Moment Of Pause Research Articles

Moments of Pause: Understanding Students’ Shifting Perceptions During a Muslim Young Adult Literature Learning Experience

AbstractAlthough scholarship has examined the representation of Muslim characters and/or followers of Islam in literature for children and young adults and provided reference materials for classroom instruction, the incorporation of Muslim literature in classroom contexts has been largely unexplored. Drawing from Braun and Clarke's conception of thematic analysis as a methodological approach, the authors describe the shifting perceptions of a high school English class as student participants read and discussed young adult texts centered on Muslim protagonists and the religion of Islam. Findings offer a graphic display for understanding the participants’ shifting perceptions and how the learning experience ultimately resulted in students’ ability and willingness to challenge their initial beliefs about Muslim cultures and Islam.

Six Lessons to Guide Intentional Career Action: Homage to the Queen of Soul and a Maverick Senator.

Independent of political perspective or musical preferences, the deaths of two individuals who played a major role in history was worthy of a moment of pause. The life lessons inspired by the efforts of these icons, plus the work of motivational author Jon Acuff together serve to empower the intentional action of professional case managers in defining a successful career path.

Beauty in Ashes: Reflections on Hidden Resilience After a Hospital Shooting

Back to table of contents Next article CommentaryFull AccessBeauty in Ashes: Reflections on Hidden Resilience After a Hospital ShootingMena Mirhom, M.D.Mena MirhomSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:5 Jan 2018https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2018.130101AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Behind every exquisite thing that existed, there was something tragic.—Oscar WildeEverything changed in an instant when the 16th floor of Bronx-Lebanon Hospital became a crime scene after a deadly shooting. In the days and weeks after the tragedy we endured, it was as if the air we breathed was heavy with the weight of our grief, hovering over every interaction. Casual small talk in the hallways prompted sincere reflection and a moment of pause before we answered.In the midst of the pain, there was a hidden beauty. I was hesitant to write this because honest reflection can be almost frightening with a subject this painful. However, as we know all too well, it is often necessary and therapeutic. I needed to write these words because psychiatry does not deal with pain in storage but in process. It's in this very process that we allow ourselves to see the hidden hope and beauty in our pain.After the tragedy, we saw one another in the truest sense—as a kind of family. In the usual hustle and bustle of our busy days, we followed routines and stayed within boundaries that we cherished. Prior to the tragedy, in our medical culture, members of every discipline had a specific place to sit, and every member of the established hierarchy stayed within well-defined lanes. After the incident, these partitions melted away. The chief resident and the housekeeper embraced to comfort one another because they felt the same pain, in different uniforms. An attending wept with a resident, and both acknowledged their vulnerability. There was an awareness that everyone began to embrace in the hospital: that we were not alone and that there is much more that unites us than divides us. We began to truly see each other. Words like "unity" and "equality" took on new meaning to us because we all realized that tragedy does not discriminate or regard titles. Suddenly, the prospect of losing everything put into perspective the value of the genuine community within our hospital.Tragedy has a way of forcing a magnifying glass upon our character (1), our fears, and our instincts. Over the course of these weeks, I witnessed trauma produce severe stress (2) but also posttraumatic growth and unbelievable kindness (3). There is a resiliency that comes with surviving such tragedy and knowing that you did so together. Now, the hallways are beginning to fill with hope. This hope is not rooted in blind optimism or denial but a sincere experience of the depth of the power of the human spirit. It is the hope of beauty seen in the midst of ashes.Dr. Mirhom is a second-year psychiatry resident at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Bronx, N.Y.Details regarding the July 2017 tragedy at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center can be viewed online.The author thanks Dr. Panagiota Korenis, Residency Training Director and Vice Chair of Education and Inpatient Psychiatry at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital, for her continued mentorship and support.

Spectacles of Sovereignty in Digital Time: ISIS Executions, Visual Rhetoric and Sovereign Power

The ISIS videos staging the executions of James Foley and Steven Sotloff are usually understood as devices to deter, recruit, and “sow terror.” Left unanswered are questions about how these videos work; to whom they are addressed; and what about them can so continuously bring new audiences into existence. The evident durability of ISIS despite the imminent defeat of its state, coupled with the political impact of these particular videos, make these questions unusually urgent. Complete answers require analysis of the most understudied aspect of the videos that also happens to be vastly understudied in US political science: the visual mode of the violence. Approaching these videos as visual texts in need of close reading shows that they are, among other things, enactments of “retaliatory humiliation” (defined by Islamists) that perform and produce an inversion of power in two registers. It symbolically converts the public abjection of Foley and Sotloff by the Islamist executioner into an enactment of ISIS’ invincibility and a demonstration of American impotence. It also aims to transpose the roles between the US, symbolically refigured as mass terrorist, failed sovereign, and rogue state, and ISIS, now repositioned as legitimate, invincible sovereign. Such rhetorical practices seek to actually constitute their audiences through the very visual and visceral power of their address. The affective power of this address is then extended and intensified by the temporality that conditions it—what I call digital time. Digital time has rendered increasingly rare ordinary moments of pause between rapid and repetitive cycles of reception and reaction—moments necessary for even a small measure of distance. The result is a sensibility, long in gestation but especially ofthistime, habituated to thinking less and feeling more, to quick response over deliberative action.

Overturning Catastrophes

Overturning Catastrophes Alexandra Perisic The word catastrophe is derived from the Greek word katastrephein, meaning a "sudden turn" or "overturn" (from kata=down and strephein=turn). In Greek theatre, it designated the last parts of a tragedy, the moment when the action begins to unravel and the protagonist has to face the consequences of their actions. In the 1700s, the meaning was extended to include any sudden disaster, leading to the now frequent conflation between disasters and catastrophes. Writing on theatre and catastrophe, Federica Bueti contends that "kata-strephein is, then, not the tragic death of the hero, but, rather, the moment when the ethical dilemma of the hero is made visible, a cue of further collective reflection" ("The Theatre of Catastrophe"). It is a moment of pause, when the situation could still develop in a number of ways. In this article I expand on catastrophe as a sudden overturn or a possibility (and sometimes excuse) for a sudden overturn; one whose aftermath is not predetermined. I argue that in capitalism1 catastrophes often lead to a collision between two worldviews. On the one hand, as argued by Naomi Klein in The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (2007), capitalists use disasters and catastrophes to privatize new sectors of society and impose free market reforms. While I concur with Klein's assessment, I also contend that there is another side to catastrophes. Following Félix Guattari's claim that ruptures allow for the emergence of new ethical and aesthetic modes of being, I argue that catastrophes can lead to non-capitalist imaginings and practices. In my analysis, I rely on two examples. First, I focus on Martinican writer and philosopher Edouard Glissant and his metaphor of the womb abyss. According to Glissant, the Middle Passage was a catastrophe, perhaps the biggest one in human history. The passage was primarily an abyss, the utter and complete dehumanization of the slave population. Yet, it was also a womb, where in an atmosphere of extreme violence, creolization began, a mixing of different cultural elements leading to new ways of being in the world. The struggle between the dehumanizing forces of capitalism and the utopian forces of what Glissant calls the world in Relation, began during the Middle Passage and continues to this day. I place Glissant's theory in conversation with a more contemporary example, the recent national debt crisis in Greece. The near bankruptcy of Greece could be characterized as a catastrophe. In light of this situation, two poles were formed. [End Page 118] Grassroots efforts, founded upon ideas of mutual aid and solidarity, led to community kitchens, healthcare clinics, and popular assemblies. On the other hand, the European troika (the European commission, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund) used this opportunity to pursue and intensify neo-liberal austerity measures.2 In the summer of 2015, we witnessed precisely a clash between two worldviews in the aftermath of a catastrophe. The juxtaposition of Glissant's writing and the Greek debt crisis is not meant to lead to a comprehensive account of catastrophes or to a generalizable model. However, thinking about catastrophes dialectically and comparatively can help us take an ethical stance and decide on a political course of action in the future. Particularly given that, due to global warming, increasing social inequality, and military/police violence across the globe, we are likely to witness many more catastrophes to come. neoliberal catastrophes Naomi Klein's 2007 book The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism has become a bestseller and a mandatory reference in any discussion of neoliberalism, economic crisis, natural disasters, and war. In this brilliant and extremely well documented work, Klein traces the development of the neoliberal doctrine from its endorsement by Milton Friedman and his disciples in the University of Chicago's economic department, to the present day.3 She underlines the dependence of neoliberalism on the shock doctrine, which she defines as "using moments of collective trauma to engage in radical social and economic engineering" (8). The doctrine posits that the aftermath of a crisis—be it economic, political, or environmental—when the population is disoriented and its reference points obfuscated, is the best time...

Listening to Quackery: Reading John Wesley's Primitive Physic in an Age of Health Care Reform.

This article uses a reading of John Wesley's Primitive Physic, or An Easy and Natural Method of Curing Most Diseases (1747) to resist the common rejection-often as "quackery"-of Wesley's treatments for common maladies. We engage Wesley not because he was right but because his approach offers useful moments of pause in light of contemporary medical epistemology. Wesley's recommendations were primarily oriented towards the categories of personal responsibility and capability, but he also sought to empower individuals-especially the poor-with the knowledge to safely and affordably treat maladies of their own. We leverage Primitive Physic to rethink contemporary medical knowledge production, especially as sanctioned by randomized clinical trials and legitimate views of experience and contemporary institutions such as the AMA. Ultimately, we suggest that the medical humanities has a key role to play in mining the discarded and dismissed for what they can tell scholars about medical knowledge.

Introduction: Magazines and/as Media: Periodical Studies and the Question of Disciplinarity

In the opening article of this special issue, Patrick Collier asks whether a thing called modern periodical exists, and he turns to the Journal of Modern Periodical Studies itself to find an answer. Appearing in the pages of the very journal that articulates the existence of such a field, this question may seem purely rhetorical. It is certainly timely: a moment of pause five years after this journal's establishment to consider what the concretion of energy and scholarly at tention around periodical studies has wrought. Collier's question echoes the ML A 2013 roundtable that was in many ways the starting point for our special issue, although the editors were mere audience members. Organized by J. Stephen Murphy around the similarly evocative question What Is a Journal? the roundtable began from the premise that periodical studies was fragmented due to the absence of a unified theoretical framework — a move toward synthesis that, while important, is not new.

Transforming Social Protection: Human Wellbeing and Social Justice

This article calls for a moment of pause to consider the current direction of social protection thinking and practice. It introduces a special issue in which a range of authors explore the relationship between social protection and social justice. The article argues that the currently technocratic approach to social protection will neither be sustainable as a form of development intervention, nor produce sustainable reductions in poverty. The analysis takes us to the ontological heart of the technocratic approach and highlights the inadequacy of approaches based on methodological individualism for achieving sustainable and more socially just development outcomes. Using a human wellbeing framework and combining this with the idea of transformative social protection, the article proposes that there are different ways of conceiving, designing and implementing social protection so that they are better able to contribute to the promotion of social justice in specific developing country contexts.

An Age of Stagnation?

Much of the policy focus since the onset of the Great Recession in 2008 has been based upon a return of the global economy to “business-as-usual.” It is assumed that it is both possible and desirable to return to the pre-recession trajectory of the global economy, despite such a growth path leading to an imbalanced global economy that was neither sustainable from an environmental perspective nor equitable from the perspective of supporting a fair society. Policy makers have failed in this objective. It may be that governments have simply been unsuccessful. It is also possible that the structural components of the global economy have changed in such a way that a return to the pre-recession growth path is not possible. This article is an investigation into this possibility. It will consider three elements—debt, technology, and demography—that argue that we have entered a sustained period of sluggish economic growth by asking three core questions: (1) Will the rebalancing of the global economy undermine the ability of economies to restore prosperity? (2) Have the long-term trends in innovation reached a moment of pause, to delay future growth prospects? (3) Are the demographic trends facing the world likely to act as a brake upon future economic growth? We then ask the question of whether or not this is entirely undesirable before taking the view that it provides a good opportunity to switch into a low carbon, low-growth economy if the fundamental issues of inequality and fairness can be addressed. If we are to have a prolonged period of subdued prosperity, then that affords us an opportunity to devise a structure that is both kind to the planet and equitable to its inhabitants. To misquote Churchill, it would be a shame to let a perfectly good recession go to waste.

The Network Structure of Crime

AbstractFrom theoretical physics to field‐driven anthropology, researchers are increasingly exploring how the connections among individuals, amoebas, brain cells, organizations, and institutions affect what we feel, think, and do. However, the application of social network analysis to the study of crime, deviance, and violence has arrived a bit late to this network turn in the social and behavioral science. I argue that this network turn in the social sciences be an important turning point in the study of crime and deviance, but only if taken as an opportunity to evaluate our core theoretical principles and consider new ways to understand and measure them. The goal of this essay is to take stock of the state of the field, while also providing a moment of pause to consider some fruitful ways of advancing this line of inquiry.

Morar en las Lagunas: Lugares de Cazadores Recolectores en la Pampa Bonaerense (Argentina)

The landscape among hunter-gatherers is a complex issue for the archaeological study. Thus, in this paper we introduce the idea of archaeological place as a key concept to address the problem. The characterization of places results from the integration of different lines of evidence including objects, spaces and bodies. The aim of this paper is to discuss human occupations that occurred during the Holocene around the lagoons in Buenos Aires province, south of the Salado River (Argentina), with special emphasis on those evidences described for El Guanaco locality. Based on the discussion of different examples it is proposed that lagoon environments have been visited and inhabited throughout the Holocene. The choice of these spaces concerned, for example, planning the acquisition and the carrying of lithic raw materials, a low utilization of lake resources and, in some cases, the development of specific mortuary practices. Because of their vital and symbolic importance, water sources are must-visit points along hunter-gatherers pathways. The quiet waters of lagoons may be related to moments of pause, and this pause refers to places. Therefore, lagoons surroundings represent places in the life of hunter-gatherers groups, who, as part of their paths, returned again and again to the shores.

Walking the Edge of the Stage in Theory; Or, Janet Cardiff’s Sensorium for Intermedial Bodies

This article examines Janet Cardiff ’s site-specific art, and in particular, the 2005 audio walk, Her Long Black Hair, as a possible site of refusal or an alternative to the panoptic docile, disciplined Foucaultian body. This paper investigates Cardiff ’s sound-based collaboration, often performed with artist Georges Bures Miller, as a sensorial, chorographic, and intermedial practice that challenges discourses of representation, such as conformist, dominant fixed perceptions of identity and scripted subjectivity. Cardiff ’s work demonstrates the process of intermediality and how the intermedial body disrupts linear and visual narratives or sites that fix identity through the constructs of the historical and cultural. The article forwards critical questions about the conditioned human desire for bodily fixity, surveillance, and panoptical structures promoting normative, disciplinary hierarchies, especially through nostalgia for narratological closure. Cardiff ’s work, her performance and artistic strategies, offer other avenues for inhabitation of the radical sensorium, the body as palimpsestuous, inner theatre, wherein she invites us to participate differently—to listen and see, to experience differently. The article also takes up an intermedial, palimpsestic form with spaces created for moments of pause and reflection: an enacting of the site-specific intermedial and palimpsestic body.

P-196 - Cognitive impairment in depressed and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a common and disabling condition; its lifetime prevalence in general population is estimated by several studies to 1-5%. There are data that prove the fact that patients with bipolar disorder show cognitive deficits in all stages of the disorder, but also during remission phases. Within bipolar disorder, bipolar depression occurs more frequently, lasts longer and has a higher rate of relapses than mania. Bipolar patients usually complain of cognitive deficits such as attentional or memory deficits Patients with bipolar disorder experiment during depressive episodes dysfunctions in attention (difficulties in focusing and maintaining attention), memory (deficits of declarative and nondeclarative memory, affected verbal recall and recognition), language (bradyphemia with longer moments of pause during speech), psychomotor performance (psychomotor inhibition, slowness of motor functions when the number of tasks increases), executive functions (limited ability to acquire or relearn different skills), general intellectual functioning (information processing deficits). Recent studies have made some suggestion regarding a certain degree of cognitive impairment that is also found in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. In order to have a more accurate assessment regarding the degree of cognitive dysfunctions both during depressive episodes and euthymic phases in bipolar disorder, diagnosis criteria for depression and for remission should be strictly respected and coexisting factors that may influence the results should not be taken in consideration.

Dewey's ‘Naturalized Hegelianism’ in Operation: Experimental Inquiry as Self-Consciousness

In this paper, I will press Dewey's talk of the self, consciousness, and self-consciousness as it is developed in Experience and Nature together with some attention to Dewey's other great experiential text, Art as Experience . I will suggest that Hegel's developmental and dialectical understanding of self-consciousness occurs in Dewey's work, albeit in naturalized form. My claim is not that Dewey reproduces Hegel's dialectic, or that Dewey's notion of self-consciousness emerges as isomorphic with Hegel's own. In fact, developing this understanding of consciousness and self-consciousness leads me to conclude that for Dewey, these are roughly equivalent to experimental inquiry and science. To inquire, I claim, is to be 'conscious of.' To inquire experimentally, deliberately, and methodically is to conduct science. Consciousness and selfconsciousness emerge as activities , rather than as all-pervading states of the organism. In a claim similar to one Hegel makes in the Phenomenology of Spirit , Dewey maintains that intellectual activity—thought and reflection—is the proper occasion for self and other-awareness. The moments of pause, doubt, and unsettlement that Dewey claims are the beginnings of experimental inquiry are also the proper beginnings of consciousness. Dewey's particular take on consciousness is at one with his emergent, as opposed to absolutist, understanding of the self.

Reflections on the responsible conduct of cancer research

Most cancer researchers regularly practice the responsible conduct of research (RCR) without consciously considering it. As professional scientists, we simply do what we are trained to do. However, as we train a new generation of cancer researchers in our laboratories, we must be vigilant against undue complacency. In an age when misconduct in research is receiving more media attention than ever before, we should periodically take a moment of pause and reflect upon the meaning and practice of responsibly conducting research. Rather than meeting minimum standards in a compliance-driven manner, we should practice forethought and periodically consider how we can improve. We, as leaders in cancer research, must then push our peers to do the same. By embedding RCR into the culture of cancer research through a multilayer approach, including regular assessment at the levels of individual research groups, departmentally, and institutionally, we will become a model discipline in the responsible conduct of research.

Renewed authoritarianism in Southeast Asia: Undermining democracy through neoliberal reform

AbstractIn the wake of the Asian Crisis, cases studies from Southeast Asia often reinforced the perception that neoliberalism is thriving in authoritarian states. Processes of intensive neoliberalisation in the region have now been ongoing for over a decade, yet attempts at democratic consolidation have been tenuous, fragile and incomplete at best, calling into question the supposed nexus between democracy and neoliberal reform. Accordingly, there is need for a moment of pause, to take stock of the neoliberalising process in the region, and importantly, to reframe the question and reflect on how and why authoritarianism is continuing to thrive in the neoliberalising Southeast Asian state.

Still: 'No Man's Land' or Never Suspend the Question

Still: 'No Man's Land' or Never Suspend the Question

From Passivity to Potentiality: The <em>Communitas</em> of Stillness

From Passivity to Potentiality: The <em>Communitas</em> of Stillness

Evaluation of the AIDS risk perception among healthcare workers in the hospital University Unit of Messina (Italy)

The Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome HIV related, has represented, in the last decades of last century, the illness that has aroused the most interest in the world population [1-4]. All of this, not so much for the severity of the clinical picture induced by HIV infection, but because, it is automatically connected to the behavioural circles of the sexual sphere, with all the possible moralistic lapels. Many scientists have ventured in the arduous enterprise to clarify the tangled and fleeing physiopathology of AIDS [5, 6]. At the same time the media, in more a positive and effective way, has given enormous resonance to the scientific matter, through popular program sponsored by ministerial offices and popular association engaged in many educational programs of prevention and information. The contradictory ability of the media to amplify and exacerbate any problem of public attention, has had, with AIDS the most disruptive demonstration. In fact for several years, there has been a decrease in attention to the “AIDS” problem by the media, thus affecting the real interest by the general population. The consequence of all this has led to the decline in risk perception in the public [7, 8] and probably also among healthcare workers [9-11]. Therefore it would be interesting to know what remains of it among the latter, which, because of their cultural formation, should always have been not influenced by the media and should be objectively critical over every kind of given information. For this reason, the present research has been produced with the aim to evaluate, in the context of healthcare workers of the hospital University unit in Messina (Italy), what exactly is the current perception of “AIDS” risk, whether, and to what extent, their knowledge of HIV has lessened, hand in hand to that of the common people. The research started in January and went on till December 2006. The survey was carried out by handing a written and anonymous multiple-choice questionnaire to 1917 healthcare workers. The practicality of this methodology allowed to carry out the survey in the intervals of work and in moments of pause of the healthcare workers of the Hospital University Unit in Messina (Italy). The questionnaire was composed of 17 questions, 6 of which were related to the generic knowledge (transmission ways, preventive measures, biological fluid, infection, defense of personal data related to the seropositive subject, legality revelation of the seropositivity), and 11 were about specific knowledge evaluation (AIDS definition, biological samples on which it is possible to do the test, significance of window-period, surgical instruments sterilization measures, illness evolution stages, HIV transmission among seropositives, healthcare workers more exposed to the risk of infection, mandatory notification, precautionary measures for AIDS patients, correct elimination of surgical instruments and possibility of HIV testing effectuation without patient consent). Moreover, the questionnaire collected some personal data as sex, age, the interviewer instruction level, qualification, service years given and source of information about this problem, working unit. The results obtained by the analysis of the answers were analyzed by the χ2 test employing the Epi Info statistic software. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. The data pointed out that of 1917 healthcare workers who were given the questionnaire, 623 (34.06%) completely compiled it. The female subjects were 384 (58.8%) and those male 259 (39.7%) whereas 10 (1.5%) did not specify their sex, therefore their answers were not considered for the present study. The year range was included between the 24 and 65 years. The results obtained are explained in the Tables I, II, III, IV and in the Figures 1, 2, 3. The data obtained from our surveying allow to high light interesting issues: In the first place, it shows the insufficient will of collaboration of the interviewed subjects, considering that out of 1917 questionnaires only 643 have been completed. It is a very indicative symptom of the insufficient attention on the surveyed subjects part towards the AIDS topic, also considering that the questionnaire has been given in a way to gather the largest number of subjects, placing particular attention to the time in which it was carried out; that is during working day intervals, and meal breaks as to not distract the workers from their occupational engagements. We can only assert that the topic of our survey has not turned out particularly worthy of attention as it would have in the case of a problem relative to social and/or scientific interest. Moreover, it was evident that women represented 58.8% of the subjects who completed the questionnaire thoroughly and that is in agreement with the fact that women have always Key words

"Beowulf" and the Emergent Occasion

The years had passed like a shadow, unnoted, uncounted, and had brought him to this point of pause, of change momentous, when he must needs look before and after.1 There is a difference between one and another hour of life, in their authority and subsequent effect. Our faith comes in moments; our vice is habitual. Yet there is a depth in those brief moments which constrains us to ascribe more reality to them than to all other experiences. For this reason, the argument which is always forthcoming to silence those who conceive extraordinary hopes of man, namely, the appeal to experience, is for ever invalid and vain. We give up the past to the objector, and yet we hope.2 Change has always been the presiding author of our lives. Whether incremental or swift, unexpected or foreseen, change demarcates our perception of time and time's ongoing narrative expression. As the narrative theorists have long told us, we live according to the narratives that give our lives sense and form, in response to the complex interplay of peripeteia and anagnorisis. Changing circumstances—especially sudden, unexpected changes—stress or rupture our expectations of reality; we respond to the force of emergent occasions, like Donne, by suturing over those breaks, using allegory, myth, metaphor, narratives of tradition and renewal, devotions and prayers of all types, in order to accommodate the “[v]ariable, and therefore miserable condition of Man.”3 It is at those moments of pause and change that human individuality is perhaps felt most keenly; the reverberations of the emergent occasion play about the border between individual lives and their enveloping contexts. Beowulf is the earliest text in the English tradition that takes the emergent occasion and its effect on human lives as one of its central concerns. Through its representation of unprecedented change, Beowulf deliberates upon the most complex of issues: the formation of human character in the exigency of the changing historical moment. Our poet sets his characters and his audience in a world of secure knowledge and expectations, and then he tracks the complex emotions produced when unexpected change nevertheless falls into inevitable place.4