Monetary Compensation Research Articles

Compensating Project-affected-Families: an examination of alternatives

The empirical study has obtained insights into the expenditure patterns of cash compensation and the desired constituents of compensation package by the affected landowners in a linear project in peri-urban area of Gurugram district in Haryana. The study concludes that monetary compensation is apportioned between the twin heads of immediate consumption needs and income generating assets, though, the percentage spent under each category is influenced by the geographical location and the sociological attributes of communities. A heterogeneous mix of compensation options was found to elicit greater acceptance among the affected landowners. The individual compensation choices are ascribable to factors such as education, age, size of land holdings, income level, extent of awareness, and access to information. The findings of the study underscore the need to diversify the compensation choices incorporated in The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013 to optimize the post-acquisition outcomes for the project-affected-families. The paper recommends the adoption of land pooling policy for land aggregation in urbanizing areas to assure high economic return to participating title holders from the serviced parcel of land returned to them through its monetization or utilization for commercial purposes.

Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic to the Contractor Organizations in the Construction Industry.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus in late December 2019 has led to the closure of Wuhan, China, where the disease was first discovered and has spread to Malaysia in January 2020. The Malaysian Government’s initiative to limit people’s daily movement since March 2020 prevents the coronavirus from spreading even more as the virus can be transmitted through touch and air. The public health systems faced a burden; hence there is a need to flatten the curve of the COVID-19. However, due to the pandemic and the Movement Control Order (MCO) imposed by the Government, the construction industry has faced huge losses since all construction projects are put on hold for the people to prioritize more on their safety and health. Although delay issues commonly arise as an impact of a pandemic where force majeure is seen as an excusable risk that entitles contractors to time extensions, none of the parties can have monetary compensation to recover from the damages incurred due to the delay. Hence, this study focuses on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Malaysian contractors. A stratified random sampling method is to be used to provide practical means of enabling the data collection and for the research components to be carried out. 205 numbers of G7 Contractors in Klang Valley are the research participants. However only 63 feedbacks obtained which contributed to 30% response rates. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that there were five major impacts criteria faced by the contractors during pandemic. Therefore, the construction industry should be able to take preventive measures so that construction projects can still be executed whilst maintaining the well-being of all the parties involved during these uncertain times.

"중소 병/의원 직원의 공정성 인식과 원장 리더십이 조직 유효성에 미치는 영향"

Purpose This study intends to contribute to organizational stabilization by empirically analyzing the interaction between members'' fairness perception and the director''s leadership and positive influencing factors in order to increase job satisfaction and lower turnover intentions of members of small and medium-sized hospitals and clinics. Methods A causal relationship analysis was performed with the structural equation model with the analysis tool of AMOS. Results The results of this study showed that distribution fairness had a positive effect on job satisfaction and turnover intention, which are organizational effectiveness, in small and medium-sized hospitals and clinics. there was. Fairness had a positive effect on leadership, but only distributional fairness had no influence on transactional leadership. Conclusion It can be seen that transformational leadership is fundamental in the management of small and medium-sized hospitals and clinics as a solution to improving job satisfaction and lowering turnover intentions of organizational members. Based on the transformational leadership of the director, securing procedural fairness through the process, a system of hospitals and clinics can induce job satisfaction, and fairness of distribution such as monetary compensation will be a realistic alternative to lowering employee turnover.

Passenger-Centric Integrated Airline Schedule and Aircraft Recovery

Airlines are known to compete for passengers, and airline profitability heavily depends on the ability to estimate passenger demand, which in turn depends on flight schedules, fares, and the number of seats available at each fare, across all airlines. Interestingly, such competitive interactions and passenger substitution effects may not be limited to the planning stages. Existing regulations in some countries and regions impose monetary compensations to passengers in case of disruptions, altering the way they perceive the utility of other travel alternatives after the disruption starts. These passenger rights regulations may act as catalysts of passengers’ response to recovered schedules. Ignoring such passenger response behavior under operational disruptions may lead airlines to develop subpar recovery schedules. We develop a passenger response model and embed it into a novel integrated optimization approach that recovers airline schedules, aircraft, and passenger itineraries while endogenizing the impacts of airlines' decisions on passenger compensation and passenger response. We also develop an original solution approach, involving exact linearization of the nonlinear passenger cost terms, combined with delayed constraint generation for ensuring aircraft maintenance feasibility and an acceleration technique that penalizes deviations from planned schedules. Computational results on real-world problem instances from two major European airlines are reported, for scenarios involving disruptions, such as delayed flights, airport closures, and unexpected grounding of aircraft. Our approach is found to be tractable and scalable, producing solutions that are superior to airline’s actual decisions and highly robust in the face of passenger response uncertainty. Of particular relevance to the practitioners, our simulation results highlight that accounting for passengers’ disruption response behaviors, even in a highly approximate manner, yields significant benefits to the airline compared with not accounting for them at all, which is the current state-of-the-art. Funding: This work was supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación [Grant PID2020-112967GB-C33], the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain [Grant TRA2016-76914-C3-3-P], and the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain [Grant CAS19/00036].

Antecedents, Consequences, and the Role of Third Parties in the Trust Repair Process: Evidence Taken from Orthodontics.

Orthodontic treatment has popularized in Taiwan. Healthcare institutions can be responsive in their coping strategies and determine whether third-party intervention should take place involving medical disputes related to orthodontics in order to repair patient trust. This study draws on orthodontic treatment to explore the effect of various trust repair strategies employed by healthcare institutions and third-party involvement positively affecting outcomes related to trust repair. Patients were recruited among those who have undergone orthodontic treatments, and 353 valid scenario-based questionnaires were collected through an online survey. Results revealed that: (1) the affective and informational repair strategies positively impacted trust repair while the functional repair strategy did not; (2) trust repair positively impacted patient satisfaction/word-of-mouth and mediated between repair strategies and satisfaction/word-of-mouth; and (3) third-party involvement moderated the relationship between trust repair and word-of-mouth. The findings suggest that rather than receiving monetary compensation, patients usually prefer that healthcare institutions acknowledge their fault, offer apologies, and engage in active communications to clarify the causes of medical dispute. Further, an objective third party should be involved to mediate the medical disputes to afford satisfaction all around.

Compensation For Land Affected By Public Road Construction In Deli Serdang Regency

Before the land is used for public purposes such as roads, markets and others can be implemented through the procedures established by law is no exception to the acquisition of land destined for private interests. In land acquisition can be done as stipulated in Article 21 of the basic agrarian law. To do land acquisition, the land must have a person or legal entity that owns it. In the land acquisition, a person or legal entity has the right to receive monetary compensation or replacement of land located elsewhere. In addition, the land acquisition required the approval or agreement of both parties to be implemented by the committee that handles the so-called Land Acquisition Committee.

What drives the acceptability of restrictive health policies: An experimental assessment of individual preferences for anti-COVID 19 strategies.

The public acceptability of a policy is an important issue in democracies, in particular for anti-COVID-19 policies, which require the adherence of the population to be applicable and efficient. Discrete choice experiment (DCE) can help elicit preference ranking among various policies for the whole population and subgroups. Using a representative sample of the French population, we apply DCE methods to assess the acceptability of various anti-COVID-19 measures, separately and as a package. Owing to the methods, we determine the extent to which acceptability depends on personal characteristics: political orientation, health vulnerability, or age. The young population differs in terms of policy preferences and their claim for monetary compensation, suggesting a tailored policy for them. The paper provides key methodological tools based on microeconomic evaluation of individuals’ preferences for improving the design of public health policies.

Routes Determine Results? Comparing the Performance of Differentiated Farmland Conservation Policies in China Based on Farmers’ Perceptions

Revealing the performance of farmland conservation policies that use different types of policy instruments can provide a basis for optimizing such policies. Based on farmers’ perceptions of farmland conservation policies, this paper conducted an empirical analysis using data on 986 rural households which were collected from seven towns/districts in three provinces of China. More specifically, this paper first uses propensity score matching to analyze the impact of the comprehensive application of economic incentive and command-and-control policy instruments on farmland conservation. Then, it explores the differences between the effects of local economic incentive farmland conservation policies (FCP-LE) that employed different policy instruments. Finally, the factors affecting farmers’ perceptions of FCP-LE performance were identified. The results show that the combination of economic incentives and command-and-control policy instruments significantly improved the performance of farmland conservation policies. Furthermore, after comparing FCP-LE with payments to rural communities in the form of monetary compensation only, it is evident that a combination of FCP-LE with payments to farmers and integrated monetary compensation and social security subsidies yields better farmland conservation. Additionally, there are differences between the factors affecting farmers’ perceptions of FCP-LE performance in different areas. Our findings aim to help encourage more areas to develop diversified local incentive policies in order to conserve farmland.

A Deep Learning-Based Decision Support System for Mobile Performance Marketing

In Mobile Performance Marketing (MPM), monetary compensation only occurs when an advertisement results in a conversion (e.g., sale of a product or service). In this work, we propose an intelligent decision support system (IDSS) to automatically select mobile marketing campaigns for users. The IDSS is based on a computationally efficient mobile user conversion prediction model that assumes a novel Percentage Categorical Pruning (PCP) categorical preprocessing and an online deep multilayer perceptron (MLP) reuse model (MLPr). Using private (nonpublicly available) business MPM data provided by a marketing company, the MLPr model outperformed an offline multilayer perceptron and a logistic regression, obtaining a high quality class discrimination when applied to sampled (85% to 92%) and complete (90% to 94%) data. In addition, the MLPr compared favorably with other machine learning (ML) models (e.g., Random Forest, XGBoost), as well as with other deep neural networks (e.g., diamond shaped). Moreover, we designed two strategies (A — best campaign selection; and B — random selection among the top candidate campaigns) to build the IDSS, in which the predictive deep learning model is used to perform a real-time selection of advertisement campaigns for mobile users. Using recently collected big data (with millions of redirect events) from a worldwide MPM company, we performed a realistic IDSS evaluation that considered three criteria: response time, potential profit and advertiser diversity. Overall, competitive results were achieved by the IDSS B strategy when compared with the current marketing company ad assignment method.

Legal nature of the agreement on surrogate motherhood

The article analyzes the legal relationship in the field of surrogacy through the prism of contract law in order to establish differences with the composition of the crime under Article 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Trafficking in Human Beings”. We also found that the basis for the emergence of legal relations between the subjects of this type of assisted reproductive technologies is the agreement on surrogacy.
 Analyzing the legal nature of this agreement in view of its subject, we found that the surrogacy agreement is a contract for the provision of medical services, which concerns the place of such a contract in the system of contracts - the contract for the provision of actual medical services. In addition, we have established and investigated the subject of the surrogacy agreement. Thus, the subject of this agreement is directly the actions of the surrogate mother, her voluntary consent to bear and give birth to a child for parents who are deprived of such an opportunity on medical grounds to do so independently, for monetary compensation or without. Because surrogacy is a type of assisted reproductive technology, we have found that this method is one of the medical indications for the treatment of infertility. It follows that the actions of a surrogate mother are medical services.
 In our articles, we investigated the nature of the crime of “Trafficking in Human Beings” and conducted a comparative analysis of this crime with the surrogacy agreement to identify differences between them. We have also identified a key feature that distinguishes the above-mentioned concepts: the lack of a genetic link between a child born as a result of a surrogacy program and a surrogate mother. In addition, we highlight the main features that do not include the crime of “trafficking in human beings” by participants in the surrogacy program.
 In this article, we have analyzed the case law, which has made it possible to demonstrate more practically when a person’s actions constitute a crime of “Trafficking in Human Beings”, which is different from the legal nature of the surrogacy agreement.

دور الامم المتحدة في تحقيق المصالحة

Over the years, the concept of UN reconciliation has evolved to meet the demands of various conflicts. The goals of UN reconciliation came to light at a time when the Cold War often paralyzed the work of the Security Council, and was limited primarily to providing substantive support to efforts to Not to go back to fight and conflict. We note that during the Cold War phase, reconciliation was intended for a specific type of international activity that includes the ability of the parties to fight or conflict to accept reconciliation with the consent of the concerned parties, through specific non-judicial mechanisms that may be through compensation or satisfaction. They are neutral mechanisms and do not depend on judicial mechanisms such as criminal cases. The international investigation committees, and others, were initially identified with two types: monetary compensation and satisfaction or an official apology..

Iklan Aesthetics in Niger: Identity and Adornment from Servility to Self-agency

<i>Iklan</i> Aesthetics in Niger: Identity and Adornment from Servility to Self-agency

THE EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON RECOMMENDATION RECEIVERS AND BRANDS

Purpose- While it is common for consumers to advise about products and services, it is important to receive feedback about their recommendations. An important body of work in the marketing literature had focused on the consequences of product and services recommendations (eg Fitzsimons and Lehmann 2004). While the literature has predominantly focused on how recommendation providers are affected, there are limited sources of information on the relationship between recommendation providers and feedback providers in return (Claus et al. 2012; Moore 2012; Shen and Sengupta 2018). This research contributes to this knowledge gap by investigating how the recommendation providers update their current relationship with both the product and the feedback providers, after receiving feedback about their recommended products. Considering that the recommendation process of the consumers about the products does not end immediately, and that those who receive advice make this process dynamic by giving feedback, our study contributes to a more realistic and complete investigation of the results of the recommendation process. Methodology- In this study, data were collected online through a pilot survey study, as well as four experimental studies. The participants were either university students that received partial credits or participants that were recruited from Prolific that received monetary compensation. The gap in the word-of-mouth marketing literature was filled by examining the effects of positive or negative feedback after recommendation on both brand attitude and the evaluation of consumers who received advice and also gave feedback. Findings- When the findings of the research are evaluated, the positive feedback received after the advice given, the recommendation recipient evaluations are higher than the negative feedback. The mediating role of the similarity perception (between the recommendation and feedback provider) in the evaluation of the recommendation receipient has been demonstrated. Secondly, it was seen that the product evaluations were higher after receiving positive feedback than after receiving negative feedback. The perception of being betrayed by the brand or feeling gratitude towards the brand has a mediating role in the evaluation of the product after the feedback. Conclusion- As a result of this study, it has been shown that the feedback received after the recommendation will not only affect the product evaluations, but also the evaluations of the recommendation recipients. While feelings of betrayal or gratitude by the product played a role in product evaluations, the mediating role of person similarity emerged in those receiving feedback. In this context, it is striking that consumers reorganize their bilateral relations while giving product recommendations and receiving feedback. When the results of the study are evaluated, consumers should be prepared that their relationship with other consumers to which they give advice may also change in line with the feedback. This research provides significant contributions to word of mouth marketing literature by demonstrating the role of feedback. Keywords: Recommendation, feedback, social influencer, word of mouth marketing. JEL Codes: M30, M31

How a compensated kidney donation program facilitates the sale of human organs in a regulated market: the implications of Islam on organ donation and sale

BackgroundAdvocates for a regulated system to facilitate kidney donation between unrelated donor-recipient pairs argue that monetary compensation encourages people to donate vital organs that save the lives of patients with end-stage organ failure. Scholars support compensating donors as a form of reciprocity. This study aims to assess the compensation system for the unrelated kidney donation program in the Islamic Republic of Iran, with a particular focus on the implications of Islam on organ donation and organ sales.MethodsThis study reviews secondary documents for philosophical argumentation and ethical analysis of human organ donation and sale for transplantation.Results and discussionAccording to Islamic law, organ donation is an act of sadaqatul jariyah, and individuals are permitted to donate organs with the intention of saving lives. The commercialization of humans as organ sellers and buyers is contrary to the Islamic legal maxim eethaar, undermining donors of ‘selfless’ or ‘altruistic’ motivations. Such an act should be considered immoral, and the practice should not be introduced into other countries for the sake of protecting human dignity, integrity, solidarity, and respect. I, therefore, argue that Iran’s unrelated kidney donation program not only disregards the position of the Islamic religion with respect to the provision or receipt of monetary benefits for human kidneys for transplantation but that it also misinterprets the Islamic legal proscription of the sale of human organs. I also argue that the implementation of Iran’s unrelated kidney donor transplantation program is unethical and immoral in that potential donors and recipients engage in a bargaining process akin to that which sellers and buyers regularly face in regulated commodity exchange markets. Conversely, I suggest that a modest fixed monetary remuneration as a gift be provided to a donor as a reward for their altruistic organ donation, which is permissible by Islamic scholars. This may remove the need to bargain for increased or decreased values of payment in exchange for the organ, as well as the transactional nature of ‘buyer and seller’, ensuring the philosophy of ‘donor and recipient’ is maintained.ConclusionsOffering a fixed modest monetary incentive to organ donors would serve to increase organ supply while protecting donors’ health and reducing human suffering without legalizing the human organ trade.

Relationship between Monetary reward and Athletic Identity of Lagos State Athletes

This study investigated the relationship between monetary reward and athletes’ athletic identity. The purpose was to understand the difference in athletic identity between athletes who earned monetary compensations and those who did not earn any monetary compensations for participating in sports. Two hundred and fifty-six athletes who competed in state-organized sports competitions completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). The data collected was analyzed using Mann Whitney U tests and Linear Regression at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that age did not predict athletic identity, and monetary reward did not differentiate athletes who received financial compensations or not based on their athletic identity. The results have confirmed that other factors that are not monetary may be associated with athletes’ athletic identity. Therefore sports psychologists should identify those factors to help athletes sustain their athletic personalities.

Are Farmers in National Park Communities Willing to Reallocate Their Lands? A Situational Analysis

Limited by China’s mixed land ownership model, which is divided into collective and state ownership, national parks’ strict ecological protection measures of restricting land use patterns and intensity are subject to the decisions made by collective landowners and contract operators, namely, rural households in national park communities. The disposition and intention of community farmers regarding collective land ownership is related to the nature conservation effect of the national park. In the context of national park land functions for ecological conservation, environmental education, leisure and recreation, scientific research, and “nest eggs” (basic living guarantees), the research on the influencing factors of farmers’ intentions to reallocate their land (expropriated or transferred) will provide a basis for a National Parks Administration (NPA) to develop supporting policies for collective land reallocation in different functional zones and to prevent community conflicts. The research took Shennongjia National Park as an example and, combined with literature analysis, used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to explore the influencing factors of community farmers’ land reallocation intentions and drew the following conclusions: farmers’ intentions to leave their land for nature conservation purposes and for urbanization purposes are different. In the five land function situations above, farmers’ perceptions of land function in national parks did not directly affect their land reallocation intentions, while their trust in the land management ability of NPA was a complete mediator. Farmers’ preferences for the economic value of land had no significant moderating effect on land reallocation intentions. Farmers’ characteristics have a moderating effect on different land function situation models. Older and less educated farmers are more likely to receive livelihood compensation rather than monetary compensation after leaving their land. Therefore, some management suggestions are put forward, such as strengthening the capacity for building national park land and other natural resources management, adapting to the collective land policy in different function zones, and paying attention to the livelihood compensation of community farmers after they leave the land.

Socio-Spatial ‘Tabula Rasa’ and Punctual Preservation: The Case Study of Measurable Compensation in Lijiao Village

Villages in the cities (VICs) exhibit all the contradictions of contemporary Chinese urbanisation. These historic settlements attracted large floating populations during the booming urban economy, which redefined their morphological assets. Moreover, their urban persistence reflects the social and cultural modifications occurring within metropolises. Municipal governments’ attention was drawn to the extraordinary densification process, triggering negotiation regarding urban upgrades and social engagement alongside the overall transformation of VICs. Despite the broad scientific literature on VIC redevelopment, especially from urban and social studies perspectives, little attention has been paid to the spatial and monetary compensation awarded for forced or planned demolitions. The transition from informal agglomerations to residential compounds implies the action of local authorities cooperating with real estate developers to make existing house ownership the basis of compensation for measurable spaces in new typological configurations defined by radical social shifts. Lijiao village in Guangzhou was selected as a case study to observe how its urban renewal programme affected the evaluation of historic building preservation versus large selective demolition. Cultural heritage and spatial compensation have become the cornerstones for reconfiguring the village’s morphology and the everyday life experiences framed by interested local groups’ mediation.

Can you put a price on 14 years of life? Examining predictors of monetary compensation for exonerees

ABSTRACT Compensation is one of the few resources available to exonerees, as they do not qualify for many of the same re-entry services available to parolees. Past research has shown public support for exoneree compensation; however, little is known about what factors influence perceptions of exonerees receiving compensation. The current study investigated the role of the contributing factor in an exoneree’s wrongful conviction case, participant characteristics, and perceptions of an exoneree and wrongful convictions, on perceptions of monetary compensation awards. Student participants were randomly assigned to read one of three fictitious news articles that varied in terms of the factor that led to an exoneree’s wrongful conviction (i.e. false confession, eyewitness misidentification, or police misconduct), and afterwards answered a series of questions assessing perceptions of assistance, of the exoneree, and of wrongful convictions. Results indicated that contributing factor (police misconduct), participant characteristics (men), and perceptions of the exoneree (more innocent than guilty, exoneree ‘Black’ or ‘Hispanic’) and of wrongful convictions (supportive of other forms of assistance) were significant predictors of monetary compensation awards.

관광지에서의 지역주민 현장 경험과 삶의 질에 대한 이해

In the field of tourism, quality of life has been measured and conceptualized in various ways. Empirical research has interchangeably applied the concept with subjective well-being and happiness, or the latter two concepts have been employed as constructs of quality of life. However, there has been little discussion of the appropriateness of such applications. Regarding the research trend, this study aimed to explore the relationship between the resident’s quality of life and tourism from the resident‘s perspective. Specifically, simultaneously considering subjective well-being and happiness, this research investigated how residents’ participation in the campaign for silence tourism at a tourist destination in Buk-chon appeared to be related to the quality of their lives. Several rounds of interviews were conducted with observations made at the destination for data collection. Results showed that, for all participants, life satisfaction and positive emotions were related to monetary compensation, elimination of boredom, interaction with others. Meanwhile, some of them found the meaning of their lives through the linkage between the campaign participation and their everyday lives and leisure activities. The complexity between quality of life and resident experience provides a clue for understanding inconsistent results in the extant literature on the quality of life of residents. Future research was discussed on this issue.

Liability of the Private Military Companies for Violations of International Humanitarian Law

In the wake of the privatization of war, new international players known as private military companies have been given the opportunity to actively engage in many armed conflicts throughout the world. They provide a variety of services such as combat services, logistical support, operational support, intelligence, border monitoring, and providing security guards in exchange for monetary compensation. During armed conflicts workers of these military companies can violate international law, including provisions of international humanitarian law. Under the international humanitarian law, the individual criminal responsibility exists to be applied on the employees of these firms, but the international legal framework is unable to identify the liability of these private military companies. Especially, the idea of criminal corporate liability for these companies is nonexistent. This research paper proposes that the idea of corporate criminal responsibility should be introduced at the state level, with the goal of holding Private Military Companies accountable for breaches of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Laws. In addition, it is also argued that the special regulations are required to govern private military companies.