Money Scale Research Articles

The Importance of Money Scale (IMS): A new instrument to measure the importance of material well-being

A fundamental assumption in the social sciences is that humans are motivated by the concern for material well-being. However, despite its central importance for many behavioral areas (e.g. consumption, labor market decisions, participation in education), there is no satisfying survey instrument to measure the importance of material well-being. In this paper, we suggest a short 8-item scale to measure the importance of money. In study 1, we test the new scale in a sample of 510 students with respect to its reliability, construct validity, and external validity using the multitrait-multimethod approach first suggested by Campbell and Fiske (1959). In study 2, we test the scale in a random population sample (N = 2914) with respect to its external validity. Our results suggest that the new importance of money scale (IMS) has high reliability and validity, and outperforms comparable measures with respect to its external and predictive validity.

ANALYSIS OF LOVE OF MONEY WITH THE PERCEPTION OF ACCOUNTING STUDENTS ETHICS

The purpose of the study is to find out whether the love of money affects the ethical perception of accounting students. The survey was developed based on the Kecurang action and the love of the money scale given to 57 undergraduate accounting students in two colleges.-The approach used is multiple linear regression, based on test T and test F for the processing of data performed. Student accounting looks at fraudulent actions outside of class because it is more unethical than a cheating in the classroom. Because outside of class will cause unwanted factors by money lovers.

Mathematical tooling of accounting non-economic characteristics during the assessing process of investment project effectiveness

A search and analysis of sources (articles, conference materials, reviews) was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database from 1975 to March 2018 time period (57 sources) and in the RSCI database to March 2018 (48 sources) on the matter of using and recommendations of certain mathematical tooling in assessing the effectiveness of investment projects, taking into account non-economic characteristics. These 45 cases were identified in 41 sources of mathematical methods application in accounting for non-economic characteristics in the process of assessing the effectiveness of investment projects, their advantages and disadvantages. The recommendations on accounting for easily formalized non-economic indicators in evaluating project effectiveness were developed. Criteria have been established for classifying methods for taking into account non-economic characteristics as those that with a high degree of probability can do this in the value (money) scale. A mathematical tooling is proposed for taking into account difficultly formalized non-economic characteristics in the assessment.

Impaired Financial Capacity in Late-Life Depression: Revisiting Associations with Cognitive Functioning.

Impairment in financial capacity is an early sign of cognitive decline and functional impairment in late life. Cognitive impairments such as executive dysfunction are well documented in late-life major depression; however, little progress has been made in assessing associations of these impairments with financial incapacity. Participants included 95 clinically depressed and 41 nondepressed older adults without dementia. Financial capacity (assessed with the Managing Money scale of the Independent Living Scale), cognitive functioning (comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation), and depression severity (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 24) were assessed. T tests were used to assess group differences. Linear regression was used to analyze data. Depressed participants performed significantly lower on financial capacity (t = 2.98, p < .01). Among depressed participants, executive functioning (B = .24, p < .05) was associated with reduced financial capacity, controlling for age, gender, education, depression severity, and other cognitive domains. Our results underscore the importance of assessing financial capacity in older depressed adults as they are likely vulnerable to financial abuse even in the absence of dementia. It will be valuable to assess whether treatment for depression is an effective intervention to improve outcomes.

Parenting and materialism in children

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between child-rearing styles of the mother and father, and their children's materialism. 346 subjects, aged 20-35, took part in the study. To measure the variables, the following scales were used: My Childhood Memories, designed by Arrindell et al. (2001); the Material Values Scale designed by Richins (2004); the Priorities in Life Scale (2001); and the Motives for Making Money Scale, designed by Srivastav, Locke and Bartol (2001). The study has shown that the formation of a materialistic orientation is facilitated by negative parenting attitudes: rejection in the case of the mother and excessive protection in the case of the father. Positive attitudes have a two-directional impact. The father's positive attitude hinders the development of the materialistic orientation, while a similar attitude on the part of the mother may foster it.

Overabundance and privation as predictors of materialism in young adults

The aim of the present study was to determine how the social and material status of the family of origin and the degree of satisfaction of material needs during childhood (excessive vs. insufficient) engender materialism in young adults. The participants in the study were 346 individuals aged 20 to 35. To measure materialism, the following scales were used: the Material Values Scale by Richins; the Priorities in Life Scale; and the Motives for Making Money Scale by Srivastav, Locke, and Bartol. Socioeconomic variables were measured with the author’s own tool. The results indicate that the low socioeconomic status of the family of origin and the experience of privation in early life increase the attractiveness of material goods and money, and thus contribute to the formation of the materialistic orientation. The experience of overabundance during childhood, by contrast, is negatively correlated with materialism. This, however, does not mean that being spoiled has no negative consequences. It appears that people who were showered with material goods in childhood lose the ability to appreciate their abundance. They feel they do not have enough material goods, even if they have more than others.

Non-netralitas kebijakan moneter: Pengujian atas pandangan ekonomi makro klasik baru

Rational Expectation (Ratex) Hypothesis has been widely spread, even became the foundation of Neo Classic though. But the validity of this hypothesis is still being debated. Since the hypothesis has a serious implication, in neutrality of economic policy, more investigation is important to do. This article evaluates whether the hypothesis is contextual to Indonesian economy or not. By taking note of the last development of the model and using two different money scale, i.e. Ml and M2, it finds an indication that rationality and neutrality are not shown in Indonesian economy, it means monetary policy has an effect on real variable in the economy.

Attitudes towards money and motivational orientation to work in Brazilian young workers

Self-determination theory assumes that there are two motivational orientations: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Money is a means to different ends, thus considered an external source of motivation, but individuals may also attribute other meanings to it. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between motivational orientation and the attitude towards money in young employees in Brazil. The sample consisted of 163 young workers attending a Business Administration program at a public university in Fortaleza, Brazil. The Work Preference Inventory (WPI), the Love of Money Scale (LOMS) and a socio-demographic questionnaire were applied. The data was examined using descriptive statistics, correlations, factor analysis and cluster analysis and comparisons. The individuals’ motivational orientation to work was found to be associated with their attitude towards money. Two profiles were identified, based on their differences between source of motivation and perception of money as a reward and as evil. Identifying the profiles that connect motivation with meaning of money may allow organizations to design and implement compensation systems according to their employees’ needs.

The effect of internal marketing on job satisfaction in health services: a pilot study in public hospitals in Northern Greece

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to explore the effect of internal marketing on job satisfaction in health services, particularly in public hospitals in Northern Greece.MethodsA questionnaire with three sections was used. The first one referred to internal marketing by using Foreman and Money's scale, while the second one contained questions on job satisfaction based on Stamps and Piermonte's work. The last section included demographic questions. Three categories of health care professionals, nurses, doctors and paramedic personnel working in public hospitals have participated.ResultsDoctors tend to be more satisfied with their job than nurses in the same hospitals. Male personnel also tend to be more satisfied with their job than female. Time-defined work contract personnel have a greater level of job satisfaction than permanent personnel. Marital status, position, and educational level have no statistically significant impact on job satisfaction. A slight decline in job satisfaction occurs as the personnel age.ConclusionsInternal marketing has a positive effect on the job satisfaction of hospital staff in Northern Greece. Also, doctors and male personnel seem to have greater levels of job satisfaction. Staff with time-defined work contracts with the hospital are more satisfied than permanent staff, and as the staff age, there is a slight decline in job satisfaction.

Religiousness, Love of Money, and Ethical Attitudes of Malaysian Evangelical Christians in Business

Recent research suggests there may be a link between religiousness and business ethics. This study seeks to add to the understanding of the relationship through a questionnaire survey on Malaysian Christians in business. The questionnaire taps into three different constructs. The religiousness construct is reflected in the level of participation in various common religious activities. The love of money construct is captured through the Love of Money Scale as used in Luna-Arocas and Tang [Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2004) 329]. Response to 25 business vignettes taken from Conroy and Emerson [Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2004) 383] would surface ethical attitudes. A convenience sample of 300 was drawn from three large churches in the Kuala Lumpur area each with a congregation exceeding 1000 together with some representation from the smaller churches. The study finds some differences in the ethical attitudes of Malaysian Christians in business with different levels of religiousness. The study also finds that those longer in the faith are less accepting of unethical behavior. As such it can be concluded that there are ethical attitude differences between Christians in business with different levels of religiousness. This lends support to the claim of a positive relationship between religion and business ethics. The more significant finding is that even within a somewhat homogenous religious group there are different love of money profiles resulting in significant differences in ethical attitudes. This suggests that moderating money attitudes can contribute towards stronger ethical attitudes.

The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction: Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World

Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross-cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.

Measurement Invariance Across Gender and Major: The Love of Money Among University Students in People’s Republic of China

This study investigates measurement invariance of the 17-item-4-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS) (Rich, Motivator, Success, and Important) across gender and college major among university students in People’s Republic of China. Results revealed configural (factor structures) invariance across gender. Metric (factor loadings) invariance across gender was not achieved based on chi-square change, but achieved based on fit indices change between unconstrained and constrained multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). Both configural invariance and metric invariance (chi-square change and fit indices change) were achieved across college major (law, sociology, and political science). Results of this study suggest that the Love of Money Scale, developed in the U.S., has achieved measurement invariance in this student sample in China. Future researchers will have some confidence in using this measurement when they examine the love of money in Chinese management and organizational studies.

The love of money and work‐related attitudes

This study examines the love of money and work‐related attitudes and identifies four money profiles based on a sample of citizens in the Republic of Macedonia. Achieving Money Worshipers (the highest scores on Factors Success, Motivator, and Budget and the lowest on Evil) had the highest active involvement in work activities. Careless Money Admirers (the lowest score on Factor Budget) had the highest external locus of control, the highest involvement, and lowest success avoidance. Apathetic Money Managers (the lowest scores on Factors Success and Motivator) had the highest internal locus of control and the lowest involvement. Money Repellent Individuals (the highest score on Factor Evil) had the lowest competitiveness and the highest success avoidance. Results provide the validity of the Love of Money Scale and the four money profiles.

The Love of Money, Satisfaction, and the Protestant Work Ethic: Money Profiles Among Univesity Professors in the U.S.A. and Spain

This study tests the hypothesis that university professors (lecturers) (in the U.S. and Spain) with different money profiles (based on Factors Success, Budget, Motivator, Equity, and Evil of the Love of Money Scale) will differ in work-related attitudes and satisfaction. Results suggested that Achieving Money Worshipers (with high scores on Factors Success, Motivator, Equity, and Budget) had high income, Work Ethic, and high satisfaction with pay level, pay administration, and internal equity comparison but low satisfaction with external equity comparison. Careless Money Admirers (high Success but low Budget) had low intrinsic job satisfaction and low satisfaction with pay level and life. Apathetic Money Managers (low Evil and low Motivator) had the highest intrinsic job satisfaction and life satisfaction. Money Repellent Individuals (high Evil and low Success) had low income, work experience, Work Ethic, and low satisfaction with pay administration. Money does not provide the same motivation for people in all four money profiles. Results are discussed in light of the effectiveness of using money to reward people with different money profiles, intrinsic motivation, and unethical behavior.

Identifying the determinants of internal marketing orientation

Internal marketing orientation is an area within the broader market orientation that remains relatively under‐researched. Utilising the internal marketing orientation (IMO) scale developed by Foreman and Money, this paper seeks to develop our understanding of the factors that may influence an employee's perception of their company's level of IMO. Based on 281 responses from a large UK‐based service organisation, the paper reports on the extent to which the Foreman and Money scale does, or does not, correlate with a range of “person” “situation” and “person × situation” variables identified from both focus groups and from the literature. It was found that among the single item variables age, location, and length of tenure all impacted upon levels of IMO. In the case of the more complex “person × situation” multi‐item variables, the most important determinants were found to be the perceived market orientation of local managers and direct managers/supervisors, as well as aspects of communication, socialisation, and workplace satisfaction. The results provide support for earlier work that highlights the importance of these more complex variables in managing internal marketing.

Money matters: an empirical investigation of money, face and Confucian work ethic

Abstract With rapid globalization, where Western businesses are increasingly setting up operations in various Asian countries, it has become more crucial to understand the effects of Asian traditions and values on people's attitudes towards the most basic of motivation tools—money. This study thus seeks to examine the effects of (a) Confucian work ethic (CWE), and (b) face concerns on the money attitudes of Singaporean Chinese. Data were collected via questionnaire surveys from 305 working adults. Results of hierarchical regression analyses suggested that (a) CWE was positively associated with the budget dimension and negatively associated with the retention dimension of the money scale, and (b) face concerns were positively associated with the obsession, power, achievement, evaluation and anxiety dimensions. Face concerns were found to be significantly and positively associated with the retention dimension of the money scale. Implications of our findings for research and practice are discussed.

You can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp, and this coupon.

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTYou can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp, and this coupon.Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1975, 53, 36, ibcPublication Date (Print):September 8, 1975Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 8 September 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v053n036.ibcCopyright © 1975 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (196 KB) SUBJECTS:Organic compounds Get e-Alerts

You can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp, and this coupon.

You can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp, and this coupon.

You can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp, and this coupon.

You can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp, and this coupon.

You can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp,and this coupon.

You can spend a lot of time and money scaling up for specialty organic chemicals. Or a few seconds, a postage stamp,and this coupon.