Money Crop Research Articles

Dietary Sources and Their Effects on Animal Production and Environmental Sustainability

Animal agribusiness has been a significant part in the coordinated cultivating frameworks in agricultural nations. It serves in a central enhanced job in creating animal protein food, draft influence, ranch excrement just as guaranteeing societal position quo and advancing business. Ruminants are critically contributable to the prosperity and the business of the worldwide populace. . Ruminant creation frameworks can shift from means to concentrated kind of cultivating relying upon territory, asset accessibility, foundation availability, food interest and market possibilities. The developing interest for practical creature creation is convincing to specialists investigating the expected ways to deal with diminish ozone depleting substances (GHG) emanations from domesticated animals. An Earth-wide temperature boost has been an issue of concern and significance for all particularly those occupied with creature horticulture. Methane (CH4) is one of the major GHG represented at any rate 14% of the absolute GHG with an Earthwide temperature boost expected 25-overlay of carbon dioxide and a 12-year air lifetime. Farming area has a commitment of 50 to 60% methane outflow and ruminants are the significant wellspring of methane commitment (15 to 33%). Methane outflow by enteric aging of ruminants addresses a deficiency of energy consumption (5 to 15% of aggregate) and is delivered by methanogens (archaic) because of aging finished results. Ruminants׳ stomach related maturation brings about aging finished results of unpredictable unsaturated fats (VFA), microbial protein and methane creation in the rumen. Rumen microorganisms including microbes, protozoa and parasitic zoospores are firmly connected with the rumen aging effectiveness. . Other than utilizing feed definition and taking care of the board, nearby feed assets have been utilized as elective feed added substances for control of rumen environment with promising outcomes for substitution in ruminant taking care of. Those potential feed added substance rehearses are as per the following: 1) the utilization of plant concentrates or plants containing optionalmixtures (e.g., dense tannins and sapiens, for example, mangos teen strip powder, downpour tree unit; 2) plants plentiful in minerals, e.g., banana bloom powder; and 3) plant fundamental oils, e.g., garlic, eucalyptus leaf powder, and so on Execution of the - feed- framework utilizing money crop and leguminous bushes or feed trees are of promising outcomes.

Editor's Column: “the beacon thing”: Musings on John Steinbeck, America, and Light

Editor's Column: “the beacon thing”: Musings on John Steinbeck, America, and Light

Health And Socio Economic Status Of Tobacco Workers In Malawi

Tobacco is the major money crop of Malawi and it contributed the maximum of the national income. Malawi is the major contributor in the tobacco production of the world and many of the cigarette companies are using the burley leaf tobacco produced in the Malawian farm due to its rich taste and quality. Tobacco is a major smoking device used by millions of people all over the Malawi who can’t afford the pleasure of smoking a cigarette because of the price that is prohibitive taking in to consideration the economic status of the majority of smokers all over the nation. Smoking tobacco suited the financial strength of the emerging industries workers and agricultural labourers. In this study made an attempt to study the health and socio-economic aspects of the tobacco workers, to find out the nature of work conditions of the tobacco workers, to study the awareness of tobacco workers with regard to family problems and to find out their participation in religious gathering. This study found that tobacco workers were lives in most of the rural areas of Malawi through secondary data pertained from the Government and Non Government sources. Population method was adopted to collect the information from the tobacco workers in the study area. This study found that Tobacco is not only injurious to health of the smokers and also to the makers of the Tobacco (Tobacco workers) too. Socio-economic status of the tobacco worker also very poor when compare with the minimum wages in the study area. These tobacco workers are forced to engage this sector due to non availability of other kind of jobs and lack of skills to engage in the other jobs. This study concludes that Government and Non Governmental organizations should take necessary actions to improve the health and socio economic status through providing vocational training and guidance to enhance their skills and help them in self employment opportunities. Further, it opens up new avenues for the future researchers to contribute more on this to enhance the health condition from all the parts of the world.

Macro‐Micro Linkages and Structural Transformation: The Move from Full‐Time to Part‐Time Farming in a North Florida Agricultural Community

Recent research has focused on the effects of macro‐level structural forces on local cultures and agricultural systems of production. While indigenous systems can be dramatically altered by these forces, local institutions can also try to adopt strategies for survival. In this article I focus on how the shade tobacco farmers of North Florida adapted to the market collapse of their major money crop. In order to remain in agriculture, farmers who were established in a full‐time farming tradition had to consider strategies that included part‐time farming and off‐farm work. The part‐time farmers are compared to those who have tried to remain full time to find how successful the adjustment process has been.

The Demise of the Commercial Banana Industry in West Cameroon

Abstract In little more than 20 years, the banana industry in West Cameroon rapidly boomed, and just as quickly declined. The banana was selected by officials of the newly created Cameroons Development Corporation in 1946 to be its major money crop, and from 1947 to 1957, the industry's income steadily rose to a high of over $6,000,000 for a year's production. During the next dozen years, production declined to the point where no new plantings are contemplated, and for all intents and purposes, the industry is almost dead. Factors accounting for the demise of this banana industry include: unsuitable climatic conditions; seemingly inevitable blights; loss of Commonwealth preference on exports to the United Kingdom; and foreign competition. Producers of almost all commercial agricultural products in tropical Africa contend with precisely the same risks and/or problems that the Cameroon banana grower faced. As a case study, the Cameroon banana situation reveals that sometimes all risks were poor ones, and th...

A Study on the Sand-Pear Growing Area on the Matsukawa Fan in the Fukushima Basin

I. There is a concentrated sand-pear growing area-about 410 acres in area only in Noda-Mura, and about 860 acres including that in its neighbouring villages on the Matsukawa Fan in the south-east of the Fukushima Basin. In this report, the author intends to describe a sand-pear growing area which has been newly formed and developed centering around the middle part of the Matsukawa Fan.II. The description of the real circumstance of the sand-pear growing area on the Matsukawa Fan reveals that the core of the sand-pear raising area exists in the middle part of the fan, and the lower part is in the transitional stage. And this agricultural area has more advanced characters than that of paddy-field area. They are examined in Table 1-3.III. The problem proposedhere, in a word, is that the above mentioned situation of the fan is different from the general form that the clearing of fan area has been gegun earlier in its lower part neighbouring paddy-field area, consequently the economic level of farmers living there is higher in paddy-rice area. In this way, the reason why the difference is derived from should be revealed, and the forming process and the significance of physical features in each part of the area should be investigated.IV. The surface of the fan consists of thick deposits of gravels and sand, and the level of groundwater is very low showing 15-20 m in depth in its middle part, so that it is well drained for sand-pear growing. Paddy-culture is impossible here on account of poor irrigation and poor soil. Mulberries are the only plants that can be grown with difficulty. Such areas have been left uncultivated as “Kaya” plants (a kind of natural grass) growing places, or red pine woods, where no settlement was brought into being, until sand-pear growing has rapidly developed in groups since 1886.The Fukushima area, the eastern side of the fan, shows 11.8°C of annual air temperature and 1196.4 mm of precipitation, and has less rainfall in spring (April-June 400 mm), so that the fan area is favoured with climatic conditions suitable for the growing of sand-pear, in spite of occasional damages from strong wind, drought, and frost. Fortunately, the middle part of the fan is least suffered from damage of frost of all the parts of it. Furthermore, it is favoured with the period of shipment than other sand-pear producing regions, owing to its earlier maturing season of sand-pear (Fig. 8).V. A). In this area, the lower part of the fan could be cultivated as paddy-field 1, 000 years ago, whilethe middle part was left as an uncultivated land with bad physical conditions. Since 1850's, the increase of population, and the development of commodity economy have compelled the farmers there to adopt other farming systems or to be engaged in other occupations, and the depression of seri-culture and failure in rice growing have also afforded them the opportunities to introduce money crops, This is the background of the introduction and popularization of sand-pear growing. B). It is in 1880' s when sand-pear raising was adopted as a main farming or a kind of supplementary farming, Since 1893, the depression of seri-culutre and the higher maiket price of sand-pears had encouraged some of the farmers to culture sand-pears. They were poor farmers' second or third sons, tand abou 80 of them moved to the middle part of the fan from its neighbouring areas to clear the land for the purpose of culturing sand-pears. Thus sand-pear raising developed into the most favourable farming and its fields spread over the middle part showing 147 acres in extent in 1905, bearng no relation to the progress of paddy-fields in its lower part. C). Spurred by the good business conditions during 1918-19 and the higher price of sand-pears, the farmers in lower part of the fan converted mulberry fields to sand-pear fields, or brought waste-lands under cultivation for sand-pear raising.

Economic Spacing for Irrigated Bunch Groundnut

Cultivation of groundnut during the summer season as an irrigated crop is becoming increasingly popular in the Madras State. While the scope for such increase is rather limited in garden lands, extension of cultivation in rice fallows offers vast possibilities. This new development deserves all round encourage- ment because (a) the increase in the production of oilseeds, which is in short supply now, is achieved without encroaching on the area sown to food crops; (b) the cultivator is financially benefited by this money crop; and (c) the leguminous crop not only improves soil fertility but also gives adequate green manure for the following rice crop.

Chilli Wilt and its Control

Chillies are cultivated in almost every district of this State over an extent of 1,25,180 acres and this forms one of the important money crops to the ryots. This crop is affected by a number of fungal diseases, among which the fruit rot and die-back caused by Colletotrichum capsici and the fruit rot caused by Alternaria solani were considered to be the most important ones. However in recent years a wilt disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is gaining importance in this State, especially in Udumalpet and Pollachi taluks. The disease appears all of a sudden under favourable conditions and spreads very rapidly.

Experiments on the Control of "Damping off" in Tobacco Nurseries

Tobacco is an important money crop in South India especially in the Madras and Andra States. It is extensively cultivated in Nellore, Guntur, Krishna, West and East Godavari districts of Andhra State and occupies an area of more than one hundred thousand acres. Extensive areas of nurseries under the Virginian variety of tobacco are raised in the sandy belt from Bapatla to Kotha- patnam (Coastal tract of the Guntur district) and in the black soil areas of Repalle, Guntur, Sattanapalle and Narasaraopet in the Guntur district to meet the requirements of seedlings for planting the above area. The chief limiting factor in the raising of nurseries was found to be the "damping off" disease of seedlings. This disease has been reported from most of the tobacco growing countries of the world. Several species of Pythium and Rhizoctonia solani have been shown to be associated with the "damping off" of seedlings. P. aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitz. is the causal agent in India (Thomas 1943) and also in South Africa (Wager 1931, 1940), China (Yu 1934, Yu et al 1945), Gold Coast (Bunting and Dade 1924; Simond 1939). P. aphanidermatum has been found to be. widely prevalent in all types of soils in the tobacco growing areas in the Madras State (undivided). Diseased seedlings collected from nurseries raised in sandy as well as black soil tracts in the important nursery areas showed the presence of P. aphanidermatum.

Groundnut Rotation Experiment

The importance of rotation in crop production is well recognised. But this practice is not widely adopted in the Madras State probably due to the small size of the average holding of the cultivator. Groundnut being an important money crop of the drylands, is being grown year after year in the same land without any rotation. Judging from the present methods of harvest of the crop whereby the vines and some portion of the roots are removed from the soil, the practice of growing groundnut continuously in the same land is likely to have adverse effects though not immediately atleast in the course of some years. Where rotation is practised, it has been the experience of cultivators that crops following groundnut generally yield well. The spreading type of groundnut which is grown in rotation with Varagu (Paspalum scrobiculatum) by a few cultivators in South Arcot district is said to yield better than the same type of groundnut grown year after year without rotation. Rotations vary in the different producing areas depending upon a number of factors, such as, nature of soil, local conditions and demand, solvency of the cultivator, etc. In this State groundnut is generally rotated with cereals like Cumbu (Pennisetum typhoides), Cholam (Sorghum vulgare), Varagu and Tenai (Setaria italica) in dry lands. In favourable situations groundnut is followed in the same year by maize, Varagu, Cholam, cotton, gingelly and horsegram.

Geographical Division on Fukushima Prefecture

Though from early days the divisions of HAMADORI, NAKADORI, and AIZU in Fukusima prefecture have been recognized, there are same other regions which are to be distinguished each other from the landscapical point of view. The author has classified these regions into live groups: the group of Hamadori-lowland, Abukuma-plateau, Nakadori-lowland, Central divide, and Aizu. (Fig. 5)(A) Belt of Hamadari-lowland. It is the littoral belt which is made of desected coastal terraces and delta plains, and has warm winter and cool summer. Therefore evergreen tree, Oak and pasauia oak, distributes there mixing among the deciduous trees, Rice culture prevails over the region. In spite of wonderful growth of rice-plant in early summer, the output of rice per acre is not more than that in Aizu-basin, since the summer temperature is not high, A1 Region of Soma-shineha. There were many lagoons, but now except Matsukawa-ura, these lagoons have been drained artificially. It is among the main regions of rice and cocoon production. A2 Region of Naraha is most narrow part which has many tablelands and hills, but without low plains. A3 Region of Iwaki-lowland is the most wide and populous portion with coal mines, and industrial and fishing towns; Taira-city, Onahama, Ena and Yotsukura. (B) Belt of Abukuma-plateau. Mountain grazing has been performed in a rigion which is below 10% of the ratio of arableland to total area. Some fields of barley, wheat, tobaco, and mulbery Tree distributes on the slope and top of low hills. The pattern of distribution of rice paddies are dendritions. B1. Region of Abukuma-sanchu is most mountainous and sparsely populated region in the belt. And it has many mountain pastures. Main products are horses and charcoal. The Region of B2 is almost non-resident, since the relief is very great, because of desection of rivers crossing the escarpment which laced A1 and A2. The region of B3 is a transition zone between B1 and B7. B4 legion of southeastern Ahukurna-plateau is an analogous part of B1, but has lower summit level, main products is horse, charcoal, tobaco, A rum-root, and timber of cryptmeria. B5. Valley of Kuji is an old path way between the Valley of Abukuma and the Kanto, B6. Tobaco region of Abukuma plateau. Because of the production of tobacoes of Matsukawaleaf speces, it is famous region. planting rice-plant, raising sild worm and havesting barley and wheat from late spring to early summer, havesing tobaco in late summer, and rice in Autumn are busy work in this region. There are numerous money crops. Horses are raised in stall almost all season. The core of tobaco region (B6a) lies in the central part of the plateau. B7. Sericultural region of Kenpoku-plateau, In B belt it is the most important region of sericultnres in Spring, Summer, and early Autumn. Though the region had produced raw silk and silk stuff by house industries, according to the developement of manufactures, the production of those items has concentrated in a few towns: Kawamata, Iino and Nihonmatsu (B7.a) is the southern part of B7. and has wide piedmont lowland (200-400m) Settlements and fields distributes not only over the slopes but even to the tops of hills there, (C) Belt of Nak dori-lowland. It is a series of intermountains basins along the River Abukuma, and has a dense population and high ratio of arableland to total area, C1. Fukushima basin is one of the most populous region in the prefecture. Commercial tree cultures of apple, pear, peach, and cherry are generally confined in this basin, some of them are monoculture. Market gardens spreadding over the northeastern part of Fukushima city supplies various vegetables to that city and to the Hokkaido destricts, etc. The most intensive agricultures in this Prefecture are seen on the basin floor.

Cultivation of Bananas for Leaves in Tanjore District

Banana, besides being an important food crop capable of yielding on an average 20,000 to 25,000 lb. of food per acre in a year, is also a valuable money crop. The intensive cultivation of bananas is practised mostly for its fruits. Its cultivation for the purpose of leaves, except in parts of the Tanjore district and to a very little extent in Tiruchira- palli district, is not known anywhere else. In other parts of the State, one or two ratoon crops of bananas for bunches are taken after the main plant crop; subsequent to this, all the suckers of the harvested plants are allowed to grow for about four to six months and the leaves are harvested. When the crop is intended for fruits, removing even a single leaf from the plant is strongly objected to by the ryots as it would affect the size and weight of the bunch. Hence the leaves are cut only from the side suckers or from the plantation which is proposed to be destroyed and replanted. In the Tanjore district round about Thiruvayar and in parts of Papanasam taluk, bananas are cultivated for the sake of the leaves. The crop stands in the field for two years. A crop of bunches is taken in the first year plant crop; the ratoon crop, subsequent to the harvest of bunches, is the one for the leaves. The leaf crop in the second year fetches more profit than the first year bunch crop. Such cultivation for the purpose of the leaves extends to abont 2,000 acres in the above places,

How to translate the Results of Research to General Farming Practices with Particular Reference to Sugarcane

Sugarcane is an important money erop of this province and the area under this crop increased from 1,25,000 acres in 1935-36 to 2,73,000 acres in 1947-48. The total investment on angarcane is roughly Rs. 25-25 crores, on land and Rs. 1-15 crores on factories. Nearly fifteen lakhs of unskilled labourers are dependent on this erop, not to mention of thousands of middle men, merchants and labourers employed by them. Being a money crop that fetches the maximum profit per acre as compared to other crops, this crop plays an important role in the economic structure of the poor cultivator, saving him from indebtedness. Though, during the present period of food crisis, it is considered less important, any attempt to completely displace this crop, will result in the cultivator's economie ruin. Dr. Burns in his report on Technological Possibilities in India pointed out that. Madras is capable of producing over 50 tons of cane per acre, due to its particular adaptability in respect of elimate and soil to this crop. But our present average production is only 20 tons of cane i. e. 50% of the potentiality. It is known to every one that the starting of the Samalkot Research Station saved the sugarcane crop of the. Godavari Delta from extinction by red-rot, and the starting of the Coimbatore Breeding Station developed the Sugar Industry of the country.

Fodder problem in Madras

While we are making an all out effort to grow more food and have subsidies for well sinking, grand irrigation projects, an organised supply of manure and seeds, in fact all ways and means that we could muster with all the scientific knowledge at our command to produce enough food for the human population which is certainly a very right thing, have we thought sufficiently of food for the 'Dumb Millions' which form the backbone of our agriculture? Fodder scarcity has been more or less a permanent factor in Madras Presidency. During the last one or two decades the severity has been felt more, due to the diversion of the area under food crops into more paying money crops like tobacco, cotton and sugarcane. To add to this, the continued failures of rainfall have resulted in the drying up of the grasses in the grazing areas thereby producing a most alarming state of affairs. How best can this fodder problem for the cattle be faced and how speedily can we avert a crisis which has almost been reached!

Mechanization of the Sugar Beet Industry of Scottsbluff County, Nebraska

EARLY all of the 33,917 inhabitants of Scottsbluff County, Nebraska, are deperrdent for a livelihood upon an agricultural economy. More than half of them, 57 per cent to be exact, are farmers. One of the principal money crops in the country is the sugar beet. In adjustment to particular physical conditions of the region, persons who have been associated with various aspects of producing and marketing beets have made use of some special kinds of machinery. Economic consequences of the development are of interest to the geographer.

Fodder scarcity has been a permanent factor in India, which in recent times is becoming inore and more acute with the increase in population and devotion of more attention to money crops like cotton, tobacco, sugarcane etc. According to a recent census in Madras, an area of 7 million acres of cultivated land has passed over from food crops to

Fodder scarcity has been a permanent factor in India, which in recent times is becoming inore and more acute with the increase in population and devotion of more attention to money crops like cotton, tobacco, sugarcane etc. According to a recent census in Madras, an area of 7 million acres of cultivated land has passed over from food crops to commercial crops in the Madras Presidency in the present decade (8). As a result of the introduction of money crops and the conversion of grazing lands for cultivation, the Madras Livestock Development Officer (10) has roughly computed that the ryot is short of 50% of his grazing land and 15% of his fodder growing land.

The Groundnut and the Food Crisis

Among the many causes that have contributed to the present food crisis, the insidious encroachment of commercial crops, on the acreage of food crops, is undoubtedly one of the most important. Though the encroachment has been going on for more than three decades its effect in food production was felt acutely only during the war, when imports of rice from Burmah and other countries were cut off. Active Government propaganda had to be done to curtail the acreage under money crops, and sometimes even by temporary Government enactments. It remains to be seen, how far the temporary success attained by these measures will endure, when favourable conditions for imports of food grains return.

The Economic Price of Paddy

The agricultural policy of the Government in the past, had been ono of apathy to the agriculturists. Our country was suffering from a deficit supply of staple food. Imports of rice from Burma and Siam had been flowing into the country to meet our shortage. Even after a long period of dependency on foreign countries, it is regrettable that there has not been enough increase in output, even to the extent of making our country self-sufficient in the matter of her food requirements. The reason is not far to seek. The prices of agricultural produce were not determined by the cost of production and other allied factors, but fluctuated depending on the foreign imports. The Indian agriculturists had to contend against the low cost of production of rice in the fertile Irrawady delta and against the inelastic production of an export surplus in Burma. When representations were made to the Government to levy a protective duty on rice and to restrict imports, they were not given due consideration. It is no wonder that the area under food crops decreased, as the agriculturists took to the cultivation of commercial crops, which brought them increased returns. Mr. C. R. Srinivasan, former Paddy Specialist, has said "People began to raise money crops in their fields resulting in a reduction of 13% in rice acreage."

Nitrogenous Manuring of Black Cotton Soil

RAIN-FED cotton is the principal money crop of the black soil tracts of India1, which are often characterized by low yields and where nitrogen alone, among the three fertilizer elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, has been found to be essential for increasing the yield2. Groundnut cake, ammonium sulphate and farmyard manure or compost have all given significant response, the expected increases in yield in pounds of seed cotton per acre for unit dose of nitrogen being 3·79 ± 0·22, 2·24 ± 0·17 and 1·19 ± 0·17 respectively.

The Impact of Science on Agriculture

In spite of considerable diversity, agricultural systems in the prescientific days usually possessed two features in common; they aimed first and foremost at providing complete subsistence for the community, money crops being a subordinate consideration; and they included measures for conserving the productiveness of the land, either by the so-called fallowing, or by letting the land revert to the wild state, or by some other device. Although these systems had a low level of productiveness they provided food for indefinitely long periods of time, and in addition possessed certain social advantages. In the system followed in Great Britain, around the Baltic, in Northern India and elsewhere, the land was divided into strips which were shared out among the participants for the purposes of ensuring equitable distribution of good and bad land. The whole complex of pessant life developed some creative art which showed itself in a love of colour, folk music and dancing, embroidery, wood carving, pottery, iron work and other peasant arts and crafts. Unfortunately, the strip system of farming was incapable of improvement by scientific means, and as soon as the peasants insisted on a higher standard of living it had to go. The method of change varied in different countries, Russia adopted one way and Poland another. Instead of scattered strips the agricultural holding was brought into one self-contained unit. Here science was able to play its part. Unfortunately, as science came in so the peasants' arts and crafts, the colour, the singing and the dancing got somehow crowded out; they ceased to be spontaneous peasant activities and are becoming only museum pieces. It would be a great advantage to the country side if, somehow, this apparent antagonism could be overcome.