Mongolian Government Research Articles

The effect of outcome-based education on clinical performance and perception of pediatric care of the third-year nursing students in Mongolia.

Mongolian government has set improvement of clinical proficiency of nursing students as one of its priorities. Nursing professionals have the sentinel role in providing healthcare services in rural areas. Outcome-based education (OBE) offers a promising pedagogical approach to actively mentally engage students to strengthen their clinical proficiencies. We implemented a pilot project with the objective of comparing students' clinical performance under OBE with our traditional didactic techniques. The researchers implemented a non-equivalent two-armed quasi-experimental post-test-only' design approach study. The intervention arm (n = 34) received OBE pediatric training, while the control arm (n = 32) received the traditional pedagogical pediatric nursing training. Each arm of the study completed 16 hours of theory, 32 hours of clinical skills practice and 32 hours of seminars in pediatric nursing care. Data were collected using a five-section instrument, Demographic, Competency Inventory, Nursing Students' Satisfaction, Course Experience, and Objective Structured Clinical Examination. Performance and knowledge proficiencies were evaluated by applying the two-sided independent T-test. The distributions of categorical variables were assessed by Fisher's exact test or chi-squared test of significance. The intervention arm had higher mean score value in the competency inventory ([Formula: see text] = 238.70, SD = ± 23.07) compared to the control arm ([Formula: see text] = 222.11, SD = ± 39.94) (P = 0.04); similarly, the mean value for nursing students' satisfaction was higher for the intervention arm ([Formula: see text] = 117.87, SD = ± 15.94) compared to the control group ([Formula: see text] = 109.76, SD = ± 16.94) (P = 0.049). Additionally, the difference in the mean value for course experience questionnaire between the intervention arm ([Formula: see text] = 125.33, SD = ± 19.30) and the control arm ([Formula: see text] = 110.41, SD = ± 11.28) was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). Finally, the intervention arm had a higher mean value ([Formula: see text] = 85.40, SD = ± 6.11) for objective structural clinical examination compared to the control arm ([Formula: see text] = 81.56, SD = ± 7.01) (P = 0.023). OBE pedagogical approach offers promising benefits to improving nursing students' clinical competencies; additionally, the OBE approach seems to increase students' satisfactions with their clinical curriculum.

몽골 전통문자 교육의 현황

This study reviewed the current Mongolian government's overall traditional character education policy, analyzed how this education policy was reflected in Mongolia's general middle and high school textbooks, and examined the current status of Mongolia's traditional character education based on this. Mongolians have been using ‘Mongol bichig’, Mongolia’s own traditional script, since the 13th century and have a great heritage and history of written culture. As specified in the ‘Law on the Mongolian Language’ resolved in 2015, Mongolia's traditional script, Mongolian bichig, is ‘the precious heritage of the spiritual culture of the Mongolian people, the roots and stem of the nation's civilization, the unity of the nation, the well-being of the nation, and independence. It is a confirmation of independence, and it is also the noble duty of all Mongolians to learn, teach, use, and transmit the Mongolian language. Mongolia began using the cyrillic alphabet as the country's official alphabet in 1946, and with democratization in 1990, it is making great efforts to use both the current cyrillic alphabet and its own traditional script. The Mongolian government has been implementing many policies related to traditional characters since 1995, starting with the ‘Mongolian Traditional Characters National Program I’. Based on these policies, the subject ‘Mongolian Traditional Characters’ is currently being opened and taught in grades 6 to 12 of general middle and high schools.

БНСУ дахь монголчуудын ажил эрхлэлт ба БНСУ-ын гадаадаас ажиллах хүч авах бодлогын өөрчлөлт

Currently, the country where the largest number of overseas Mongolians live and work is Korea, and they account for approximately 3-5% of the Korean labor market. As of December 2023, there is a total of 54,846 Mongolians living in South Korea. The main purpose of this article is to examine the current status of Mongolian workers in Korea and what the Mongolian government should pay attention to in changing Korea's foreign worker policy. Mongolian workers in Korea are working hard for the Mongolian economy and households. However, they are constantly facing various problems, such as difficulties caused by illegal work and human rights violations. Recently, the number of Mongolians living in Korea has been increasing, and there are studies showing that the status of Mongolians in Korean society is improving, but there are many cases where they become illegal immigrants during the period of their employment contracts. In order to improve the treatment of Mongolian workers working in Korea in the future, it is important to focus on improving working and living conditions and improving language skills. While Korea's population growth rate is expected to decline, labor demand in the manufacturing sector is expected to increase in the future. Accordingly, Korea's foreign worker policy is changing, and the main goal of this change is to reduce the number of illegal immigrants and non-professional workers. The Korean government is focusing on meeting, labor market demands by allowing foreigners with high knowledge of the Korean language, ability to adapt to Korean culture and social life, and professional skills to live in Korea for a long period of time. Due to the Korean government's change in foreign labor policy, employment opportunities for Mongolians will increase. In particular, the Korean government needs to attract college graduates and professionals, study the possibility of supporting them when they return to their home country, and implement related specific policies. Examples of the measures include job creation, business support, loans, and simplifying housing loan system.

Восьмой Халха-Джебцзун-Дамба-хутухта и Пандито Хамбо-лама Даши-Доржо Итигэлов (1911–1915 гг.)

Introduction. In 2024, Mongolia shall celebrate the 155th birthday of the Eighth Bogdo Gegeen — the political figure who founded modern Mongolian statehood in the early twentieth century. This charismatic leader was the one who took both secular and religious power over the new Mongolia. The article introduces into scientific circulation a variety of documents from the State Archive of Buryatia that show the actual attitudes of Imperial Russia’s Buddhists — articulated by the Twelfth Pandito Khambo-Lama — to the restoration of Mongolian statehood, and their reverence to the inspirer of the Mongolian Revolution. The examined official correspondence between Khambo Lama of ethnic Buryatia D.-D. Itigelov and Governor-General of Transbaikalia A. I. Kiyashko reveal a number of issues pertaining to the interaction between the spiritual leaders of Mongolia and Russia, show the actual attitude of Russia’s officials toward the Mongol statehood’s restoration, this very attitude to become, in fact, a political guarantee for the very existence of that statehood. Goals. The study attempts an insight into the official 1911–1913 correspondence between Pandito Khambo-Lama and Russian/Mongolian regional officials. To facilitate this, the paper shall analyze the correspondence between Pandito Khambo-Lama and Governor-General of Transbaikalia (December 1911 – February 1912); examine the former’s correspondence with Russian and Mongolian authorities (December 1912 – January 1913); investigate his letters discussing a dispatch of a special delegation comprising Buryat clerics and officials to Urga (April–May 1913). Conclusions. The study attests to Buryat Buddhists in the face of Pandito Khambo-Lama of Eastern Siberia D.-D. Itigelov sincerely welcomed the newly established Mongolian Government headed by the Eighth Bogdo Gegeen. The official correspondence between the spiritual leader of R ussian Buddhists and regional, Mongolian authorities shows both Imperial Russia’s cautious policy in the Mongolian question, and the bureaucratic slowness. Buryat Buddhists led by Pandito Khambo-Lama D.-D. Itigelov succeeded in arranging a special delegation to Urga to congratulate the Eighth Bogdo Gegeen and Mongolian people upon the declared independence of theirs.

Harnessing FinTech for Sustainable Finance in Developing Countries: An Integrated SWOT–Multi-Level Perspective Analysis of Mongolia

This research paper investigates the potential of FinTech solutions in promoting sustainable finance in Mongolia, an emerging market economy with a burgeoning FinTech landscape. This study explores how Mongolia leverages FinTech innovations to advance sustainable development goals. Utilizing secondary data sourced from Mongolian government agencies, global financial organizations, academic institutions, market research firms, and industry associations, we conducted an integrated SWOT-MLP analysis of Mongolia’s FinTech industry, which includes the FinTech business models, ecosystem, regulatory frameworks, traditional financial institutions, and stakeholders. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and challenges facing Mongolia in integrating FinTech into its sustainable finance agenda, and SWOT-based strategies.

RUSSIAN-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS: A NEW STAGE

The article characterizes the current stage of Russian-Mongolian cooperation, reveals the factors and conditions that determined the new stage of bilateral interaction after 2010. The development of cooperation is conditioned by the needs of regional interaction and the need to solve the problems of internal socio-economic process of Russia and Mongolia. The authors note that the expansion of trade and economic relations with Russia is important for Mongolia for several reasons, including diversification of the public economy, prevention of unipolar orientation of foreign economic activity and the need to solve internal socio-economic problems. The article emphasizes Mongolia’s transit potential and its role in Russia-China relations.The authors separately note that Mongolia faces economic development challenges, including low GDP and high unemployment. In this regard, the Mongolian government is implementing policies and programs aimed at economic development, employment and reducing unemployment and poverty.The intensification of relations between the two countries in the context of Russian interests contributes to the expansion of functional geopolitical space, helps to overcome the artificial isolation constructed by the West, as well as increases the transit opportunities for Russia.

몽골의 희토류 개발환경 분석

This paper identifies the development value and production potential of Mongolia’s Rare Earth Elements(REEs) through Mongolia’s laws and determines whether Mongolia can be one of the alternatives to China. As industrial advancement and the era of carbon neutrality arrive, the usage and value of rare earth elements, which are used as essential raw materials for various high-tech industries, continue to increase. At a time when countries such as the United States, Japan, and Europe did not realize the importance of REEs, China monopolized the REEs industry for a long time by purchasing REEs mines around the world or investing heavily in and developing areas where rare earth elements were believed to be buried.
 Mongolia’s REEs are receiving attention as one of the alternatives to reduce China’s market dominance. However, the lack of Mongolia’s laws and infrastructure, proper geological surveys, and confidence in foreigners investing in Mongolia due to frequent policy changes are factors that impede development. In order to improve this, the Mongolian government continues to invite many foreign investors, making efforts to attract investment in the Mongolian mining sector, and is discussing restoring the foreign investment environment and improving the legal environment. It is believed that analysis of related laws is also important for Korea to cooperate with Mongolia in mineral development and production. In addition, Mongolia’s efforts to build infrastructure and the fact that it is seeking cooperation with Korea, the United States, and Japan are helping to create a foundation for future investment in Mongolia, which will enhance the possibility of REEs development.

Physical Activity and Screen Time of Children Aged 5-13 Years during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Mongolia: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: A novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has posed a significant threat to global health and the economy over the last two years. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus infection began in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread throughout the world. Since January 2020, the Mongolian government has enforced a social distancing policy, and the country has been one of the few where the disease has not spread. In the 143 days since the outbreak, 575 cases have been reported, resulting in three cases of public emergency preparedness and 50 days of lockdown. The new school year began in September 2021, but due to the Covid-19 pandemic, children will be required to study online from home again on 12th November. It was interesting how the pandemic lockdown affected screen time and physical activity in children. Objective: We aimed to assess the relationship between physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) of children aged 5-13 years’ Mongolian residents during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: The observational cross-sectional study was conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown between 5th Feb and 9th March 2021 which was the second lockdown of Mongolia, and we have studied 1005 children aged 5-13 years from the capital city. The questionnaire was used which was prepared by the study team and the questionnaire included 33 questions to evaluate screen time and physical activity. All parents reported the questionnaire to give some information about their children. We used appropriate statistical methods in SPSS software. Results: A total of 1005 children aged 5-13 years from 628 families were involved in the survey which included 51.9% boys and 44.1% girls. The median of PA and ST was 300 minutes [min, max: 0, 1260] and 30 minutes [min, max: 0,180]. The linear regression revealed a weak negative correlation (r2=0.005, p<0.0001) between PA and ST. When ST and PA analyzed in age by age groups, there was a statistically significant negative dynamic of ST mean time and PA mean score (p<0.0001). Older kids have more ST and lower PA during lockdown time. During this lockdown, 60.4% of the parents reported that their children showed a decrease in PA. Conclusion: The mean score of physical inactivity has decreased and ST increased dramatically among children 5-13 years as a result of the Covid-19 lockdown.

Legal Ambiguity and Land Dispossession: Multi-Scale Conflicting Views on Territorial Authority at the Herlen Bayan-Ulaan State Reserve Pasture Area, Mongolia.

Abstract The Mongolian government pursues various objectives that are often assumed to benefit citizens, including socio-economic development, biodiversity conservation and innovative technologies in the agricultural sector to adapt to climate change. But, for pastoralists, these activities have allowed the appropriation of pastoral lands from their home jurisdictions, the process of which is often murky and ambiguous. The vision for development held by different international and national agents sometimes fails to recognise the complexity inherent in converting pastoral land for alternative economic and conservation development. This paper examines a recent legal battle focused on the Herlen Bayan-Ulaan State Reserve Pasture Area, where different stakeholders put forward contested claims of authority over rural jurisdictional territories. The conflict is rooted in the ambiguous and conflicting co-existence of liberal and statist approaches to socio-economic policies applied by the Mongolian government. Whereas the socialist period system's imposition of exclusive state control reduced local actors' (government and residents) control and authority over resources governance, the post-socialist period system promoted 'alternative economic and conservation activities' and protected state and individual property rights, leaving mobile pastoralists with highly ambiguous claims. This paper argues that the state ought to have a specific role of providing an adequate legislative and executive framework to support more complex interdependent multi-scale pastoral institutions. This paper describes the changing role of the state in land governance, wherein the state has assumed all management and financial authority while subjecting pastoralists to conflicting legislative and executive policies. This has eroded the local systems of land and resource governance and created an open access scenario, allowing appropriation of jurisdictional pastoral lands. This trend of exclusive state control has the implication of contradicting and dismantling a longstanding interdependent pastoral institutional environment and has been counterproductive to enhancing natural resource management and the adaptive capacity of local actors to climate change.

몽골의 산업구조와 산업정책 방향

The industrial structure in Mongolia was made up of the agriculture and stock-farming industry at 13.0%, the mining-manufacturing industry at 45.5%, and the service industry at 43.1% respectively in 2021. This is the typical industrial structure that is shown in developing countries.
 The mining industry has been considered the easy and strong major driving sector to economic growth in Mongolia which retains various plentiful resources. And this belief may hinder the transition of the industrial structure of Mongolia to the one of developed countries. To ascertain this belief, we estimate Mongolia's industrial elasticity of economic growth from 1985-2022. The industrial elasticity of economic growth was shown as the stock-farming industry at 2.0%, the mining-manufacturing industry at 12.2%, and the service industry at 11.2% respectively.
 The excessive dependency on the mining industry brought about Dutch disease in Mongolia. And the economy has been too weak to the foreign shocks. The industrial policy in Mongolia should be carefully executed to avoid Dutch disease and Mongolia should develop a manufacturing industry in order to achieve stable, and sustainable economic growth and development for the future.
 Fortunately, the Mongolian government seems to perceive the necessity of persistent manufacturing industry development in the future. The industrial policy alternatives for breaking from the heavy dependency on the mining industry and fostering the manufacturing industry in Mongolia were listed in “vision-2050, Mongolian long-term development policy”.

Е. А. Стулов в Монголии и для Монголии

Introduction. Evgeny A. Stulov (1902–1940) is a remarkable yet still little-known figure who invested extensive and fruitful efforts in Mongolia and for Mongolia. He came from a large peasant family but grew to receive sound training for that time which included real school courses followed by studies at Moscow University (External Affairs Department, Faculty of Social Science). On graduation, he was added to the reserve list of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (Administrative and Economic Department) to be further employed as economist (since August 1925) at the Chief Department of Tariffs (same Commissariat) — and soon promoted to Secretary of the Committee for Customs and Tariffs (CDT). Stulov’s expertise and competence were manifested in most diverse ways: he was writing scholarly articles, delivering lectures; as Advisor to the MPR Economic Council had to deal with the troubled situation in Arkhangai Aimag; and was in charge of Mongolia’s zoning. Goals. The study describes E. Stulov’s efforts dealing with Mongolia’s zoning, provides data on his articles and lectures. Materials. The paper investigates documents housed at Russian State Archive of the Economy, examines some published sources and scholarly writings. Results. Despite E. Stulov lived a short life (38 years only), his knowledge, competences, and accomplishments made it possible for him to gain a deep and practical understanding of the country and its citizens. As Advisor to the MPR Economic Council, he promptly delved into the circumstances behind the uprising in Arkhangai Aimag — and along with other researchers was further involved in zoning endeavors. Key outcomes of his work were approved and accepted by the Mongolian government. The scope of his activity also included writing of articles and lecturing. Our analysis attests to that he was well familiar with works authored both by predecessors and contemporaries , i.e. then and there we would face a man of individuality and talent who had accumulated good knowledge of Mongolia and actually done a lot for its future.

Е. А. Стулов в Монголии и для Монголии

Introduction. Evgeny A. Stulov (1902–1940) is a remarkable yet still little-known figure who invested extensive and fruitful efforts in Mongolia and for Mongolia. He came from a large peasant family but grew to receive sound training for that time which included real school courses followed by studies at Moscow University (External Affairs Department, Faculty of Social Science). On graduation, he was added to the reserve list of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (Administrative and Economic Department) to be further employed as economist (since August 1925) at the Chief Department of Tariffs (same Commissariat) — and soon promoted to Secretary of the Committee for Customs and Tariffs (CDT). Stulov’s expertise and competence were manifested in most diverse ways: he was writing scholarly articles, delivering lectures; as Advisor to the MPR Economic Council had to deal with the troubled situation in Arkhangai Aimag; and was in charge of Mongolia’s zoning. Goals. The study describes E. Stulov’s efforts dealing with Mongolia’s zoning, provides data on his articles and lectures. Materials. The paper investigates documents housed at Russian State Archive of the Economy, examines some published sources and scholarly writings. Results. Despite E. Stulov lived a short life (38 years only), his knowledge, competences, and accomplishments made it possible for him to gain a deep and practical understanding of the country and its citizens. As Advisor to the MPR Economic Council, he promptly delved into the circumstances behind the uprising in Arkhangai Aimag — and along with other researchers was further involved in zoning endeavors. Key outcomes of his work were approved and accepted by the Mongolian government. The scope of his activity also included writing of articles and lecturing. Our analysis attests to that he was well familiar with works authored both by predecessors and contemporaries , i.e. then and there we would face a man of individuality and talent who had accumulated good knowledge of Mongolia and actually done a lot for its future.

Impact assessment of a raw coal ban on maternal and child health outcomes in Ulaanbaatar: a protocol for an interrupted time series study

IntroductionDespite a decade of policy actions, Ulaanbaatar’s residents continue to be exposed to extreme levels of air pollution, a major public health concern, especially for vulnerable populations such as pregnant...

The implementation of English as a compulsory subject in Mongolia: EFL teachers’ perceptions and experiences

In responding to neoliberal globalization, the importance of English language education has been strongly emphasized in many Asian countries, including Mongolia, during the past several decades. Despite the nationwide prioritization of English language education in Mongolia, little research has examined the experiences and challenges of English teachers in teaching English as a compulsory subject in Mongolian secondary schools. This study aims to address this gap by exploring teachers’ perceptions of teaching English and the challenges they encounter, by interviewing forty-three private and public-school teachers. The findings indicate that although teachers had positive attitudes about the nationwide emphasis on English education, they also have experienced a variety of challenges, including workload, lack of professional development and support, lack of shared vision and supportive leadership, and other tensions related to low pay and the social status of schoolteachers in that country. Furthermore, the study recommends that the Mongolian government must create initiatives to reduce educational inequality associated with access to quality English language education, for instance, by increasing funding for public schools, raising awareness of teachers about their importance for the future of the country, and improving the quality of pre-service and in-service teacher education.

Оюутны унших чадварыг хөгжүүлэх асуудалд

The priority of Mongolian government is to implement multiple projects and activities regarding the intensification of English training and promotion on its effectiveness in the past decades. This article is designed to enhance the students’ reading comprehension and reading strategies to become effective readers in academic area. We conducted the research and survey among the 100 freshmen in non professional course of National University of Mongolia (NUM).
 The data comprised two separate methods such as a self- evaluation questionnaire and a test. The self- evaluation questionnaire intended to explore how students utilize the learning strategies and the test to reveal how students employ the reading strategies as well. As a result, the study has found that the instructors are entailed to improve their methods and to encourage learners’ self study’s proficiencies in terms of promoting the learners’ reading comprehension and reading effective strategies.

The Expected Effect of Korea-Mongolia FTA and EPA

On December 30, 2021, the Mongolian government enacted a “New Revitalization Policy” to accelerate economic development and enhance the effectiveness of the long-term development policy “Vision 2050” after the COVID-19. Mongolia is currently a member of the Japan-Mongolia Economic Partnership Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement(APTA). The joint research on the Economic Partnership Agreement with Korea-Mongolia and Mongolia-China are completed. Joint research of a free trade agreement with Mongolia and EEU(Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan) is in progress. Economic cooperation between Korea and Mongolia is not showing good results compared to current political, social, and cultural cooperation. The expected effects of the conclusion of the Economic Partnership Agreement can be summarized as follows. First, if the tariff barriers on Korea-Mongolia trade are gradually resolved through the conclusion of the economic partnership agreement, the volume of trade is expected to increase significantly. Second, the inclusion of special information on investment in the bilateral economic partnership agreement is expected to improve Korea’s FDI environment with Mongolia, and increase investment in mining, agriculture and infrastructure and SMEs. As the tree planting campaign is a nationwide campaign, demand for forestry machines, equipments, and irrigation systems is expected to expand gradually. Korea has become a representative country that has succeeded in foresting project of Mindungsan(bald mountain). Korea’s forest diplomacy also played a major role in fields such as greening projects, desertification prevention projects, carbon emissions, and global warming climate countermeasures on the international stage. The “Planting 1 Billion Trees” campaign to respond to climate change in Mongolia can be an opportunity for Korean companies.

Mongolia becoming a permanent neutral nation? Focusing on the debate and challenges of the permanent neutral nation policy

Mongolia found itself increasingly under pressure to back Russia over Ukraine and China in its disputes with Japan and in the South China Sea. In this emerging scenario, taking sides would be extremely costly for a small state. However, since September 2015, when Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj and his foreign policy team launched a campaign both domestically and abroad to institutionalize a ‘permanent neutrality’ status, foreign policy pundits in Ulaanbaatar had been intensively debating whether or not Mongolia should enact such a policy. But finally, on May 6, 2020, the Mongolian government decided that ‘Resolution No. 375 ratified in September 2015 will be nullified, and we will take measures not to promote Mongolia’s policies related to a permanent neutral nation’ through resolution No. 162. As the concern that Mongolia's promotion of the permanent neutral nation policy could eventually significantly reduce the flexibility of its multi-pillar foreign policy, the Mongolian government nullified its permanent neutral nation policy.

Allocation of humanitarian aid after a weather disaster

This paper tests whether need or political economy factors determine the allocation of humanitarian aid in the wake of the 2015/16 winter disaster in Mongolia. The identification strategy exploits the exogenous nature of the extremely cold, snowy winter and its spatial variation across Mongolia as well as the fact that the Government defined clear criteria of need across districts based on meteorological risk projections. Using rich district-level data, we distinguish between humanitarian aid delivered by the Mongolian Government and by international donors at the extensive margin (whether a district received any aid) and intensive margin (targeted households per district). Results show that projected need is the strongest predictor for the allocation of international humanitarian aid across districts. Projected need is less relevant for the allocation of governmental humanitarian aid. We do not find evidence that political alignment or core voter considerations matter for either governmental or international humanitarian aid in this young democracy.

PS-P07-10: ACCESSIBILITY OF SUBSIDIZED HYPERTENSION MEDICATION IN ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Objective: Mongolia has a total of 3.1 million population. Ulaanbaatar is the capital city with half of the population has migrated into the city and currently residing. For the past 3 years from 2019 to 2021, Mongolian government increased the healthcare budget for hypertension medication from 5,338,979 USD to 6,874,762 USD. The aim of the study is to examine the accessibility of subsidized hypertension medication in 7 districts of Ulaanbaatar between these years. Design and method: The data was collected from Health Insurance Fund database spanning from 2019 to 2021. The analysis was performed on Rstudio. The prevalence was calculated from 2019 Ulaanbaatar hypertension prevalence data. Results: The total population of Ulaanbaatar had increased from 1462000 in 2019 to 1534793 in 2021. Overall, the accessibility of subsidized hypertension medication increased from 31.2% to 40.7% between 2019 and 2021. The district with the most population, Bayanzurkh district, increased accessibility from 23.3% in 2019 to 31.3% in 2021. While the least populated district, Baganuur district increased accessibility to medication from 32.6% to 42.9%. Conclusions: In conclusion, the increase in healthcare budget had a positive effect on the accessibility of the subsidized hypertension medication in the city of Ulaanbaatar across all districts over the past 3 years. However, with improved accessibility of medication, more studies need to be done to assess hypertension control in Ulaanbaatar.

Исследование зарубежного опыта охраны всемирного наследия (на примере Национального парка «Эверглейдс»)

The article makes up for the lack of scientific attention to the practice of fulfilling international obligations for the protection of World Heritage sites abroad, an in–depth analysis of which is carried out, first of all, in the framework of considering ways to overcome the threatening state of the Baikal ecosystem, the implementation of the plans of the Mongolian government to erect a cascade of hydraulic structures on the main tributary of Lake Baikal – the transboundary Selenga River within the territory of Mongolia. Everglades National Park was chosen as the object of research. The choice of this specially protected natural area is due, among other things, to the fact that this object has twice been included in the List of World Heritage in Danger, and is in it at the time of the creation of this article, while being included in the Montreux Record. The subject of the study is the practice of legal protection of the specified world Heritage site by the mechanisms of the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Based on the study of foreign scientific literature, as well as the original texts of legal documents, the main problems threatening the ecosystem of the Everglades National Park, as well as the importance of the activities of the World Heritage Committee in its preservation, are considered. Separately, the influence of internal political processes in the United States on the exclusion and re-inclusion of an object located on the territory of the state in the List of World Heritage under Threat is noted. According to the results of the study, effective economic and legal mechanisms for the protection of unique natural objects are identified, which can potentially be used in the Russian Federation to solve the problems of protecting the ecosystem of Lake Baikal (purchase of land plots by the state; inclusion of objects in the List of World Heritage under threat, etc.).