Average Moment Research Articles

Patterns of lower limb muscular activity and joint moments during directional efforts using a static dynamometer

BackgroundStrength and coordination of lower muscle groups typically identified in healthy subjects are two prerequisites to performing functional activities. These physical qualities can be impaired following a neurological insult. A static dynamometer apparatus that measures lower limb joint moments during directional efforts at the foot was developed to recruit different patterns of muscular activity. The objectives of the present study were to 1) validate joint moments estimated by the apparatus, and 2) to characterize lower limb joint moments and muscular activity patterns of healthy subjects during progressive static efforts. Subjects were seated in a semi-reclined position with one foot attached to a force platform interfaced with a laboratory computer. Forces and moments exerted under the foot were computed using inverse dynamics, allowing for the estimation of lower limb joint moments.To achieve the study’s first objective, joint moments were validated by comparing moments of various magnitudes of force applied by turnbuckles on an instrumented leg equipped with strain gauges with those estimated by the apparatus. Concurrent validity and agreement were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland and Altman analysis, respectively. For the second objective, joint moments and muscular activity were characterized for five healthy subjects while exerting progressive effort in eight sagittal directions. Lower limb joint moments were estimated during directional efforts using inverse dynamics. Muscular activity of eight muscles of the lower limb was recorded using surface electrodes and further analyzed using normalized root mean square data.ResultsThe joint moments estimated with the instrumented leg were correlated (r > 0.999) with those measured by the dynamometer. Limits of agreement ranged between 8.5 and 19.2% of the average joint moment calculated by both devices. During progressive efforts on the apparatus, joint moments and patterns of muscular activity were specific to the direction of effort. Patterns of muscular activity in four directions were similar to activation patterns reported in the literature for specific portions of gait cycle.ConclusionThis apparatus provides valid joint moments exerted at the lower limbs. It is suggested that this methodology be used to recruit muscular activity patterns impaired in neurological populations.

Blade thickness effect on the aerodynamic performance of an asymmetric NACA six series blade vertical axis wind turbine in low wind speed

ABSTRACTVertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is an economic and widely used energy converter for converting wind energy into useful form of energy, like mechanical and electrical energy. For efficient energy conversion in low wind speed and to have improved power coefficient of asymmetric blade VAWT, selection of optimum blade thickness is needed thus entailing its detailed investigation with respect to different operating wind speed conditions. Present study methodically explores the impact of thickness to chord (t/c) ratio on aerodynamic performance of a three bladed asymmetrical blade H-Darrieus VAWT at different low wind speed conditions by using 2D unsteady CFD simulations. The optimal t/c is obtained on the basis of maximum power coefficient and average moment coefficient of the turbine. The aerodynamic performance curves are obtained at different operating and t/c conditions and the performance insights are corroborated with the findings from the flow physics study to come to some concrete conclusions on the effects of the thickness to chord ratio. The present study identifies large blade curvature to create a large diverging passage on the blade suction surface as the prominent reason for aerodynamic performance drop at a high t/c ratio.

Seasonal and Long-Term Groundwater Unloading in the Central Valley Modifies Crustal Stress.

Changes in terrestrial water content cause elastic deformation of the Earth's crust. This deformation is thought to play a role in modulating crustal stress and seismicity in regions where large water storage fluctuations occur. Groundwater is an important component of total water storage change in California, helping to drive annual water storage fluctuations and loss during periods of drought. Here we use direct estimates of groundwater volume loss during the 2007–2010 drought in California's Central Valley obtained from high resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar‐based vertical land motion data to investigate the effect of groundwater volume change on the evolution of the stress field. We show that GPS‐derived elastic load models may not capture the contribution of groundwater to terrestrial water loading, resulting in an underestimation of nontectonic crustal stress change. We find that groundwater unloading during the drought causes Coulomb stress change of up to 5.5 kPa and seasonal fluctuations of up to 2.6 kPa at seismogenic depth. We find that faults near the Valley show the largest stress change and the San Andreas fault experiences only ~40 Pa of Coulomb stress change over the course of a year from groundwater storage change. Annual Coulomb stress change peaks dominantly in the fall, when the groundwater level is low; however, some faults experience peak stress in the spring when groundwater levels are higher. Additionally, we find that periods of increased stress correlate with higher than average seismic moment release but are not correlated with an increase in the number of earthquakes. This indicates groundwater loading likely contributes to nontectonic loading of faults, especially near the Valley edge, but is not a dominant factor in modulation of seismicity in California because the amplitude of stress change declines rapidly with distance from the Valley. By carefully quantifying and spatially locating groundwater fluctuations, we will improve our understanding of what drives nontectonic stress and forces that modulate seismicity in California.

An Impossibility Result Concerning Bounded Average-Moment Control of Linear Stochastic Systems

It is known that strictly unstable linear systems that are subject to nonvanishing additive stochastic noise with unbounded supports cannot be stabilized by using deterministi-cally bounded control inputs. In this paper, we explore similar impossibility results for scenarios where the expected value of the squared control input norm is subject to constraints and the support of the noise distribution is not necessarily unbounded. Specifically, we consider the stabilization problem with control policies that have bounded time-averaged second moments. We obtain values of such average second moment bounds, below which stabilization is not possible and the second moment of the state diverges regardless of the choice of the control policy and the initial state distribution. The results are illustrated with a numerical example.

Comparison of Designs of a Valve-Inductor Motor of an Electric Spindle Drive

When designing electric machines, in particular, the valve-inductor motor of the electric spindle drive, there is a need to compare several designs of such machines in order to choose the most rational one. Based on the given initial data and preliminary calculations, two design variants of the engine were selected: three-phase and five-phase. For each variant, the FEMM v 4.2 software package has been used to calculate optimal geometric ratios based on the maximum of the average moment value. Then, for the optimal variants of a three-phase and five-phase machine, calculations of the voltage, current, and flow coupling of the stator phase, as well as the electromagnetic moment, were performed. It is shown that in a five-phase electric machine, the total electromagnetic moment has several times lower pulsations compared to the three-phase version.

Modelling of Helicopter Main Rotor Aerodynamic Loads in Manoeuvres

Abstract The article discusses the method of modelling of the helicopter main rotor aerodynamic loads during steady state flight and manoeuvres. The ability to determine these loads was created by taking into account the motion of each blade relative to the hinges and was a result of the applied method of aerodynamic loads calculating. The first part of the work discusses the basic relationships that were used to build the mathematical model of helicopter flight. The focus was also on the method of calculating of the aerodynamic forces generated by the rotor blades. The results of simulations dedicated to the “jump to hover” manoeuvre were discussed, showing the possibilities of analysing aerodynamic loads occurring in unsteady flights. The main rotor is considered separately in an “autonomous” way and treated as a source of averaged forces and moments transferred to the hub. The motion of individual blades is neglected, and their aerodynamic characteristics are radically simplified. The motion of individual blades is neglected, and their aerodynamic characteristics are radically simplified. This can lead to significant errors when attempting to model dynamic helicopter manoeuvres. The more complex model of helicopter dynamics is discussed.

Reconstructing solar magnetic fields from historical observations

Context. The axial dipole moments of emerging active regions control the evolution of the axial dipole moment of the whole photospheric magnetic field and the strength of polar fields. Hale’s and Joy’s laws of polarity and tilt orientation affect the sign of the axial dipole moment of an active region. If both laws are valid (or both violated), the sign of the axial moment is normal. However, for some active regions, only one of the two laws is violated, and the signs of these axial dipole moments are the opposite of normal. Those opposite-sign active regions can have a significant effect, for example, on the development of polar fields. Aims. Our aim is to determine the axial dipole moments of active regions identified from magnetographic observations and study how the axial dipole moments of normal and opposite signs are distributed in time and latitude in solar cycles 21−24. Methods. We identified active regions in the synoptic maps of the photospheric magnetic field measured at the National Solar Observatory (NSO) Kitt Peak (KP) observatory, the Synoptic Optical Long term Investigations of the Sun (SOLIS) vector spectromagnetograph (VSM), and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and determined their axial dipole moments. Results. We find that, typically, some 30% of active regions have opposite-sign axial moments in every cycle, often making more than 20% of the total axial dipole moment. Most opposite-signed moments are small, but occasional large moments, which can affect the evolution of polar fields on their own, are observed. Active regions with such a large opposite-sign moment may include only a moderate amount of total magnetic flux. We find that in cycles 21−23 the northern hemisphere activates first and shows emergence of magnetic flux over a wider latitude range, while the southern hemisphere activates later, and emergence is concentrated to lower latitudes. Cycle 24 differs from cycles 21−23 in many ways. Cycle 24 is the only cycle where the northern butterfly wing includes more active regions than the southern wing, and where axial dipole moment of normal sign emerges on average later than opposite-signed axial dipole moment. The total axial dipole moment and even the average axial moment of active regions is smaller in cycle 24 than in previous cycles.

Study effect of extreme wind direction change on 3-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine

The Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) are used very popular in the world. They were installed mainly on land. However, on the land, the wind regime change is very complex such as high turbulence and constantly changing wind direction. In the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-1 standard, the wind regime is devided into the normal wind conditions and the extreme wind conditions. This study will focus on the extreme wind direction change and estimate the aerodynamic forces acting on a 3-bladed HAWT under this condition. Because the extreme wind direction change may cause extreme loads and it will affect the lifetime of HAWTs. This issue is experimented in the wind tunnel in Mie University, Japan to understand these effects. The wind turbine model is the 3-bladed HAWT type and using Avistar airfoil for making blades. A 6-component balance is used to measure the forces and the moments acting on the entire wind turbine in the three directions of x, y and z-axes. This study estimates the load fluctuation of the 3-bladed wind turbine under extreme wind direction change. The results show that the yaw moment and the pitch moment under the extreme wind direction change fluctuate larger than the normal wind condition. Specifically, before the sudden wind direction change happened, the averaged maximum pitch moment MX is -1.78 Nm, and after that MX is 4.45 Nm at inrush azimuth of 0°.©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Ab initio study of the adsorption of Potassium on B, N, and BN-doped graphene heterostructure

The adsorption of Potassium atom on graphene doped with Nitride, Boron, and Boron nitride hexagons is studied using DFT with LDA and GGA for both spin and non-spin polarization calculations. The distortion in graphene resulting from Boron nitride doping is unnoticeable; alternatively, pure Boron and Nitrogen hexagons introduce high level of distortion in the layer. Adsorption energy, structural geometry, density of state, band structure, charge density, charge transfer, dipole moment and work function are calculated. For Boron and Nitrogen hexagons-doped graphene, the adsorption energy of Potassium increases dramatically compared to pristine graphene, but in the case of Boron nitride hexagons, calculations show weak adsorption energy of Potassium on the doped sheet. The doping of graphene with Boron nitride opens a small band gap, and the adsorption of Potassium rises the Fermi level above the opened gap leading to the formation of n-type semiconductor. Co-existence of partial covalent bond and ionic bond between Potassium and the doped graphene has been demonstrated. The transfer of charges is calculated in four different methods, one by using Bader analysis and the other three are based on DOS, average charge density difference and electric dipole moment.

Development of buffer solution module based on guided inquiry and multiple representations

This research aims to develop a buffer solution module based on guided inquiry and multiple representations and reveal validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This module adapts to the demands of a revised 2013 curriculum that guides students to discover their own concepts and helps students understand the concept of buffer solutions through multiple representations. This type of research is development research, the development model used is the Plomp model which consists of three stages, namely preliminary research, prototyping stage, and assessment phase. The subject of the research was the eleventh grade students. The research instrument used was questionnaire validity sheet, practicality sheet, and learning outcome test. The module is validated by the validator and revised to get a valid module. Valid modules are tested to find out the practicality and effectiveness in the field. The results of the validity sheet analysis show that the module has an average kappa moment of 0.77. This shows that the module is valid with a high category. The results of the field trial showed the practicality of the product based on the teacher’s response was 0.73 and the student’s response was 0.76. This score includes high criteria. This is evidenced by the product effectiveness test which can be seen from the increase in the initial and final test scores from 18.8 to 84.6. This improvement shows that effective modules are used in the learning process. This is supported by the n-gain value of 0.7 which states that the module is effective with high criteria.

Patient and Surgical Variability Influences Loading Across Metatarsal Osteotomy

Category:Midfoot/ForefootIntroduction/Purpose:A metatarsal osteotomy is sometimes used to correct hallux valgus deformities in the foot, by placing an angular bone graft or spacer in the osteotomy wedge held together using an osteotomy plate. Information on loads through the osteotomy is essential to ensure that the device is adequately tested to perform safely. This study used a validated musculoskeletal computer model of the lower extremities [J Biomech Eng. 2015] with a detailed foot section [Carbes, ISB 2011, Brussels], for evaluating loads across the 1st metatarsal osteotomy during the stance phase of walking gait. This study also evaluates the effect of anatomic variability (osteotomy location relative to anatomical landmarks) and surgical variability (plane of the osteotomy cut) on the peak loading across the osteotomy.Methods:The foot section of the model included 26 bones and major soft tissue structures (Figure 1a), resulting in more than 75 forces acting on the 1st metatarsal. Four healthy patient specific models were analyzed (body weight: 774±73 N; foot length: 246±16 mm), for five osteotomy planes. The osteotomy plane perpendicular to the long axis of the 1st metatarsal (posterior- anterior) was considered a neutral-N osteotomy. Four additional planes were considered to capture surgical variability of 5 degrees in abduction-AB, adduction-AD, dorsiflexion-DF and plantarflexion-PF. Compressive (Fx) and shear (Fy, Fz) forces as well as three moments: varus/valgus (Mx), flexion/extension (My) and internal/external rotation (Mz) were predicted in body weight (BW) multiples. Anatomic variability (standard deviation in peak values between patients, averaged across all osteotomies) and surgical variability (Standard deviation in peak values between osteotomies, averaged across all patients) were computed for the peak force and moment components.Results:Similar trends for peak forces and moments were predicted for all patients. An average of 2.2xBW peak force was predicted along the long axis of the 1st metatarsal (Fx) at 50% gait position (Figure 1b, 1c). The predicted shear forces (Fy, Fz) were much lower than the axial compressive force (Fx). The average moment predictions were similar among all five osteotomy planes, with peak moments predicted in the internal/external direction (My) at 43% and 55% of gait positions. Thus, load variability due to patient anatomy and surgical cuts were studied for Fx and My (Figure 1c). Load variability between patients of 18% and 21% were predicted for the Fx and My, respectively. The highest surgical variability of 7% and 3% were predicted for Fx and My.Conclusion:A validated musculoskeletal computer model can be used to inform physiological loading across the 1st metatarsal osteotomy throughout gait, which can be used to evaluate the device safety. The model further helps to understand the influence of anatomical and surgical variability on the peak loading passing through the 1st metatarsal osteotomy, providing guidance in surgical planning. Although peak loading passing through the 1st metatarsal osteotomy is affected by both anatomical as well as surgical variability, it was influenced more by anatomical variability than surgical. This modeling approach can be used to evaluate loading for patients with numerous specific disorders.

Skyrmion-like textures in superconductors with competing orders

Vortex cores in a superconductor can develop structure and manifest competing orders. In strong magnetic fields, the inter-vortex distance can become short enough for vortex cores to overlap, giving rise to long ranged textures. We show that spin orbit coupling (SOC) can modify the interaction between vortex cores to give rise to undulating competing order fields. We illustrate this using the SO(3) theory of competing orders, wherein superconductivity and a scalar order form a three-component vector field. We consider a spherical surface with a radial magnetic flux that creates two vortices. We find stationary solutions where both vortex cores develop competing order in (a) the same sense, and (b) opposite senses. The latter represents a topologically stable vector configuration analogous to a single skyrmion. Its free energy is lowered when SOC is introduced, making it the ground state beyond a threshold SOC strength. We study this physics on the two dimensional plane using the attractive Hubbard model with Rashba SOC. Here, charge density wave (CDW) order competes with superconductivity. We find phases with long ranged, but spatially modulated, CDW order where the average CDW moment vanishes. In a wide range of parameters, CDW loses its rigidity as SOC lowers the energy cost for domain wall formation. We discuss consequences for systems such as the cuprates where charge order develops without a sharp diffraction peak.

Structured water chains in external electric fields

ABSTRACTWe study the structural, energetic and electronic properties of the structured water chain clusters within the density functional theory. We refer the structured water chains to those water clusters that have specific geometric patterns stretched along one direction. External electric field required to keep the structures open chain, thereby preventing them to form closed structures, is applied along the length of the chain. The structures are essentially periodic with basic repeating unit consisting of the corner- or edge-sharing 4-, 5- or 6-membered ring water clusters. Our calculations underscore the possible existence of such structured water clusters in the electrostatic environments, which we simulate in its simplicity employing a dipolar, uniform and static electric field. Analysis reveals that the 5-membered ring water chain clusters, i.e. the pentamer chain clusters have the lowest average dipole moment per water molecule while the threshold field, that marks the onset of the field-induced closure of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital)-LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy gap, is highest, followed by that for the tetramer and hexamer chains. The results suggest that the pentamer chains are the most stable clusters over a wide range of electric fields.

Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD) Laju Reaksi Berbasis Inkuiri Terstruktur Kelas XI SMA

Learner Worksheet (LKPD) of reaction rates based structured inquiry in class XI SMA had been dertemine validity and practicality. The type of research used is Research and Development (RD). The development model was a 4-D model consisting of 4 stages, namely (1) Define, (2) Design, (3) Develop, (4) Desseminate. The disseminate stage was not carried out due to time and cost constraints. The research instrument used was a questionnaire validation and practicality questionnaire. The validation questionnaire was filled by 3 chemistry lecturers from FMIPA UNP and 2 chemistry teachers from SMAN 2 Lubuk Basung. Practicality questionnaire was filled by 2 chemistry teachers and 30 students of class XII MIPA 3 SMAN 2 Lubuk Basung. Data were analyzed using kappa moments. The average kappa moment of validity test was 0.87 with a very high validity category. The average kappa moment of teacher were 0,88 with a very high practicality category. The average kappa moment of student were 0,87 with a very high practicality category. Thus, it was concluded that reaction rates LKPD based on structured inquiry was valid and practice.

Validitas dan Praktikalitas Modul Hukum-Hukum Dasar Kimia Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik dengan Menerapkan Teknik Probing Prompting untuk Siswa Kelas X SMA/MA

The Implementation of the curriculum is carried out by practicing process skills that are reflected in learning activities. The process skills applied in the form of 5M activities are known as the scientific approach. This research aims to produce of modul of basic chemical laws based on a scientific approach by applying probing prompting techniques. The research instrument used was a questionnaire of validity and practicality. The module was validated by 5 validators while the practicality test was carried out by 2 chemistry teachers and 20 XI grade students of MIA 3 SMAN 1 Basa Ampek Balai Tapan, Pesisir Selatan. Data from the validity and practicality test results were analyzed using the cohen kappa formula. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the average kappa moment of validity test was 0,89 with a very high validity category and the average kappa moment of teacher practicality was 0,90 and the average kappa moment of students practicality was 0,91 with a very high practicality category. Thus, it was concluded that basic chemical laws module based on a scientific approach by applying probing prompting techniques was valid and practical for high school students.

Pengembangan E-Modul Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing Terintegrasi Laboratorium Virtual Pada Materi Sistem Koloid Kelas XI SMA/MA

The type of research used is research and development or Research and Development (RD). The development model used is a 4-D model (four-D models) which consists of 4 stages, namely: define, design, develop and disseminate. This research is limited to the stage of development, namely the validity and practicality test. The research instrument used was a questionnaire of validity and practicality. The e-module was validated by 6 validators while the practicality test was carried out by 2 chemistry teachers and 20 XI grade students of MIPA SMAN 12 Padang and 20 XI grade students oh MIPA SMAN 2 Pariaman. Data from the validity and practicality test results were ana lyzed using the cohen kappa formula. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the average kappa moment of validity test was 0,87 with a very high validity category and the average kappa moment of teacher practicality was 0,88, students of SMAN 12 Padang were 0,87 and students of SMAN 2 Pariaman were 0,88 with a very high practicality category. Thus, it was concluded that acid base e-module based on discovery learning was produced for valid and practical high school students.

Pengembangan Modul Perhitungan Rumus Kimia dan Persamaan Reaksi Berbasis Inkuiri Terstruktur dengan Tiga Level Representasi untuk Kelas X SMA/MA

Module of chemical formula and reaction equation with three levels representation based structured inquiry had been determined validity and practility. The research type was research and development (RD). The development model was 4-D model the consist of 4 stages, namely: define, design, develop and disseminate. This research was limited to the stage of development, namely the validity and practicality tests. The research instruments were used observation questionnaire, validity and practicality. The modul was validated by 5 validators. Practicality test was carried out by 2 chemistry teachers and 24 XI grade students of IPA 2 SMAN Basa Ampek Balai. Data of the validity and practicality test were analyzed using the cohen kappa formula. The average kappa moment of validity test was 0,93 with a very high validity category. The average kappa moment of teacher and student practicality were 0,88 and 0,91 respectively with category very high practicality category.Thus, module of chemical formula and reaction equation with three levels representation based structured inquiry was valid and practice.

Using force sensing insoles to predict kinetic knee symmetry during a stop jump

Knee kinetic asymmetries are present during jump-landings in athletes returning to sport following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, and are associated with an increased risk for sustaining a second ACL injury. The loadsol® is a wireless load sensing insole that can be used in non-laboratory settings. The purpose of this study was to determine if the loadsol® could be used to predict knee extension moment and power symmetry during a bilateral stop jump task in healthy recreational athletes. Forty-two uninjured recreational athletes completed seven bilateral stop jumps. During each landing, the loadsol® (100 Hz) measured plantar load while 3D ground reaction forces (1920 Hz) and lower extremity kinematics (240 Hz) were collected simultaneously. Peak impact force, loading rate, and impulse were quantified using the loadsol® and peak knee extension moment, average knee extension moment, and total knee work was quantified using the laboratory instrumentation. Limb symmetry indices were quantified for each outcome measure. Multivariate backwards regressions were used to determine if loadsol® symmetry could predict knee kinetic symmetry. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the agreement and error between predicted and actual knee kinetic symmetry. Loadsol® impulse and peak impact force symmetry significantly predicted kinetic knee symmetry and explained 42–61% of its variance. There was good agreement (ICCs = 0.742–0.862) between predicted and actual knee kinetic symmetry, and the error in the predicted outcomes range from ±18 to ±43. These results support using the loadsol® to screen for kinetic symmetries during landing in athletes following ACL reconstruction.

Pengembangan E-Modul Laju Reaksi Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing Terintegrasi Virtual Laboratory Untuk SMA/ MA

This study aimed to produce a reaction rate e-module based on guided inquiry integrated virtual laboratory and practical use in senior high school chemistry learning. The type of this research was Research and Development and the development model used was the 4-D model which consists of four stages: (1) define, (2) design, (3) development, (4) desseminate. This research was limited to the validity and practicality test. The validity test was carried out by 6 experts and limited trials to reveal the practicality done at SMAN 12 Padang. The research instrument used was in the form of a validity and practicality questionnaire which was analyzed using kappa moment (k) Data analysis showed that the average moment of kappa content validity was 0.89 with a very high validity category, while the average moment of kappa technical validity was 0,83 with a very high validity category. The average practical kappa moments from teachers and students were respectively 0.82 and 0.91 with a very high practicality category. These results were also supported by the analysis of students’ answers in answering critical questions, exercises, prelab questions, postlab questions, and worksheets in modules, with an average value of 82,63%. It can be concluded that the developed reaction rate e-module based on guided inquiry integrated with virtual laboratory is valid and practice to used on a learning process

Penentuan Validitas Modul Ikatan Kimia Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing

This research aims to produce a guided-inquiry based module on Chemical Bonding, also to categorize validity of the module. It is a Research and Development which is used Plomp model which consists of three stages, preliminary research, prototyping stage and assessment phase. The instrument used for this research is questionnaire for validation. Was validated by 5 people, 3 lecturers of Chemistry Department FMIPA UNP and 2 chemistry teachers of SMA Pertiwi 1 Padang. The analysis result of validity sheet showed the average Kappa moment (k) was 0.86. The module that has been produced is very valid to be used.