Monetary Donations Research Articles

Students’ Perception of Fundraising Through Personal Solicitation

The use of personal solicitation in fundraising continues to grow. Students need additional support and resources to embrace and engage in the fundraising process. This study reports on a teaching technique or method focus on assisting students in gaining strategies to cope with potential fears. It also reports on challenges they may have when soliciting individuals or organizations for donations, whether monetary or in-kind contributions. Furthermore, this teaching note seeks to assist students in gaining a level of comfort when requesting financial contributions through personal solicitation and in gaining knowledge of the learning resources that can build their confidence in fundraising. This learning exercise helped students highlight some of the potential fears, useful learning resources, and practical experiences of personal solicitation that affect students’ perceptions of fundraising. Also, the teaching technique may assist individuals, higher education, nonprofit organizations, and other government agencies in gaining insight into developing and providing useful learning resources, helping students to understand views of fundraising, and helping students to deal with their personal fears when soliciting for financial contributions or other gifts. Subscribe to JNEL

ANTECEDENTS OF TRUST TOWARDS THE ATTITUDE OF CHARITABLE ORGANISATION IN MONETARY PHILANTHROPIC DONATION AMONG GENERATION-Y


 Monetary philanthropic donation, which is held through charitable organisation (CO), is known as a voluntary contribution in the form of money. The purpose of this donation is to improve public’s welfare, where there is little to no commensurate reward given to the donor. Furthermore, the organisation is fully responsible for the money used for donation. Therefore, an understanding in regards of the donor’s attitude and perception is essential for CO, in order to improve the philanthropic behaviour displayed by the public. Following that, the purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between trust disposition, perceived ability, perceived integrity, perceived benevolence, the attitude towards CO, and the influence of these factors towards young generation behaviour during monetary philanthropic donation. Pertaining to these factors, through self-administered questionnaire, a survey was conducted to collect data from 258 respondents from Generation-Y or Gen-Y in Malaysia. The data was then analysed using SmartPLS 3.2.6. Based on the findings obtained from the survey, it was shown that philanthropic monetary donation held through CO is indirectly influenced by the perceived ability and integrity displayed through the public’s attitude towards CO. Out of all factors, perceived integrity, perceived ability, and perceived benevolence were found to directly influence the attitude displayed by public towards CO. On the contrary, it was a surprising fact that there is a small relation between trust disposition and the public’s attitude towards CO. Besides, the attitude displayed towards CO does not mediate the relationship between trust disposition and philanthropic behaviour. The findings provide valuable insight to scholars, marketing practitioners, and COs in their understanding of the complex philanthropic behaviour shown by individuals.

استقصاء دور بعض العوامل النفسية و الديموغرافية في سلوک التبرع بالمال عينة من المواطنين السعوديين Investigating the role of some psychological and demographic factors on Saudis' monetary donation behavior

استهدفت الدراسة من خلال الجانبين النظري والميداني بناء مرجعية نظرية لدراسة سلوک المتبرع بالمال، تسهم في تأسيس رؤية علمية للدراسات المتخصصة في هذا المجال، ووصف واقع سلوک المتبرع السعودي بالمال، في ضوء النماذج العلمية المفسرة لسلوک الإنسان، لتمکين الجمعيات الخيرية من تطوير آلياتها التسويقية، بالإضافة إلى استخلاص توصيات علمية تنهض بالعمل الخيري في المملکة. وقد اعتمد لتحقيق ذلک على المنهج الکمي باستخدام الاستبيان لجمع بيانات عينة عشوائية عنقودية بلغ عدد أفرداها (1514) من تسع مدن سعودية، وتوصلت إلى نتائج من أهمها: أن الدافع الديني هو أقوى دوافع التبرع النقدي، تلى ذلک التعاطف (الرغبة في تخفيف معاناة الآخرين)، ثم دافع العوائد الغيبية مثل دفع البلاء والمرض والفقر.دلت النتائج على وجود اتجاهات إيجابية مرتفعة لدى السعوديين نحو مؤسسات العمل الخيري، وهي نتيجة تتوافق مع الافتراضات الرئيسة للنموذج العام للدراسة (الفعل المخطط له). تبين کذلک أن المتبرع السعودي يقدم موثوقية الجهة الخيرية على غيره من الاعتبارات، يمر قرار التبرع بالمراحل التفصيلية عندما تنخفض ثقة المتبرع في الجهة الخيرية Abstract In this study donating money behavior in Saudi Arabia was investigated, hoping to enable Charity Sector to develop better fundraising captains. The study uses a quantitative approach, using questionnaire to collect data from a Saudi sample of (1514) individual selected randomly from nine cities. The results suggest that there are high positive attitudes among Saudis toward charitable institutions, a result that agree with the main assumptions of the general model of the study (planned action). It turns out that the Saudi donor provides the charity's trustworthiness over other considerations. The decision to donate goes through detailed stages when the donor's confidence in the charity decreases.

Individual contributions, provision point mechanisms and project cost information effects on contingent values: Findings from a field validity test

In many instances, Contingent Valuation practitioners rely on voluntary monetary contributions, despite the fact that they are deemed to be neither incentive compatible in theory nor demand revealing in practice. The reason is that they are suitable for most field applications and offer benefits that may outweigh their drawbacks. This paper endeavors to contribute to the literature by exploring the effect of donation payments with differing incentive structures and information levels on contingent values and on respondents' uncertainty regarding the donations declared. To this end, a field survey was conducted using a sample of 332 respondents who were randomly assigned to one of three different mechanisms: (1) individual contribution (hereinafter CVM treatment); (2) individual contribution with provision point mechanism (PPM), where the total cost of the project is unknown (hereinafter PPM treatment); and (3) individual contribution with PPM, where the total cost of the project is known (hereinafter PPM-INF treatment). The results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in willingness to pay (WTP) estimates between the CVM and PPM treatments nor between the PPM and the PPM-INF treatments. The results also indicate that the PPM has a positive effect on respondents' certainty level, but there is no evidence that the certainty level is affected by the project information cost. The results are mixed compared to previous research efforts. Thus, further tests are necessary in field comparisons and under different information environments before any definite recommendations can be made.

Willingness of smallholder rubber farmers to participate in ecosystem protection: Effects of household wealth and environmental awareness

The rapid expansion of natural rubber farming in southern China has led to negative environmental consequences, such as soil erosion and biodiversity loss. Therefore, local governments have made the restoration and protection of ecosystems a major policy issue. However, such efforts will only be successful if local communities participate. Using cross-sectional data on 612 smallholder rubber farmers in Xishuangbanna, this study investigates the willingness of smallholder rubber farmers to participate in ecosystem protection. We employ a multivariate probit regression model to estimate three ways of participating in environmental protection: (i) through monetary contributions of rubber farmers, (ii) by reducing rubber areas, and (iii) through the provision of free labor. The results show that most rubber farmers are willing to participate in local ecosystem protection. While wealthier households tend to participate by contributing money and providing free labor, poorer households prefer to reduce their rubber planting areas. Approximately 10% of the farmers believe that rubber cultivation has positive environmental effects and therefore abstain from participating in ecosystem protection measures. Our findings have important implications for policymakers who want to implement programs to restore and protect ecosystems in Xishuangbanna and other rubber planting regions in southern China.

Methods, Making, and West African Influences in the Work of Fatimah Tuggar

Methods, Making, and West African Influences in the Work of Fatimah Tuggar

Which is greener: secularity or religiosity? Environmental philanthropy along religiosity spectrum

Using a large, nationally representative Canadian survey (N = 12,922), this paper investigates how religiosity associates with environmental philanthropy. Based on the degree of religiosity, the population is divided into five mutually exclusive segments of very religious, average religiosity, nominal affiliate, unchurched believer, and strictly secular. The analysis shows that the individuals identified as very religious contribute the least amount of money to environmental causes, while the unchurched believers are the most generous. The investigation also shows that among various dimensions of religiosity, only religious attendance is statistically significantly associated with environmental philanthropy. The effect of religious attendance is, however, negative for monetary contribution and positive for volunteerism. Finally, the contribution of money to religious organizations negatively associates with environmental giving, while donation to secular causes predicts a higher level of monetary giving to environmental organizations. Various implications are discussed.

Walking Out for Yizkor

Abstract In many synagogues it is customary for people with living parents to walk out of the sanctuary for the Yizkor memorial service. This has been explained in many ways, with most explanations involving the evil eye or liturgical concerns. This article examines the origin of the Yizkor service and its connection to the collection of monetary donations in honor of the deceased. This practice, connecting Yizkor with donations, is proposed as a significant factor that those with living parents would not participate in this service.

How giving affects giving: a long-term analysis of donations

ABSTRACTSocial preferences theories suggest that at least some people show altruistic behaviour. However, this philanthropic behaviour ranges from pure altruistic preferences to reluctant altruists. The fact that a subset of contributors has impure preferences raises questions regarding the stability of prosocial contributions. Assuming differences in other regarding preferences, we examine whether at an aggregated level monetary contributions are stable or fragile over time. We study the aggregated donations in the US from 1973 to 2013 using ARIMA and ARMAX models. The significant autoregressive and moving average coefficients in our estimations suggest that aggregated donations are highly autocorrelated. Our estimated impulse response functions indicate that aggregated donations converge to their historic mean quickly after an exogenous shock, which shows the stickiness of the inclination to donate.

The Economic Organization of Extended Family Households by Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status.

This study examines differences in the amount of economic support or mutual benefit derived from extended family living arrangements by studying differences in monetary contributions to essential household expenditures across family units in extended family households. Using the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation, multivariate regression and selection models are estimated to assess racial differences in family contributions toward household expenses in extended family households. Extended family households have very unequal monetary contributions towards household rent and utilities, although Hispanics have less unequal monetary contributions compared to other racial groups. Hispanic and Asians extended family households experience decreasing inequality in financial contributions as the income of each family increases whereas no relationship between financial contributions and income is found for whites or blacks. This suggests a different cultural orientation to extended family living arrangements for Asians and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites.

Distributional preferences and donation behavior among marine resource users in Wakatobi, Indonesia

This study examines the effect of distributional preferences on donations of money and time using a field experiment with marine resource users in Indonesia. Individuals participate in a real effort task to earn money and are faced with a donation decision under different treatments – monetary donation, time donation, monetary match, and time match. In the distributional preferences elicitation task we classify individuals' preferences as benevolent, egalitarian, own-money-maximizing, and malevolent. We find that the different distributional preference types are a significant indicator of participants' donation behavior. The people showing malevolent preferences and those who focus only on maximizing their own payoff are less likely to donate any amount compared to those that make egalitarian choices. Furthermore, we find strong evidence that individuals who choose payoff structures characterized as “benevolent” donate a significantly higher amount. We analyze the results econometrically in two stages to better understand the determining factors for whether an individual donates and those factors that determine how much one donates. Practical implications involve developing targeted messages that integrate the resource-users and their needs into the center of local conservation campaigns and goals.

Sermons, carrots or sticks? Explaining successful policy implementation in a low performance institution

This article explains how after 43 years of unsatisfactory outcomes, the Ministry of Education of Peru (MoE) suddenly ranked at the top of governmental performance tables. To do so, this study relies on implementation and major discussions of policy instrument theories to provide a comprehensive explanation of the reasons underlying the MoE’s improvements. Methodologically, this research employs the mixed research methods paradigm. It combines process-tracing and regression analysis. The analyses show that the MoE underwent three major events in its route to achieve policy success. First, the approval of a long-term policy plan (National Educative Plan to 2021); second, the contentious legitimisation of governmental policies against Peru’s teachers’ union and its eventual defeat; and, third, the recentralisation of historically dispersed control functions in the MoE. The results indicate that upon the occurrence of these reforms, MoE’s bureaucrats could gain teachers’ legitimacy and eventually achieve complementarity of policy tools. In fact, the multiple regression analysis suggests positive and significant interdependence between the set of tools employed by MoE officers: parents’ voluntary monetary contribution to schools (sermon), economic incentives to outperform schools (carrots) and trimestral oversight of schools’ performance (sticks). Results also show that MoE’s tools are positively associated with satisfactory student-learning outcomes.

'Please Rate Your Experience' - The Effect of Calls to Action on Website User Conversion

Online content and service providers find it challenging to elicit payment from their users and thus face a financial sustainability challenge. We follow past research that showed that the use of feedback surveys may lead to consumer loyalty and study whether simple ‘calls to action’ — prompts that require the user to rate the content or service — encourage monetary conversion. We first present controlled web experiments to establish a causal relationship between users’ exposure to prompts and their subsequent monetary contributions. Study participants watched videos on a video website and were presented with prompts to rate the current video. Users who were prompted to rate videos donated more money to the website compared with users who were not exposed to prompts. Notably, the prompts did not affect users' satisfaction. Next, in two large-scale field studies, conducted in collaboration with a major publishing website, we establish the applicability of our findings to real-life settings. Specifically, we show that users who are prompted to rate their experience become significantly more likely to convert to a paid version. Our research is novel in showing, both in the lab and in the field, a causal relation between calls to action and user conversion.

The Effect of Recipient Contribution Requirements on Support for Social Programs

Whether aid programs should require recipients to contribute their own resources to receive benefits is widely debated, but little is known about public support for these requirements. Using randomized experiments, we find an inverted u-shape response to monetary contribution requirements for a food aid program: support increases when recipients make small monetary contributions and returns to baseline under large contribution requirements. Recipient time contribution requirements also increase program support. Analysis of mechanisms suggests that individuals screen recipients to target those who need and value the aid. We find suggestive evidence of stronger responses to monetary contributions among conservatives versus liberals.

Factors Influencing Conservation of Local Wildlife

With global biodiversity decreasing at a rapid rate, the need for behaviour change is ever apparent. Attitudes to wildlife and conservation have been explored in the literature with a focus on subjective ratings of attractiveness and gender differences. In many cases preserving biodiversity requires donations from the general public, and as a result the role of psychological study of the predictors of behaviour is becoming fundamental for conservation. Participants in this study were given a sum of money and then asked to distribute it amongst 10 animal species native to the New Forest. Differing information about the conservation status of the species was given in each condition to observe any differences in giving behaviour. Previous research has shown that people will value wildlife more if they know that it is endangered (Gunnthorsdottir, 2010). Therefore, it is hypothesised that knowledge of the conservation status of a species will affect efforts for its protection. It is also hypothesised that a taxonomic bias will be present in the data with more money being given to mammal species compared to invertebrates. A Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that participants giving behaviour was only significantly influenced in two conservation priority species. As knowledge of conservation status did not significantly affect people's behaviour it is suggested that personal bias plays a greater role in our willingness to pay for conservation. Previous research has focused on opinions of animal species, however the practical application of monetary donations as used in this experiment is unique and should be explored further.

Estudio de valoración contigente de la red de bibliotecas públicas de Chile

espanolEn este trabajo se utiliza el metodo de valoracion contingente para estimar parte del bienestar social que genera el Sistema Nacional de Bibliotecas Publicas de Chile, y la relacion entre ese beneficio social y algunas caracteristicas socioeconomicas de quienes asisten a ellas. Con la excepcion de Baez y Herrero (2012), este metodo no ha sido utilizado en el ambito de la politica cultural en Chile. Ademas, en el caso de las bibliotecas publicas, el metodo ha sido escasamente aplicado incluso a nivel internacional. Entre otros resultados, este trabajo concluye que tanto usuarios como no usuarios estan dispuestos a realizar una contribucion monetaria para mantener la red de bibliotecas; y entre quienes no estan dispuestos a realizar un aporte monetario, hay muchos que estarian dispuestos a contribuir con trabajo voluntario para gestionar las bibliotecas locales. EnglishThis study uses the contingent valuation method to estimate part of the social welfare generated by Chile’s national public library system and the relationship between this social benefit and some socioeconomic characteristics of library users. With the exception of Baez and Herrero (2012), this method has never been used in relation to cultural policy in Chile, and indeed it has only rarely been applied to public libraries elsewhere in the world. Among other findings, the study concludes that both users and nonusers are willing to make a monetary contribution to maintaining the library network, while many of those who are unwilling to do so would be willing to volunteer to help run their local libraries.

Who Gives, Who Takes? “Real America” and Contributions to the Nation–State

Although service to the nation–state features in academic and lay understandings of patriotism, claims of patriotism are rarely examined alongside contributions to the nation–state. The present study examines four behaviors—military enlistment, voting, monetary contributions, and census response—to evaluate the claim that certain parts of the United States, and specifically the communities of “real America,” contribute more than others to the country overall. Consistent with the words of several electoral candidates, ruralness, religiosity, political conservatism, and gun culture collectively identify a distinctive set of communities where residents are both more likely to report “American” as their ancestry and to vote for Republican presidential candidates, including Donald Trump. However, visual and statistical evidence undermine the claim that these communities contribute more than other parts of the country. Instead, and in several respects, these communities make smaller contributions to the nation–state than one would expect based on other characteristics. The findings undermine divisive claims about a “real” America that gives more than its “fair share.”

Funding Conservation Locally: Insights from Behavioral Experiments in Indonesia

AbstractProximate stressors such as destructive fishing are key drivers of coral reef degradation. Conservation strategies that marshal local action and are tailored to the preferences of the target group are thus needed to sustain coral resources. We experimentally analyze the behavior of marine resource users in a coastal village in Indonesia to gain insight into whether people prefer to donate time or money to environmental or other charitable causes. Each person is subject to one of four treatments: monetary donation, monetary donation match, volunteer time donation, and volunteer time donation match. Contrasting with the existing literature, we find that participants give significantly more when donating money compared to time. We also find that matching donations increases the percent of people giving but does not increase the amount donated. This research furthers our understanding of what motivates resource users in a developing country to contribute to the provision of public goods.

Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth Is: An Experimental Test of Pro-Environmental Spillover From Reducing Meat Consumption to Monetary Donations

Psychological studies testing behavioral spillover—the notion that behavior change resulting from an intervention affects subsequent similar behaviors—has resulted in conflicting findings in the environmental domain. This study sought to further demarcate the spillover process by asking participants to engage in a difficult first pro-environmental behavior, reducing red meat consumption, for either health or environmental reasons. Evidence of spillover was tested via a subsequent monetary donation to an environmental organization. While there was no evidence of spillover for those in the green behavior condition, those in the health behavior condition were less likely to donate relative to controls. There was evidence that pro-environmental behavior led to an increase in environmental concern. In turn, environmental concern was associated with an increased likelihood of donating. Environmental concern may, thus, be one route to positive spillover in some subsets of the population.

Cooperative Behavior in the Ultimatum Game and Prisoner's Dilemma Depends on Players' Contributions.

Economic games such as the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) are widely used paradigms for studying fairness and cooperation. Monetary versions of these games involve two players splitting an arbitrary sum of money. In real life, however, people’s propensity to engage in cooperative behavior depends on their effort and contribution; factors that are well known to affect perceptions of fairness. We therefore sought to explore the impact of relative monetary contributions by players in the UG and PD. Adapted computerized UG and PD games, in which relative contributions from each player were manipulated, were administered to 200 participants aged 18–50 years old (50% female). We found that players’ contribution had large effects on cooperative behavior. Specifically, cooperation was greater amongst participants when their opponent had contributed more to joint earnings. This was manifested as higher acceptance rates and higher offers in the UG; and fewer defects in the PD compared to when the participant contributed more. Interestingly, equal contributions elicited the greatest sensitivity to fairness in the UG, and least frequent defection in the PD. Acceptance rates correlated positively with anxiety and sex differences were found in defection behavior. This study highlights the feasibility of computerized games to assess cooperative behavior and the importance of considering cooperation within the context of effortful contribution.