Monetary Sector Research Articles

The Role of Monetary Policy in Activation of the Real Sector in Iraq

The role of monetary policy and its impact in activation of the real sector comes by the financial and monetization role of investment, which is now fully mature in countries with well economic thriving. The problem of the research potentiates that the policy has limited effect in the real sector due to reluctance of due to security cause and monetary cause like investment in monetary sector due to increase in the interest rate or speculation in the selling and buying the foreign currency (dollar). The research finds many recommendations which are the most important as follows: 1. Follow monetary policy with specific character as it contains facilities to lower the currency rate to the sector. 2. Support the monetary policy measures by following the commercial protective policy of the national product.

АНАЛІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИМ БАНКОМ УКРАЇНИ ОСНОВНИХ ІНСТРУМЕНТІВ ТА ВАЖЕЛІВ ГРОШОВО-КРЕДИТНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ

The purpose of scientific research is determined, namely analysis application of the main instruments by the National Bank of Ukraine and levers of influence to ensure the optimal level of monetary and credit politicians. The list of key levers of influence of the National Bank of Ukraine on the monetary sector is considered. The economic essence of the concept of "instruments of monetary policy" is highlighted. The key instruments of direct and indirect influence of monetary policy are defined. The limits of influence of instruments of monetary activity are characterized. The essence of the concept of "accounting rate of the National Bank of Ukraine" within the limits of the current legislation is given. The dynamics of the discount rate of the National Bank of Ukraine for the years 2017-06/03/2022 were considered. The role of the influence of the National Bank of Ukraine on the discount rate is determined. It is noted that the discount rate affects the volumes of household consumption and investment, as well as inflation. According to the current legislation, it is determined that the National Bank for the purpose of regulation of the money market can carry out transactions with purchase/sale of government bonds of Ukraine both on the stock exchange and over-the-counter stock market. The essence of the concept of "domestic state loan bonds" within the limits of the current legislation is highlighted. An analysis of the volume and number of domestic state loan bonds placed on the primary market in terms of currencies during 2015–2021 was carried out. The purpose of operations on the secondary market by the National Bank of Ukraine has been determined. The dynamics of the volume of executed agreements on the purchase/sale of domestic government loan bonds on the secondary market during the analyzed period were studied. The indicators of the money supply in terms of monetary aggregates are presented and characterized. The volume of operations on the mobilization of banks' funds by placing deposit certificates for the years 2015–2021 was analyzed. It is noted that these indicators affect business activity in the country, pricing, investment level, money supply, etc. The use of monetary policy instruments by such foreign countries as Canada, Italy, Japan, the USA and Germany is characterized.

Economy of the Neighborhood Belt Countries in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Peculiarities of Post-Crisis Recovery

Aim. The presented study aims to identify key factors affecting the macroeconomic situation in the EAEU countries and Tajikistan (hereinafter referred to as the region) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Tasks. This study summarizes trends in the development of the neighborhood belt countries in recent years; investigates changes in the real, monetary, fiscal, and external sectors of the economies caused by the spread of COVID-19; identifies the vulnerability factors of the countries in the region and key trends in responding to the crisis and post-crisis recovery.Methods. To investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic situation in the neighborhood belt countries, the authors analyze the dynamics of major macroeconomic indicators characterizing the state of the real, monetary, external, and fiscal sectors of the economies under consideration.Results. The macroeconomic situation in the neighborhood belt countries at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the post-crisis recovery is largely similar. The effects of the pandemic include sharp depreciation of national currencies, increased budget deficits, and increased national debt. Post-crisis recovery in the region is characterized by persistent risks to fiscal and debt sustainability and the effect of pro-inflationary factors.Conclusions. Despite the consistent post-crisis recovery of the neighborhood belt countries, sustainable growth is still threatened by the possible deterioration of the epidemiological situation, national budget deficit, high level of national debt, and increasing inflationary pressure. Macroeconomic policy in the countries of the region can be improved by enhancing the macroeconomic forecasting system and applying budget rules for managing budget and debt risks.

THE IMPACT OF ISLAMIC MONETARY OPERATIONS AND AGGREGATE FINANCING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA (2010-2020)

Islamic monetary operation policies are regulated to increase the effectiveness in facing economic developments, especially the monetary sector. The working mechanism of the Islamic monetary operation up to its impact on the development of the national economy illustrates the monetary policy transmission carried out by Bank Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of Bank Indonesia Sharia Certificate (SBIS), Bank Indonesia Sharia Deposit Facility (FASBIS), Sharia Interbank Money Market (PUAS), and aggregate financing on Indonesia's economic growth in the period 2010 to 2020. This research method uses a quantitative approach with the analysis technique Vector Auto Regression (VAR) or Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to see the long-term impact and shock response on certain variables. Using secondary data on the variables, it is obtained from the Indonesian Economic and Financial Statistics Bank Indonesia (SEKI-BI) and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for the period January 2010 to December 2020. This study found that the SBIS variable has a negative relationship with GDP. Meanwhile, the variables FASBIS, PUAS, and aggregate financing have a positive relationship with GDP. For the future, it can be used as input and consideration in policy making that will be determined in optimizing Islamic monetary policy in Indonesia. Further research that will discuss this topic should use Islamic monetary instruments that are more complete than Islamic open market operations and sharia standing facilities. As well as comparing with conventional monetary operation instruments as a comparison for Islamic monetary.

Islamic Monetary Instruments Contribution to Economic Growth: Literature Study

In Islamic economics, the monetary sector and the real sector must be able to go side by side. Even the monetary sector must follow developments for the real sector. The goal of Islamic economics is the creation of economic justice through equitable distribution of income, one of which is seen from the growth of the real sector, which is a representation of the level of productivity and welfare of the community. This is directly related to the business world. Therefore, when the level of community productivity increases, it will aggregately affect economic growth. On the other hand, one of the monetary instruments in Islamic economics is Islamic banking. This means that the increasing performance of Islamic banking must be in line with the increase of the real sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the contribution of increasing Islamic banking performance to economic growth through a literature study related to a qualitative approach, where the collected literature is analyzed by content analysis and the data is triangulated to make a conclusion. The findings of this study indicate that Islamic monetary instruments in the Islamic banking case contribute to economic growth through an increase from the real sector

STUDY OF ISLAMIC MONETARY POLICY LITERATURE: (Effectiveness of Real Sector Performance Strengthening)

The purpose of this article is to analyze how effective the Islamic monetary policy system is in maintaining or improving the performance of the real sector. And how Islamic monetary economic policy is able to maintain stability between the real sector and the monetary sector compared to the implementation of conventional monetary economic policy. The research design uses library research design (library study design). namely a research by studying, researching and reviewing relevant library materials. The data collection method used in this study is documentation, namely the method of data collection by reviewing various books (literature) that are relevant to the subject matter to be studied. With data analysis techniques using content analysis techniques, (Content Analysis) is research that is in-depth discussion of the contents of a written or printed information in the mass media. Which in the analysis it was found that Islamic monetary policy is effective in improving the performance of the real sector.

Monetary Policy Convergence within the EAC: A Focus on Interest Rate and Exchange Rate

This study was conducted to establish whether the key variables in monetary policy transmission mechanisms are converging within the East African Community. This region is eyeing having an economic union and subsequently a monetary union hence the significance of investing developments in the monetary sector. The analysis used panel data from the year 2005 to 2020 for five EACs. To test for convergence of interest rates and exchange rates, the analysis employed; unit-root test, sigma convergence, co-integration tests, and finally used the panel fixed effect model to establish the impact of the two variables on the GDP. The analysis shows that in the short run, there is no convergence in interest rates but there is convergence in exchange rates. However, in the long run, the two monetary policy variables are co-integrated indicating that the region is doing well in terms of integration in the financial sector in their preparation to form a common trade area and monetary union. The analysis of the impact of the two variables on economic growth shows that only the exchange rate is significant, therefore, the region should strive to foster a stable exchange rate regime to realize increased economic growth.

Japan’s Decade Long Tryst with Deflation : What Led a Prospering Economy into a Deflationary Spiral?

Japan suffered a deflationary hangover from the great episodic Yen appreciations during the late 1980s into the mid-1990s. The country’s GDP stagnated at low levels during the lost decade, and inflation was persistently low. The period beginning early 1991 and extending to 2001 is popularly referred to as Japan’s lost decade, characterized by deflation. The government’s remedial measure – an expansionary fiscal policy failed to boost the economy. Using the macroeconomic concepts of fiscal policy, monetary policy, and IS-LM model, this note elucidated why an expansionary fiscal policy failed in Japan, despite having the potential to succeed. The analysis also highlighted the impertinence of a credit crunch in the monetary sector on the economic crisis.

DEMAND FOR MONEY AND HAYEKIAN TRIANGLES

Friedrich August von Hayek (1935) developed a specific business cycle theory in which interactions between the real and monetary sectors play a central role. In the first version of the theory, shocks to the money supply deflect market interest rate from the natural level and thus give false signals to entrepreneurs about relative demand between present goods and future goods. This idea was represented in a simple graphical tool, which was later called the Hayekian triangle. The structure of capital and the production process are depicted in a diagram that maps flows of resources from early stages of production to late stages, and finally to the hands of the consumer. On the basis of this theory, the prelimi- nary recommendation for the monetary authority was to freeze the money supply in order to prevent fluctuations in the structure of production (Hayek 1928).

The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and External Debt on Economic Growth in Indonesia

Indonesia as a development country, has a good economic growth in the 1990's. It shows by increasing of GDP year by year, stabilization of inflation, etc. But since 1997's economic crisis in Asia's countries, Indonesia's economic growth has been declining. It effected the monetary sector and real sector, and add again with progressively the amount of foreign debt of Indonesia, so that effect of Rupiah rate wich progressively weakening. This paper will analyze the foreign direct investment also foreign debt, on the economic growth of Indonesia. By using the OLS model on Indonesia yearly data from 1975-2009 and the confirm the significant of these independent variables as the factors that effected the economic growth of Indonesia. Foreign direct investment and foreing debt represent the way able to be gone through by government in overcoming deficit of national saving utilize to push the national development to get the good economic growth. Pursuant to things told above, writer try to study the problem of economic growth in Indonesia in its relation with the foreign direct investment and foreign debt by lifting title “Influence on The Foreign Direct Investment and The Foreign Debt to Economic Growth of Indonesia”.

Assets Recovery of Money Laundering Criminal Acts: A Study of Restoring Assets for Money laundring Criminal Acts Related in the Account of Overseas Bank

This research was conducted to investigate the obstacles to asset recovery for the proceeds of money laundering deposited in offshore bank accounts, as mandated in Law Number 8 of 2010. The issues raised in this study are about the relationship between corruption and money laundering. As well as law enforcement in the monetary sector in Indonesia through the criminal approach and Asset Recovery in the Money Laundering case. Based on the research, it was found that the recovery of assets resulting from money laundering that was stored abroad experienced obstacles due to differences in legal concepts (money laundering and assets proceeds from money laundering). The research was conducted through juridical normative methods and data collection. It is concluded that the Asset Recovery approach is more of a deterrent effect for the perpetrators of corruption than punishment. To facilitate the withdrawal of money laundering funds abroad, a bilateral cooperation agreement between the Indonesian and recipient countries of money laundering assets is necessary.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of education in poverty reduction: macroeconomic and social determinants form developing economies

Education is the basis for poverty eradication and economic growth. Education provides the aim of this research is to explore educational and other environmental, economic and social determinants on poverty. The aim of this study is to measure an econometric estimation to measure the role of education on poverty reduction. The model was estimated using time series data from 1980 to 2018, using the Engle-Granger two-step co-integration technique, to obtain the economic long-term and short-term dynamic characteristics of education in reducing poverty rate in this era. This model is used to test the hypothesis that how education can uplift the economic progress of the country. Education significantly reduces the level of poverty, whereas the role of higher education seems more significant tool for alleviating poverty. The public and monetary sectors incorporate institutional features with relevant policy actions, while foreign sectors, particularly the oil sector, represent interactions with the rest of the world. A series of policy scenarios influence the industry-wide model, which is used to evaluate the government's various options for increasing economic productivity, resulting in sustained acceleration of growth and poverty reduction in the South Asian economics.

Religiosity and human capital formation in the overlapping generation model in Indonesia

This research aims to determine the extent of the part of spiritual empowerment and the construction of human capital in the overlapping generation model in Indonesia. The study constructs a model by mathematical approach, which ensures the equilibrium of the entire market; use data of the Indonesian region in the 1983-2019 period and the analyzed by regression. Government spending in the fiscal and monetary sector effectively increases the Gross Domestic Product; the influence of labor positively affects the use of capital stock, where the current capital stock is influenced by the stock capital of the previous year. The aspect of government spending has a positive effect on capital stock.

Kontribusi Sektor Riil, Sektor Moneter dan Tingkat Inflasi Terhadap Penerimaan Zakat, Infak dan Sedekah di Indonesia

The role of zakat in economic development in Indonesia is increasingly being felt. In addition to the distribution allocation through the appropriate zakat program, it is also necessary to pay attention to the contribution of the zakat revenue. This study aims to analyze the contribution of the Large and Medium Industrial Production Index (IPBS) as a real sector variable while the Return on Assets (ROA) of the Islamic banking industry as the monetary sector and inflation to the receipt of Zakat, infaq, and alms (ZIS) in the National Zakat Agency ( BAZNAS). The analysis technique used is the Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) / Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The type of data used is secondary data using monthly data for the period 2011 to 2019. The results of the study show that the real sector has a causal relationship with the ZIS fund collection. Inflation and ZIS revenues have a one-way relationship. Real sector variable shocks responded positively and were very dominant by ZIS revenues compared to the ROA of Islamic banking as well as inflation. The real sector variable is also predicted to contribute the most in raising ZIS funds in the future.

Causal Relationship Between Financial Sector Development in SMEs & Economic Growth in Southern Africa Region

This study explores causal relationship between financial sector development in SMEs and economic growth in Zimbabwe using annual time series and the Error Correction Model (ECM) framework. Monetary sector improvement and financial development stayed a controversial issue in Southern African nations. Market analysts have distinctive hypothetical and exact perspectives on the causal connection between monetary sector improvement and financial development. support supply driving speculation that monetary sector improvement prompts financial development & credit to request pulling speculation which proposes that monetary improvement results from financial development. Study made use of Unit Root Tests, Cointegration, ECM and Granger Causality Tests. Empirical findings revealed a bidirectional relationship between financial sector development in SMEs, economic & business growth. Business & Economic Growth enhance a strong and flexible legal system allowing banks to allocate resources (credit) more efficiently to SMEs. Credit should be accessed by all enterprise fairly to encourage the development of indigenous businesses through SMEs.

Defining financial reforms in the 19th-century capitalist world-economy: The Ottoman case (1838–1914)

Capitalist-style reforms were an important factor in the economic and social evolution of the Late Ottoman Empire. This research investigates how foreign governments and financiers, and especially Britain, influenced these various financial reforms implemented in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. The chief purpose of such reforms was to integrate the Empire into the capitalist world-economy by imposing, both directly and indirectly, the adoption of rules, institutions, attitudes and procedures amenable to exploitation on the part of foreign and also local capitalists. Drawing on primary sources, mainly from the United Kingdom’s National Archives, the article argues that foreign pressure for financial reforms was instrumental in the Empire’s economic subjection to the rules and norms that regulated the capitalist world-economy, most notably in the field of public finance, banking and the monetary sector. It takes a long-term view and largely adheres to the scholarly evolution of Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony and world-systems theory and methodology developed by Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein and Giovanni Arrighi, adopting a multidisciplinary and macro-scale perspective. Special attention is paid to the correlation between secondary and primary sources in support of empirical evidence. More broadly, this research contributes to the literature on the capitalist world-economy and brings a set of theoretical frameworks to bear on defining the role of financial reforms induced mainly by Britain in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries.

Measuring the effect of cash credit on industrial production in Iraq for the period of 2003-2020

The monetary sector in Iraq occupies a distinguished position as it manages the movement of money, which is the main engine of economic activity. The importance of research is determined by studying the relationship between cash credit and its role in fostering economic activities, especially in the industrial sector. The authors of the research aim to study and analyze the nature of domestic credit in Iraq and its role in developing the industrial sector. The research originates from the hypothesis that credit changes in Iraq have a major role in developing industrial economic activities. In order to reach the purpose of the research and verify the hypothesis, an analysis of the domestic crediting in Iraq, along with its role in the development of the industrial sector, and the causal importance of the types of cash credit in Iraq was carried out. In this study, the descriptive inductive approach is relied on the analysis of monetary credit indicators in Iraq. In addition to the quantitative method of analyzing the available data on the relationship between cash credit and the industrial sector, the authors used the EViews 12 software.

Modern Facets of Anti-Crisis Regulation of Monetary Sector and Financial Market

Many prior studies demonstrate a variety of views on the balance of government regulation and self-regulation in a market economy. The views of representatives of different economic schools have significantly changed in the course of time. The article examines the views of representatives of various schools of liberalism on the role of state and self-regulation in the development of financial and economic systems. The article assesses the contribution of Monetarist and Keynesian scientific schools to the formation of anti-crisis measures. A hypothesis about the greater importance of anti-crisis regulation, which is based on the postulates of Keynesianism, as compared to monetarism, was formulated. The tools of monetarism demonstrate insufficient usefulness for mitigating and eliminating the consequences of financial and economic crises. The article considers the features of state regulation of the economy in crisis conditions (crises of 2007-2009, 2020). Using the general-to-specific method, the article focuses on the regulation of the financial sector. In particular, measures of state regulation of the monetary sector and the financial market are summarized. An express analysis of some regulatory procedures in the field of the financial market and monetary regulation is carried out. It is concluded that a «new normality», as a consequence of the peculiarities of a state anti-crisis regulatory impact, is ambiguous.

HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE REAL AND MONETARY SECTORS IN INDONESIA?

This study aims to find empirical evidence for the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Indonesia real and monetary sectors. The real sector condition is represented by fluctuations in the farmer exchange rate in ten provinces; this rate has direct and indirect effects on farmers’ welfare. On the other hand, the condition of the monetary sector is illustrated by shifts in the consumer confidence index due to fluctuations in Islamic and conventional financial system indicators. We used a panel regression model to examine the farmer exchange rate and a binary logistic regression model to examine the consumer confidence index. The results statistically demonstrate that the pandemic conditions have affected both the real sector and the consumer confidence index of the Islamic financial sector. However, the pandemic has not affected the consumer confidence index of the conventional financial sector. This phenomenon exists because of the speculative action from conventional investors in taking risks and opportunities, which are forbidden in the Islamic context. The indicator which shifts the conventional consumer confidence index is the composite stock index (IHSG), while the Islamic consumer confidence index is shifted by changes in the Islamic money market rate, the Jakarta Islamic index and the Islamic banking capital ratio. Our empirical findings conclude that, in such a critical situation, the behaviour of conventional and Islamic consumers is totally different, thus influencing consumer confidence in each sector.

MONETARY AND FINANCIAL POLICY OF UKRAINE: THEORETICAL-EMPIRICAL CONNECTIONS AND PRIORITIES OF STATE REGULATION

The essential characteristics of the monetary policy of the state as a system of measures and instruments of state regulation of the monetary sphere, the direction of state influence on monetary and credit relations are specified. Its subjects and objects are identified, principles, goals and modes are defined. The relationship between the formation and implementation of monetary policy and the strengthening of financial security of the state are shown. Using the method of the main components, an integrated assessment of the state of monetary and security of Ukraine in 2000, 2005, 2010—2018 was conducted. The weighting coefficients of Ukraine’s monetary security indicators are determined and its integral values are calculated. The highest level of influence of such indicators was identified as the ratio of the monetary aggregate M3 to GDP (23,3 %), the ratio of GDP to the volume of the monetary aggregate M2 (22,5%), the amount of cash to GDP (22,6 %). The conclusion was made that the level of monetary and credit security of Ukraine in 20132018 was decreasing. The lowest was the value of monetary and security of the state in 2016 — 0,49 (on a scale from zero to one), in 2018 the index rose to 0,51, but its value is low. The existence of a statistically significant link between monetary and financial security of Ukraine is empirically assessed and established. For the period 2000-2018, the determination coefficient was 0,86. Accordingly, the tendency to lower the level of monetary security leads to a virtually parity deterioration of the state financial security. The strategic priorities of the state policy of the development of monetary and credit sphere in the context of ensuring the financial security of the state are grounded. Strategic priorities of state regulation are defined: ensuring the price stability and stability of the national monetary unit, strengthening the stability of the banking system, its creditworthiness, forming a high-quality exchange-exchange rate environment, the development of the stock market, and improving the institutional principles of state regulation of the monetary sector. Identified measures, the implementation of which allows to achieve the identified strategic priorities and improve the financial security parameters of Ukraine.