Molar Concentration Research Articles

Molecular interaction studies of L-proline in water and ethanol at different temperatures using dielectric relaxation, refractive index and DFT methods

The complex dielectric permittivity of L-Proline in water and ethanol solutions with molar concentrations ranging from 0.025 M to 0.15 M was measured by open-ended coaxial probe technique. The measurements were carried out across a frequency span of 0.02 < ν/GHz < 20 and temperatures varying from 298.15 K to 323.15 K. The densities (ρ) and refractive index (nD ) of the L-proline in aqueous and ethanol solutions were also determined to provide insights into the solute-solvent interactions in the system. The Havriliak-Negami equation was employed to compute the dielectric relaxation time of the mixtures. The relaxation time of L-Proline in an ethanol medium was found to be higher than that of L-Proline in an aqueous medium due to the greater degree of self-association of ethanol molecules. Additionally, the relaxation time of the mixtures lengthened with rising molar concentration, which is attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonds among L-Proline and aqueous/ethanol molecules. The strength of the hydrogen bond interaction of L-Proline in both mediums was calculated using single-point energy calculations employing IEFPCM/PCM solvation models through DFT/B3LYP and MP2 approaches with a 6-311 G ++ (d, p) basis set. The results were correlated with the hydrogen bond strength, Gibbs’ free energy of activation parameter, and dipole-dipole interactions. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Nano-metakaolin-enhanced fly ash and cement-based geopolymer mortar

The addition of Nanomaterials to Geopolymer mortar causes substantial modification in the kinetic of polymerization. The purpose of this research is to study, the effect of nano metakaolin in cement-based fly ash geopolymer mortar. The ratio of alkaline activators and molar concentration of NaOH was kept constant at 1.5 and 12M respectively, while the proportion of Portland cement and fly ash constitutes 30% and 70% of the total starting materials respectively. The replacement level of nano metakaolin was (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of binders). Mortar mechanical and microstructural Properties were evaluated by conduct compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The result shows significant improvement in mechanical performance and denser morphology than the control mix. Therefore, geopolymer mortar containing 10% replacement of nano metakaolin has shown particularly good results and enhancement in various aspects of the material performance and properties, indicating its potential for wider implementation in the construction industry.

Exploring the molarity of Lithium Fluoride in minimally intensive layer delamination (MILD) method for efficient room temperature synthesis of high quality Ti3C2Tx free-standing film

In recent years, MXene has become the most demanding material in the 2D family, leading to their increased use in research for a diverse range of applications, such as energy storage, water purification, optoelectronics, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and medicine. However, recent research has made it increasingly important to synthesize high-quality MXene in a safe, reliable, fast, reproducible, and good-yielding single-step method. To achieve high-quality MXene by etching the MAX phase precursors, it is very important to critically optimize synthesis parameters, such as etching method, etchant concentrations, temperature, time, etc. Minimally intensive layer delamination (MILD) method for MXene synthesis using Lithium Fluoride (LiF) salt and hydrochloric (HCl) acid seems to be a better choice in the context of improved performance in different applications as well as its scalability and reproducibility. Here, the molar ratio of HCL/LIF is critical for Aluminium etching at room temperature to produce a high-quality MXene with = O, -OH, -F termination groups in the MILD method. However, in case of MILD method the effect of LiF/HCL concentrations on quality of MXene need to be addressed. In this study, we focus on room temperature etching of Ti3AlC2 using MILD method to synthesize quasi two-dimensional carbide (Ti3C2) MXene. The influence of molarity concentration of etchants (LiF and HCl) on quality of MXene has been thoroughly investigated. Different molar concentrations of Lithium Fluoride (LiF) with fixed HCL concentration were tested at room temperature for 24 h in the etching process. The crystal structure, microstructure and composition of the MXene were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Flexible free-standing MXene film with largest shift in the characteristic (002) peak, indicating large interplanar spacing, has been successfully achieved repeatedly for an optimum molar concentration of etchants at room temperature.

Terahertz characterization of organic crystals using paraffin as dilution matrix

Terahertz waves exhibit excellent performance in molecular information detection of substances. Since natural materials exhibit weak absorption of terahertz waves, it's conventional to involve mixing analyte with polymer diluents and pressing them into pellets, or enhance the light-material interaction through coupling systems of natural materials with metamaterials. However, both pressure-induced metastable crystal structure transformations and spatial overlap between the analyte and metasurfaces can impact the absorption of terahertz waves by organic crystals. This paper proposes a novel analytical approach using paraffin as a dilution matrix for qualitatively and quantitatively characterizing organic crystals with THz spectroscopy. The featureless refractive index spectra and negligible absorption demonstrated the feasibility of paraffin as a diluting analyte. The analytical process was further demonstrated with well-studied lactose by being diluted in molten paraffin at different mass-ratios and solidified as pellets under room temperature and ambient pressure. A continuous wave terahertz frequency domain spectroscopy system (THz-FDS) is used for spectral acquisition over 0.4–1.3 THz. The experimental results reveal a significant linear correlation between the absorption coefficient peak areas and molar concentration of lactose, with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9678. Our method provides an additional optional dilution matrix for terahertz spectroscopy characterization of organic crystals, enabling non-destructive, rapid, and direct measurement of metastable crystals. Furthermore, this study on paraffin as a binder material holds potential for enhancing spatial overlap between natural materials and metamaterials in the field of metasurface-enhanced sensing.

Recognition of Artificial Gases Formed during Drill-Bit Metamorphism Using Advanced Mud Gas

Drill-bit metamorphism (DBM) is the process of thermal degradation of drilling fluid at the interface of the bit and rock due to the overheating of the bit. The heat generated by the drill when drilling into a rock formation promotes the generation of artificial hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gas, changing the composition of the gas. The objective of this work is to recognize and evaluate artificial gases originating from DBM in wells targeting oil accumulations in pre-salt carbonates in the Santos Basin, Brazil. For the evaluation, chromatographic data from advanced mud gas equipment, drilling parameters, drill type, and lithology were used. The molar concentrations of gases and gas ratios (especially ethene/ethene+ethane and dryness) were analyzed, which identified the occurrence of DBM. DBM is most severe when wells penetrate igneous and carbonate rocks with diamond-impregnated drill bits. The rate of penetration, weight on bit, and rotation per minute were evaluated together with gas data but did not present good correlations to assist in identifying DBM. The depth intervals over which artificial gases formed during DBM are recognized should not be used to infer pay zones or predict the composition and properties of reservoir fluids because the gas composition is completely changed.

Rhamnolipids Enhance Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 215952, “Enhancing Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Using Rhamnolipids: A Combined Laboratory and Field Study,” by Pan Ni, Lehigh University; Yonglin Ren, SPE, Stepan Oilfield Solutions; and Derick G. Brown, Lehigh University, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Hydrocarbon spills can occur at various stages of the oil and gas exploration and production process. Treating these spills onsite to avoid more-expensive excavation and incineration processes would be beneficial. The study outlined in the complete paper aims to optimize the use of rhamnolipid biosurfactants for enhancing the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. The goal of this work was to explore the effects of rhamnolipid application on hydrocarbon degradation rate under both laboratory and field conditions and to examine the effects of this treatment on the indigenous soil microorganism population. Introduction The authors write that, to the best of their knowledge, previous research studies on rhamnolipid-based soil remediation focused on either laboratory or field tests and that comparison between laboratory-scale and field-scale tests is overlooked but necessary for practical applications. Materials and Methods Materials and Chemicals. The soil used for this work (23 kg for the laboratory test, 10 metric tons for the field test) was obtained from a contaminated site in Longford Mills, Canada. The soil properties are presented in Table 1 of the complete paper. The rhamnolipid stock solution featured 9.8 wt% rhamnolipid blends in deionized water. Another commercial remediation agent (enzyme-based) was used in the field test to compare with the performance of rhamnolipid. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) also were used along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Experimental Setup. Both laboratory and field tests were ex-situ tests using simulated soil piles. The laboratory test was conducted for 193 days. For the laboratory experiments, an aerobic/anaerobic respirometer system equipped with a low-temperature incubator was used to monitor the in-situ oxygen uptake inside eight reactors (Fig. 1). Each reactor contained 250 g of soil with rhamnolipid doses of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 g/kg. The temperature was set to 25°C. Inside each reactor was placed 10 mL of 4-M NaOH in a 20-mL glass beaker to adsorb the produced CO2. A parallel set of eight reactors was prepared and operated under the same conditions. The nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorous (NH4Cl and K2HPO4) were added at specific times based on the oxygen uptake rate monitored by the respirometer. To avoid the possible inhibition of the microbes in the soil as a result of high ionic strength (greater than 160 mM) in the soil pore water, NH4Cl and K2HPO4 were added so that the molar concentration in the soil pore water did not exceed 100 mM. The field test is being conducted in Longford Mills, Ontario, Canada, and is ongoing at the time of writing. For the field test, 10 metric tons of soil were mixed to achieve homogeneity before the preparation of the soil piles. Five different treatment conditions were examined using duplicate soil piles (10 piles total), with each consisting of 1 metric ton of soil. Nutrient addition was similar to that used in the laboratory tests. Temperature and moisture were monitored every few days at five points in each soil pile, and the pH was monitored once every month at five points.

Solubility of anhydrite in supercritical water from 380 ˚C to 625 ˚C and 220 bar to 270 bar

The solubility of anhydrite in deionized water has been determined experimentally from 380 ˚C to 625 ˚C and 220 bar to 270 bar. The experiments were performed using a unique flow-through reactor capable of reaching supercritical conditions for pure water. The results cover the approximate range of temperature and pressure expected to be found in deep geothermal systems where supercritical conditions could be expected. Anhydrite solubility has not been previously well-defined in this region.The new experimental data are used to define empirical parameters for a new thermodynamic model based on Dolejš and Manning (2010), for anhydrite dissolution in silica-bearing aqueous fluids at elevated temperatures and pressures:-RTlnm=a+b+elnρwwhere m is the molar concentration mol∙kg−1, R is the gas constant in J mol−1 K−1, and ρw is the density of pure water in kg m−3. These parameters only apply in solutions containing silica and at fluid densities above 200 kg m−3:a = 14921.46; b = 369.46; e = -48.81.T is temperature in K.

Synthesis, evaluation, and biocompatibility study of magnetite nano particles in normal cells and cancer cells for health care application

Magnetic nanoparticles have been synthesized in a very simple and economical way by the co-precipitation method, where the effect of molar concentrations of ferric chloride anhydrous (FeCl3) and iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7 H20) on magnetite synthesis has been investigated. Also, a detailed study was conducted to study the effect of magnetite and hematite on both normal and cancerous cell lines. After this, the magnetic nanoparticles obtained were analyzed by x-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) - energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), MTT test, and cell apoptotic assay. The XRD peaks for magnetite were easily discernible in the final formulation. SEM images showed round particles in nano ranges, and FTIR peaks showed the presence of magnetite. Zeta potential showed surface charges. VSM showed the magnetic property of magnetite, and AFM confirmed SEM images. It can be concluded that magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method using an optimized molar concentration of reagents. Also, the necessity of coating uncoated magnetic nanoparticles can be seen from the MTT assay. Cell apoptotic assays have shown that synthesized magnetite nanoparticles have shown potential apoptotic activity on cancer cell lines.

Charge-dependent CALPHAD analysis of defect chemistry and carrier concentration for space charge layers

The development of conductive materials plays a crucial role in improving the efficiency of electrochemical processes. In polycrystalline materials, space charge layers (SCLs) adjacent to grain boundaries (GBs) often dictate charge transport behavior. This study explores relaxing the charge neutrality constraint in the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach as a new method to model the electrical conductivity effects of SCLs. A new charge-dependent defect chemistry analysis is applied to the wustite, magnetite, and hematite phases in the Fe–O binary system. Using pycalphad, charge-dependent results for the molar Gibbs energies, Brouwer diagrams, and charge carrier concentrations were determined for each phase at 1273K within the oxygen partial pressure stability ranges. With a negative charge of 0.16 × 10−19 C, the hematite and magnetite phases exhibit an increased charge carrier concentration. The opposite trend was observed for wustite. While further work is needed to quantify the electrical conductivity effects of the SCLs and GBs with this approach, it provides a robust thermodynamic foundation to rapidly develop and optimize conductive materials.

Mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials as binding agents

This research investigates the environmental impact of cement production by exploring eco-friendly geopolymer binders as alternatives. Geopolymer concrete, developed using silica and alumina-rich precursors such as pozzolanic materials, achieves high compressive strength, up to 43.6 N/mm2 with a 16 M concentration and integrated steel fibers. Utilizing manual mixing and industrial by-products, the study pioneers cast-in-situ geopolymers with innovative curing techniques. The paper presents experimental results on the engineering properties of geopolymer concretes of 40 MPa, cured at 100 °C and 60 °C. The study systematically varies binder content, examining proportions of fly ash, GGBS, metakaolin, and silica fume, along with different mix ratios and molar concentrations. Key findings include increased compressive strength with higher NaOH concentration, peaking at 35.2 N/mm2 and 34.22 N/mm2 for 14 M mixes at 7 and 28 days, and 40.29 N/mm2 for 16 M mixes at 7 days. Optimal results were observed at higher curing temperatures, especially with 14 M and 16 M compositions at 100 °C. The study recommends mechanized mixing for efficiency and calls for further investigation into the microstructure and chemistry of geopolymers to advance sustainable construction practices. This research represents a significant step towards eco-conscious building materials, reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry.

Construction of ultra-thin NiMo3S4 nanosheet sphere electrode for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor

The construction of electrode materials with rational morphology and structure based on bimetallic sulfides is crucial to improve the performance of supercapacitors. Ultra-thin three-dimensional nickel molybdenum sulfide nanosheet spheres (NiMo3S4 NSSs) are grown on nickel foam (NF) using a one-step hydrothermal synthesis. NiMo3S4 NSSs have a diameter of ∼ 5 μm and nanosheet thickness of 200 nm. The effects of increasing the hydrothermal synthesis time and molar concentration ratios of Ni2+ to MoO42- on the morphologies of the NiMo3S4 are investigated. Due to the synergistic effect of NiMo3S4 NSSs and bimetallic ions which can provide a larger solution contact areas and improve the redox activity, the electrode exhibits good electrochemical properties. The specific capacity of NiMo3S4 NSSs/NF electrode can reach 1002.4 C/g (1 A/g). After being assembled into a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) with activated carbon (AC), the energy density can reach 72.1 Wh/kg at the power density of 749.9 W/kg. In addition, the HSC shows an excellent stability of 89 % after 10, 000 charge-discharge cycles (10 A/g).

Influence of different molar concentration on the structural, optical, electrical and photo diode properties of MoO3 thin films

This article discusses an eco-friendly method for creating metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diodes. MoO3 thin films are prepared at different mole concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 M) using a Jet Nebulizer Spray Pyrolysis (JNSP) methodology. An orthorhombic phase, which is of special interest because of its potential in electronic applications, was discovered by structural investigation using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the 0.05 M MoO3 film. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) pictures of the 0.05 M MoO3 film show a distinct nanoplate shape, indicating positive characteristics for photovoltaic applications. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed an energy bandgap of 3.21 eV for this concentration. This corresponds to the requisite electronic parameters for a high-performance MIS diode. Then the DC electrical conductivity of the films showed a monotonic rise with the concentration of MoO3, peaking at 0.05 M, suggesting improved carrier transport characteristics. The I–V characteristics of the Cu/MoO3/p-Si diodes revealed that current flows mostly across interfaces and is controlled by carrier concentration. The 0.05 M MoO3 substance exhibited a considerable increase in photocurrent. This work explains the optimized MoO3 concentration and the morphology using the JNSP approach can result in the production of highly efficient MIS diodes suited for a wide range of optoelectronic applications.

Investigations on structural, morphological and UV light detection characteristics in p- ZrO2/ n-Si Heterostructure based devices

The development of hetero-structured based UV photodiode is a rapidly growing interest in the area of optoelectronic applications. In recent years, one of the next generation semiconductor material zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), has attracted much attention for UV photodiode applications. The curent research work focuses on the fabrication of ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors using ZrO2 nanocrystals with different molar concentrations. Using the co-precipitation method, ZrO2 nanocrystals were formed onto n-Si substrate. The prepared ZrO2 nanocrystals were characterized by XRD, UV–visible spectroscopy, FeSEM, HRTEM, PL spectroscopic analysis. The structural analysis of ZrO2 nanoparticles shows the cubic space groups with ((Fm-3m, Z = 4) and (Im-3m, Z = 1) respectively. The morphological analysis reveals the irregular shape and highly agglomerated. The TEM and HR-TEM images, and SAED pattern of ZrO2 NPs were obtained at higher mole concentration. The optical energy band gap of ZrO2 nanocrystals were determined in between 3.12 and 2.86 eV. The PL emission spectrum of ZrO2 nanoparticles shows highly intensive emission bands between 360 nm and 520 nm. The optimum ZrO2 (0.3 M) nanocrystal layers were formed onto n-Si substrate which was stacked between top and bottom Ag electrodes. The current-voltage measurements (I–V) plots and ln J-V plots characteristics of the fabricated Ag/p-ZrO2/n-Si/Ag devices were investigated under dark and UV illumination. The p-ZrO2/n-Si junction diodes exhibit the ideal rectifying function at higher molar concentration of ZrO2 diode, and the reverse saturation with maximum photo sensitivity was investigated.

A novel Y/Eu co-doped Ln-MOF for ratiometric luminescent thermometer of high sensitivity

Lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) co-doped by mixed lanthanide ions is a preeminent candidate for ratiometric luminescence thermometers. In recent years, there are few studies on the synthesis of such MOFs by introducing Ln3+ ions of no luminescent properties such as Y3+. Herein, a novel Y/Eu co-doped Ln-MOF (Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA, H4NDPA = 5,5′-naphthalene-1,4-diyl-diisophthalic acid) was synthesized via solvothermal methods, which showed good phase purity and thermal stability. Compared with EuNDPA, the Y3+ ions in Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA dilute the molar concentration of Eu3+, causing the emerge of ligand emission band. The luminescence intensity ratio of organic ligands and Eu3+ owns a good exponential dependence on temperature variation. As investigated, Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA owns the merits including a wide temperature sensing range (303–423 K), high relative sensitivity (3.04 %·K-1 at 423 K), good spectral repeatability (>92 %) and distinct emission color change from red to blue. This novel Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA ratiometric thermometer is expected to promote the application and development of dual-emission MOF materials in the field of microelectronic temperature measurement.

Application of the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer instrument as quality control for next-generation sequencing.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have expanded the spectrum of forensic DNA analysis by facilitating efficient and precise genotyping of a large number of genetic markers. Yet, challenges persist regarding complex sample processing and assurance of equal molar concentrations across pooled samples. Since optimal cluster density is crucial for sequencing performance, the determination of both quantity and quality is indispensable for library preparation. In this study, we investigated the application of the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer for library quality control, as studies for forensic approaches, particularly for highly degraded postmortem samples, are rare. Our analysis encompassed assessing total DNA concentrations, fluorescence unit (FU) values, and adapter dimer concentrations in purified DNA libraries derived from buccal swabs and tissue samples of decomposed corpses. The sensitivity study tested a serial dilution derived from buccal swabs and revealed a decrease in FU values and an increase in adapter dimers with declining DNA input concentrations. Deviations in total DNA concentrations and average peak heights between the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer runs indicated a lack of repeatability in data and presented challenges in accurate quantification, which was also observed in previous studies. Yet, the analysis of degraded samples from decomposed human remains has shown the ability to detect adapter dimer concentrations, which can be crucial for the quality of subsequent NGS library preparation and sequencing success. Therefore, the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer proves to be a valuable tool for NGS quality control.

Comprehensive analysis of physical, mechanical, thermal and attenuation characteristics of NaF - B2O3 – Bi2O3 - Sm2O3 glasses for gamma radiation shielding applications

A glass system with the nominal composition 10NaF - (89-x)B2O3 - xBi2O3 - 1Sm2O3 (where x = 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 mol%) has been fabricated by the melt quenching technique. Densities increased from 3.598 to 4.726 g/cm³ and a corresponding rise in molar volume from 35.880 to 44.089 cm³/mol. The decrement in oxygen packing density (OPD = 75.250–61.239 mol/cm3) and increment in oxygen molar volume (13.289–16.329 cm3/mol) indicate an expansion of the glass structure with the Bi3+ ions. Young's modulus decreases from 58.974 to 41.685 GPa as the concentration of Bi2O3 increases from 15 to 35 mol%. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) shows an increasing trend, demonstrating improved attenuation ability with a higher molar concentration of Bi₂O₃. As the Bi₂O₃ concentration increases in the glass matrix, the effective atomic number (Zeff) increases from 61.214 to 72.116 at 59.54 keV, and from 15.829 to 25.988 at 662 keV. The half-value layer (HVL) decreases as bismuth oxide is introduced into the glass matrix, and prepared glasses exhibit lower values than Hematite-Serpentine Concrete, Ilmenite-Limonite Concrete, Basalt-Magnetite Concrete, Ilmenite Concrete, RS253, 55B2O3:20BaCO3:19.5ZnO:5Bi2O3:0.5Dy2O3, RS 323, LSGB1, and LSGB2 shielding materials. The mean free path (MFP) values reduced from 0.094 to 0.053 cm at 59.54 keV, and from 2.958 to 2.073 cm at 662 keV with the Bi2O3 concentration. Consequently, the prepared glass can be reliable for gamma radiation shielding applications.

Design and optimization of DPC-crosslinked HPβCD nanosponges for entrectinib oral delivery: formulation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic studies

BackgroundIn advanced or metastatic cancers characterized by specific genetic alterations, heightened growth and resistance to conventional therapies are common. Targeted treatments like entrectinib (ENT) precisely inhibit aberrant signaling pathways, potentially enhancing outcomes. The objective of this research is to develop and enhance the effectiveness of entrectinib-loaded nanosponge formulations by utilizing hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) to improve its oral bioavailability.ResultsThe study employed surface response methodology and Design-Expert® software to optimize key formulation variables such as the molar concentration ratio of the polymer and cross-linker, as well as process variables such as stirring speed and duration. Optimization focused on particle size, polydispersity index, and percentage entrapment efficiency. Validation methods encompassed Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release studies, and in vivo studies.After optimization, ENT-loaded HPβCD NSPs were formulated with a molar ratio (P:CL) of 0.800 mg, stirred at 3000 rpm for 420 min, achieving a desirability of 0.926. Predicted values for PS (particle size), PdI (polydispersity index), and EE % (entrapment efficiency) were 146.98 nm, 0.263, and 88.29%, respectively. The optimized formulation showed a mean size of 151.8 ± 5.6 nm, PDI of 0.233 ± 0.049, and EE of 87.36 ± 1.61%. Further validation through various analyses confirmed the optimization's efficacy, with notable improvements demonstrated in AUC0-t (6.30-fold) and Cmax (4.10 times) compared to the free drug.ConclusionThe findings of the study indicated that nanosponges exhibit promise as an effective carrier for delivering entrectinib, addressing for advance tumor effectively by enhancing release and bioavailability in the treatment of cancer.

Hierarchical HZSM-5 catalysts enhancing monocyclic aromatics selectivity in co-pyrolysis of wheat straw and polyethylene mixture

The limitation in bio-oil quality hampers its further utilization in the fuel or chemical industry. This study employed a combination of tetra propylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) and NaOH solutions for HZSM-5 desilication to enhance the yield of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the catalytic co-pyrolysis of wheat straw with polyethylene. Results revealed hierarchical HZSM-5, prepared with equal mole concentrations of NaOH and TPAOH, exhibited optimal catalytic performance. The bio-oil from this process had an aromatic content of 72 %, with monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) constituting 56.26 %. Further optimization was achieved through iron modification of hierarchical HZSM-5. The addition of 0.5 % iron-modified hierarchical HZSM-5 increased the aromatic hydrocarbons to 80.57 %, with BTX compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) reaching a selectivity of 61.9 %. This approach reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), contributing to less coke formation, presenting a promising method for high-quality bio-oil.

Relationships between HDL subpopulation proteome and HDL function in overweight/obese people with and without coronary heart disease

Background and aimsThe structure-function relationships of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subpopulations are not well understood. Our aim was to examine the interrelationships between HDL particle proteome and HDL functionality in subjects with and without coronary heart disease (CHD). MethodsWe isolated 5 different HDL subpopulations based on charge, size, and apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) content from the plasma of 33 overweight/obese CHD patients and 33 age-and body mass index (BMI)-matched CHD-free subjects. We measured the relative molar concentration of HDL-associated proteins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and assessed particle functionality. ResultsWe quantified 110 proteins associated with the 5 APOA1-containing HDL subpopulations. The relative molar concentration of these proteins spanned five orders of magnitude. Only 10 proteins were present in >1% while 73 were present in <0.1% concentration. Only 6 of the 10 most abundant proteins were apolipoproteins. Interestingly, the largest (α-1) and the smallest (preβ-1) HDL particles contained the most diverse proteomes. The protein composition of each HDL subpopulation was altered in CHD cases as compared to controls with the most prominent differences in preβ-1 and α-1 particles. APOA2 concentration was positively correlated with preβ-1 particle functionality (ABCA1-CEC/mg APOA1 in preβ-1) (R2 = 0.42, p = 0.005), while APOE concentration was inversely correlated with large-HDL particle functionality (SRBI-CEC/mg APOA1 in α-1+α-2) (R2 = 0.18, p = 0.01). ConclusionsThe protein composition of the different HDL subpopulations was altered differentially in CHD patients. The functionality of the small and large HDL particles correlated with the protein content of APOA2 and APOE, respectively. Our data indicate that distinct particle subspecies and specific particle associated proteins provide new information about the role of HDL in CHD.

Building a highly concentration responsive optical thermometer via tunable electron transfer pathways supported by intervalence charge transfer states

The thermal-coupled levels (TCLs) of lanthanides have attracted great attention in the field of optical thermometer, offering an efficient method to achieve non-contect temperatuer feedback in complex environment. However, the iner 4f electrons are shielded, which becomes the core obstacle in improving the sensing performance. This issue is now circumvented by constructing an electron transfer pathway between Tm3+(1D2) and Eu3+(5D0) configurations. As a result, the electron transfer barrier is related to the relative temperature sensitivity, giving an insight into the modulation mechanism. Compared to the conventional TCLs systems, the relative temperature sensitivity of this strategy is highly concentration-responsive, increasing from 5.56 to 10.1 % K−1 as the Eu3+ molar concentration rises from 0.3 to 0.5 mol%. This work reveals the inner emission mechanism based on IVCT-supported emission mode, and presents the highly adjustability of sensing performance.