melting the wax with heat, and depositing four different fluorescent compounds and glucose oxidase at the test zones. Applying a small drop of sample in the center zone of the system evenly distributes the samples to the test zone via the paper capillary process and eventually induces a generation of unique fluorescence pattern that is specific to glucose. Two models are used to analyze image data collected from the fluorescent compounds array to make accurate estimations on glucose concentration: a random forest model that discretely classifies the concentration with respect to the training data granularity and an SVM regression model that estimates glucose concentration at interpolated finer granularity. These models are combined with feature engineering techniques for efficient sensor data processing on resource limited mobile platforms. As a result, using the random forest approach, glucose concentration in artificial tears can be accurately classified with 96.7% accuracy (0.2 mM intervals) (MSE of 0.060 mM) and the SVM regression model results in an MSE of 0.026 mM.

Continuous monitoring of fetal gross movement and maternal glucose level using newly developed methods

There is no consensus on the relationship between maternal glucose levels and fetal movements. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between gross fetal movements and maternal glucose levels in the hours around food intake. This was an observational study with 2 newly developed technologies, which were a glucose monitoring system and a fetal movement acceleration measurement recorder. A total of 15 women with singleton pregnancies were provided with the glucose monitoring system that automatically recorded their glucose levels every 15 minutes. In addition, fetal movements were recorded using the fetal movement acceleration measurement recorder, for 4 hours starting from 1 hour before lunch, once a week beginning at 28 weeks of gestation. For the four 1-hour periods, the ratios of the number of 10-second epochs with fetal movement divided by the total number of epochs (defined as the fetal movement parameter) were compared at the earlier (28-33 weeks of gestation), later (34-39 weeks of gestation), and overall (28-39 weeks of gestation) gestational weeks using analysis of variance analyses. A linear regression analysis was developed between the glucose level and the movement parameter for the earlier, later, and overall gestational weeks. All data were divided into 4 categories: (1) both the glucose level and the fetal movement parameter increased from the previous 15 minutes; (2) the glucose level increased, but the fetal movement parameter did not increase; (3) the glucose level did not increase, but the fetal movement parameter increased; and (4) both glucose level and fetal movement parameter did not increase. The numbers for each category were compared for the earlier, later, and overall gestational weeks using χ2 analyses. There was no significant change in the fetal movement parameter among the four 1-hour periods at the earlier (P=.509), later (P=.884), and overall (P=.816) gestational weeks. There was a positive correlation between the glucose level and the movement parameter at 28 to 33 weeks of gestation (P=.001), but not at 33 to 39 (P=.129) and 28 to 39 (P=.115) weeks of gestation. Compared with fetuses whose mothers did not have increased glucose levels, fetuses whose mothers had increased glucose levels moved more at 28 to 33 weeks of gestation (P=.031), but not at 34 to 39 (P=.398) and 28 to 39 (P=.238) weeks of gestation. Having a meal did not change gross fetal movement counting; however, there are positive correlations between maternal glucose level and gross fetal movement at 28 to 33 weeks of gestation, but not at 34 to 39 weeks of gestation, for both glucose values and value changes under natural conditions of the mother and fetus.

Glucose-Activated Switch Regulating Insulin Analog Secretion Enables Long-term Precise Glucose Control in Mice With Type 1 Diabetes.

We undertook this study to establish a glucose-responsive single-strand insulin analog (SIA) self-supply system invivo. We sought to determine whether the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can serve as a safe and temporary repository to store designed fusion proteins and release SIAs under hyperglycemic conditions for efficient blood glucose regulation. The intramuscularly expressed plasmid-encoded conditional aggregation domain-furin cleavage sequence-SIA fusion protein can be temporarily stored in the ER, and the SIA can be released under the stimulation of hyperglycemia, resulting in efficient and long-term regulation of stable blood glucose in mice with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The glucose-activated SIA switch system provides applicable potential for T1D therapy, integrating regulation and monitoring of blood glucose levels.