Moisture Reserves Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В 2023 ГОДУ НА ПРИМЕРЕ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СТАНЦИИ ТАЙЫНША СЕВЕРО-КАЗАХСТАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

According to the results of the assessment about possible agricultural losses due to climate change, conducted as part of the preparation of the Seventh National Communication of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Climate Change, including for the North Kazakhstan region, where, according to the forecast, by 2050 a decrease in moisture supply during the growing season by 11...16 % and an increase in climate aridity by 10...15 % relative to current indicators are expected. As a result of such changes, this may lead to a decrease in the yield of spring wheat by 30...40 %. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between the yield of Aviada spring wheat and meteorological conditions at the observation site of the Taiynsha meteorological station in the North Kazakhstan region for 2023. For this purpose, the actual meteorological parameters for the specified year were studied, such as temperature and precipitation, hydrothermal moisture coefficient (HTC), productive moisture reserves in the soil, sums of effective temperatures, as well as the growth and development characteristics of spring wheat of the Aviada variety during the vegetation period of 2023, its yield.It was found that insufficient precipitation during the critical phases of spring wheat development created stressful conditions during the grain ripening period, and, as a result, affected its yield.In addition, the shift of summer precipitation to August...September led to crop losses during and after harvesting. This article represents the results of the research internship that took place at Taiynsha meteorological station from May to August 2023.

Estimation of errors of the spectral method for measuring the concentration of water vapor and moisture reserves in the surface layer of the earth’s atmosphere

Estimation of errors of the spectral method for measuring the concentration of water vapor and moisture reserves in the surface layer of the earth’s atmosphere

Long–Term Dynamics of the Spring Moisture Reserves with Various Methods of Processing Typical Chernozem

Long–Term Dynamics of the Spring Moisture Reserves with Various Methods of Processing Typical Chernozem

Investigation of the Formation of Productive Moisture Reserves in the Thickness of Chernozem under the Forest-Steppe Conditions

Investigation of the Formation of Productive Moisture Reserves in the Thickness of Chernozem under the Forest-Steppe Conditions

Применение комбинированного орошения при возделывании сои на мелкоконтурных участках в условиях аридной зоны Поволжья

The purpose of the work was to improve the soybean irrigation system during cultivation in small-contour areas, based on the dynamics of moisture reserves in the root soil layer in the conditions of an arid growing season in the arid zone of the Volga region using combined (drip + sprinkler) irrigation, including differentiation of the timing and norms of irrigation by phases of culture development. The article describes the use of drip irrigation in a dry year, when cultivating soybeans in areas of incorrect configuration, having small contours, on which it is impossible to install wide-reach sprinklers. For cultivation in arid conditions of the Volga region, soybeans of the moisture-loving variety "Pokrovskaya" were selected. A description of the use of combined (drip + sprinkler) irrigation of soybeans is given. The dynamics of the moisture supply of crops during drip irrigation and irrigation with sprinklers was analyzed according to the phases of soybean vegetation in the conditions of the arid year of the arid zone, with GTC < 0.4. The use of drip irrigation technology in these conditions will make it possible to additionally introduce land plots into agricultural circulation, which will ensure an increase in the coefficient of land use of agricultural land and an additional yield of soybeans up to 3.4 tons/ha.

Climate change and greenhouse gas emissions from soils under the winter wheat agroecosystem in Ukraine

The issue of global climate change is one of the most important challenges for modern environmental science. In this regard, assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from soils under agroecosystems is an extremely important task. The main purpose of the study was to assess the potential emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2 and N2O) from the soils under the winter wheat agroecosystem during its spring-summer growing season under the climate change in Ukraine. A comprehensive model of greenhouse gas emissions from agroecosystem soils was used as a theoretical basis. The study considered the main agroclimatic regions of Ukraine, such as Polissia, Forest-Steppe, Northern Steppe, and Southern Steppe. The modelling was performed for average long-term conditions of 1981–2020 and under scenario conditions (using the RCP4.5 climate scenario) for the decades of 2021–2030, 2031–2040, and 2041–2050. Estimates of CO2 emissions were obtained for the agroclimatic regions of Ukraine. According to the results, the largest CO2 emissions (0.886-0.940 t C-CO2/ha) will be expected when the average productive moisture supplies in the arable soil layer for the spring-summer period of winter wheat vegetation are 20–40 mm and the air temperature is 12–15 °C. Rise in the level of moisture reserves, averaged for the period, for more than 40 mm and the air temperature of 11–12 °C is accompanied by decrease in the level of CO2 emission (0.645–0.658 t C-CO2/ha). In arid conditions, with a decrease in the period-average moisture supplies in the arable soil layer to less than 20 mm and heightened average air temperatures (14.5–15.2 °C), a decrease in CO2 emissions is expected (0.755–0.770 t C-CO2/ha). The study showed that the highest N2O emission (1.087–1.703 kg N-N2O/ha) is expected at a high level of moistening (Md being equal to 0.474–0.713 relative units and air temperature – 11.3–13.0 °C) with a high intensity of nitrification and denitrification processes. Conditions characterizing the average level of N2O emission (0.657–0.890 kg N-N2O/ha) are formed under the moistening at a level of Md equaling 0.296–0.447 relative units and air temperature of 13.4–14.7 °C. There is a slowdown in denitrification processes and an increase in the share of emissions owing to nitrification. It has been found that the lowest N2O emission (0.508–0.537 kg N–N2O/ha) is expected under conditions of severe and very severe drought (according to the Md criterion), with a heightened temperature averaged at the level of 14.5–15.2 °C during the spring-summer period of winter wheat vegetation.

The influence of weather conditions on the formation of the winter wheat harvest according to various precursors in the arid zone of Stavropol

Relevance. The identification of agro meteorological factors that have the greatest impact on the formation of grain yields and their consideration in the improvement of agricultural technologies is an urgent task of agriculture.Methods. The research was carried out in 1972–2023 in the fields of the Prikumsk experimental breeding station in a 6-pole grain-and-grass crop rotation. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of agro meteorological conditions on the formation of the winter wheat harvest according to various precursors for the correction and adaptation of applied agricultural technologies in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory.Results. The yield of winter wheat significantly depended on precipitation in September — October, moisture reserves by spring, total moisture availability of crops, temperature in May and was determined by the density of plants and the weight of 1000 grains. The maximum yield was formed with precipitation in September — October >117 mm, the highest density of standing (294–392 pcs/m2), spring moisture reserves in the meter soil layer and average total moisture supply for pure steam, respectively, 129–145 mm and 382 mm, occupied steam 115–135 mm and 378 mm and winter wheat 105–125 mm and 342 mm. The minimum duration of the sowing — germination period and the maximum density of standing accounted for a clean and occupied pair for the amount of precipitation for September — October (59–87), and a half-pair >117 mm. Compared with pure steam, the density of standing decreased by an average of 12,2%, the yield by 19,2%, the duration of germination increased 1.4 times, and in repeated crops by 22,6%, 45,3% and 2,7 times, respectively. The mass of 1000 grains had a significant positive relationship with the density of standing by half-steam and a negative one with the average temperature for May — June by pure steam. For half-steam and pure steam, yield is more closely related to the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.52–0.66) than to the density of standing (r = 0.45–0.50).

Сравнительная оценка урожайности зерновых культур в зависимости от лимитирующих факторов в условиях почвозащитного земледелия

Abstract. The aim of work – to identify the influence of limiting factors on increasing the yield of grain crops in crop rotations and soil fertility in a sloping landscape. The following methods were used during the study: field, Kosyrev, thermostatic-weight, ionometric, Machigin, Tyurin, quantitative, balance calculations of yield. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the yield of field crops in grain-steam crop rotations was estimated from the influence of meteorological conditions, moisture, mobile forms of nutrients, humus, seedlings and weed infestation in the arid conditions of the Orenburg Trans-Urals. Results. As a result of research (2021–2023), it was revealed that during the growing season (May-August), the average monthly air temperature (18.6 ℃) and the number of dry days (76) adversely affect (55.85 and 67.50 %) the yield (1.00 t/ha) of barley in the lower part of the slope. In the upper and middle parts of the slope, dry days (56.75 and 64.45 %) negatively affect the yield (1.44 and 1.20 t/ha) of barley. Precipitation in the form of rain (116 mm) during the growing season has a beneficial effect (53.05 %) on the yield (1.34 t/ha) of durum wheat in the middle part of the slope. Spring moisture reserves (152.1 mm) in a meter layer of soil have a positive effect (75.15 %) on the yield (1.30 t/ha) of soft wheat in the upper part of the slope. The increase in yield (1.45 t/ha) of durum wheat and (1.44 t/ha) of barley in the upper part of the slope is due to the influence of (72.30 and 56.05 %) phosphorus content (4.7 and 4.1 mg / 100 g) in the arable soil layer by the end of the growing season. In the middle and lower parts of the slope, the yield of soft wheat (1.20 and 1.10 t/ha) depends on the effect (65.50 and 54.01 %) of the residual content (4.7 and 4.4 mg / 100 g) of phosphorus. The use of agrotechnical soil protection techniques increases the yield of grain crops in crop rotations and soil fertility on the slope, especially on the upper part.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRACTICES FOR GROWING CORN FOR GRAIN UNDER DIFFERENT PREDECESSORS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN STEPPE

An important factor that determines the grain yield and productivity of corn is the previous crop. In the conditions of insufficient moisture in the Steppe region of Ukraine, the significance of the predecessor is determined by the accumulated moisture reserves. It is believed that the best predecessors for corn in the Steppe conditions are winter wheat and leguminous crops, while satisfactory ones are corn and barley, with sunflower considered a poorer predecessor. Corn can be grown in both repeated plantings and monoculture, but the agronomic practices affecting crop productivity in such crop rotations have not been studied sufficiently. A stationary study was established in 2005 at the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe NAAS, with soil and climatic conditions corresponding to the Northern Steppe zone of Ukraine. A simple modified mid-ripening hybrid DK Veles was sown in the study. Seed inoculation was carried out with the biopreparation Mycofriend. The research results indicate that the predecessor was a significant factor influencing the formation of grain yield and productivity indicators of corn. When growing corn after soybeans, the average grain yield was 5.31 t/ha, after sunflower and corn predecessors it was 3.03 t/ha and 3.25 t/ha respectively, with no significant difference in yield between sunflower and corn predecessors. There was no significant increase in corn grain yield due to the action of the biopreparation factor, with a yield increase ranging from 0.01–0.06 t/ha, but a more active effect of the biopreparation was noted with the sunflower predecessor. Higher productivity indicators for grain units yield, feed units yield, and digestible protein units were achieved when growing corn after soybeans – 6.43 t/ha, 9.65 t/ha, and 0.573 t/ha respectively. There was no significant difference in productivity indicators between the sunflower predecessor and repeated corn cultivation. The highest indicators for grain units yield, feed units yield, and digestible protein units were obtained under the condition of seed inoculation with the biopreparation after the soybean predecessor – 6.44 t/ha, 9.68 t/ha, and 0.575 t/ha respectively.

FEATURES OF FORMING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR WINTER WHEAT IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

The article examines the importance of considering several factors affecting the soil water regime in the context of developing models for forecasting productive soil moisture reserves. It was established that the main factors, such as the type of soil, its density, and mechanical composition, remain constant in different soil and climatic regions of Ukraine. The second group of factors, such as air temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture, are subject to changes throughout the growing season and even over short periods. Therefore, the dynamics of soil moisture as a function of the main variables, such as average air temperature and precipitation, was considered using calculations. Initial moisture reserves are used in the calculations for more accurate forecasting of moisture reserves at the end of a specified period. Hydrothermal conditions considered as predictors in the regression equation are also used. The reliability of the conducted research is confirmed by the analysis of independent input and output information from the Kherson weather station in the period from 2018 to 2021 regarding the actual reserves of productive moisture in the soil at a depth of 0 - 20,0 - 50 and 0 - 100 cm. The average error between actual and calculated data did not exceed +13,5%. It confirms the reliability and precision of the conducted research making it the basis for further analyses and conclusions. The conclusions noted the need for accurately determining soil moisture to effectively manage agrometeorological conditions and optimize crop yield. The authors believe that the research work presented in this article can significantly contribute to developing modern approaches to water availability in agriculture and agrometeorology. That will contribute to the gradual and improved development of soil moisture forecasting methodology, which is key to ensuring sustainable and productive development in agriculture.

CONDITIONS OF THE OAK FORESTS GROWTH AND CULTIVATION ON THE TOP SURFACES AND SLOPES OF THE NEAR-VOLGA AND ERGENI UPLANDS AND THE PLAINS OF THE SAL-MANYCH INTERFLUVE

Planted oak forests in the south of European Russia are of great conservation and economic importance. The widespread practice of their creation in dry steppes and semideserts dates back to the 1950-1970s and allows to form oak (Quercus robur L.) plantations with longevity up to 40-60 years. The aim of the study is to investigate the growth features of oak trees under different soil-climatic and biocenotic conditions and to suggest methods to increase their longevity.The research was carried out in 2011-2016 in the south of the Near-Volga Upland, the northern part of the Ergeni Upland and lowland plains of the Sal-Manych interfluve at 28 temporary sample plots using common methods of forest inventory and regression data analysis.It has been established that the viability of oak is limited by unfavorable topographic position of plantations, increased climate dryness (HC 0,4-0,6), high content of soil carbonates and shallow-lying horizon of their accumulation, as well as the presence of shrub layer and other competitors for moisture. Under these conditions, afforestation of depressions on the plains and shady slopes with pure plantations of oak and other species without shrubs should gain advantage. The methods of their creation should be modified depending on the topographic position of particular forest area and the climate dryness.So, the main soil cultivation in depressions could last 1-2 years, applying the system of black fallow with plantation plowing. It is advisable to keep 3,5-4,0-meter row spacing, frequent tending, and intensive clearing of young tree stands. Maturer plantations need careful sanitary-selective cuttings, mainly the low-type ones, and preservation of high canopy density. Poor water availability and deterioration of plantations should be prevented by construction of dams.Reclamation plantations of low marketability are created on flat areas after 2-3 years of deeper basic tillage. The carbonate horizon should be loosened and a large moisture reserve is needed. Row spacing of 2,5-3,0 meters is reasonable, accelerating the canopy closure. The area of tree nutrition is expanded by low-intensive uniformly selective cuttings, forming more open stands. The longevity of oak in already existing plantations could be increased by eliminating its competitors, such as living ground cover, shrubs and associated species.

SPRING WHEAT IN THE DRY CLIMATE OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION OF RUSSIA

Background. The growing of spring wheat in arid conditions is a difficult task because the biological characteristics of the crop and its demands on moisture reserves. The need for sowing spring wheat in the spring is dictated by the possible death of winter grains in winter. Purpose. To determine the most adaptive varieties of spring wheat with high yield and good quality for cultivation in the dry climate of the Lower Volga region of Russia. Methods. To achieve this goal, an environmental test of spring wheat varieties was carried out by us; the harvest results were processed by analysis of variance. To characterize weather conditions, the hydrothermal coefficient was calculated according to T.G. Selyaninov. An analysis of the ability of varieties to adapt to local climatic conditions was carried out using the coefficient of adaptability, stress resistance and compensatory ability of varieties. The graph was constructed and statistical data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel 2008. Result. As a result of the research work, it was established that on average over three years of research, the highest yield of spring wheat was in the following varieties: Saratovskaya 73 -1.65 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1, 4 t/ha. Processing of spring wheat harvest data are used by dispersion analysis made it possible to determine that the gross harvest of the crop is largely influenced by meteorological conditions, up to 42.0%, the choice of variety is about 19.7%, and agrotechnological and other environmental factors are 38.2%. It can be noted that spring soft wheat in the conditions of the Lower Volga region is capable of producing grain yields of good quality with large grains from 31.2 to 36.4 g of 1000 grains. Analysis of indicators of the level of resistance to drought conditions shows that the most stress-resistant varieties are: Zinaida - 0.06 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.24 t/ha, Albidum 188 - 0.24. The varieties that have the highest genetic flexibility in the conditions of the Lower Volga region are: Saratovskaya 73 - 1.72 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1.5 t/ha and Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha. The spring wheat varieties Bezenchukskaya 205 have the highest responsiveness to changes in crop growth conditions - 0.12, Dobrynya is in second place - 0.14, Albidum is in third place, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.15. The adaptability coefficient is higher than 1 in the varieties Albidum 188, Kamyshinskaya 3, Saratovskaya 73, Prokhorovka, Zinaida. Conclusion. The varieties Saratovskaya 73 and Kamyshinskaya 3 are distinguished by yield, stress tolerance, genetic adaptability to dry climate.

The effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain

The article presents the results of studying the effect of various doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain. Numerous studies around the world have established that nitrogen is a key factor influencing the productivity of grain crops. The paper presents the results of a 5-year study (2018-2022) of cultivating spring triticale using fallow and stubble predecessors. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when sowing in rows at a dose of 20 to 80 kg/ha in the active substance. The experiments were carried out in the Akmola region (LLP "SPCGF named after A. Barayev") on southern carbonate chernozem. Over the five years of research, only 2018 was characterized by optimal hydrothermal conditions during the triticale growing season, the remaining four years (2019-2022) were dry. The reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil before sowing triticale in fallow were 119-138 mm, in stubble - 119-125 mm. The content of N-NO3 in the soil layer 0-40 cm before sowing triticale varied according to the years of research, so for fallow it varied from 11 to 28 mg/kg, and for stubble from 10 to 17 mg/kg of soil. The amount of P2O5 before sowing (in the soil layer of 0-20 cm), regardless of the predecessor, varied within 24-37 mg/kg of soil. It was not possible to establish a reliable effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on grain yield and protein content in triticale grain using the two studied precursors. A strong correlation between the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and the yield of triticale based on the steam predecessor was established only in 2020 (r = 0.85) and in 2021 (r = 0.83). For stubble, a strong positive correlation between nitrogen doses and yield was noted in 2019 (r = 0.78), 2021 (r = 0.79) and 2022 (r = 0.87). A correlation between the protein content in triticale grain and nitrogen doses was established based on the fallow in 2 of 4 years (r = 0.86...0.96). For the stubble, a strong positive relationship was noted in all years of research (r = 0.83...0.99).

Estimation of errors of the spectral method for measuring the concentration of water vapor and moisture reserves in the surface layer of the Earth’s atmosphere

A method for passive measurements of water vapor concentration in the atmosphere in the presence of solar radiation has been proposed and tested. The location of the measurements is the northeast of the Moscow region. When processing the results of measurements carried out on a single water absorption line, a coincidence of experimental data and data obtained from direct meteorological measurements with an error of no more than ~7.5 % was revealed. It was also found that on the water absorption line in the region of 1653 nm, the interfering factor is the nearby methane absorption line, which introduces a systematic error in the measurement results, and the results turn out to be underestimated. A possible reason is that the absorption cross section of methane molecules is ~4 orders of magnitude larger than that of water vapor molecules and light radiation is absorbed to a greater extent by methane, reducing the fraction of absorption of water vapor at a wavelength close to the methane absorption line. Compensatory corrections have been introduced to determine the concentration and moisture content in the atmospheric column with an accuracy of several percent at this wavelength. The proposed technique allows both long-term monitoring of concentration and moisture content in the atmosphere and obtaining operational information in real time. The results of the measurements performed are, on average, consistent with the results of measurements obtained using radiometers operating in the ultrahigh frequency range.

Водообмен в хвойных фитоценозах под влиянием климатических изменений

Woody vegetation and the atmosphere are closely related, which determines the relevance of studying this interaction within the framework of the problem of global climate change and the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems to external influences. For the research region, the Komi Republic, climate warming has been revealed, expressed in increased air temperature in the summer. The warmest year over the years of observation was 2013, when the average air temperature in the summer was 17.2 °C, while the longterm annual average norm was 14.6 °C. The growth and productivity of woody plants in a forest community depend on the amount of moisture in the soil. In the middle subzone of the taiga, moisture reserves are 60–200 mm, so woody plants do not lack it. In this regard, transpiration rates of Scots pine and Siberian spruce needles in different types of forest under fluctuating weather conditions has been studied. The results of the research have shown that at elevated air temperatures, low amounts of precipitation and favourable soil water supply, the transpiration rate in pine increases by 1.5 times, and in spruce by 3 times. This is probably due to the fact that the spruce stomata react especially quickly to changes in external conditions, which is determined by the increased sensitivity of the needles to moisture conditions. It has been established that during the same period there is the closest relationship between the transpiration rate and the air temperature (r = 0.7–0.9). In different types of forest, the transpiration rate in pine varies from 4 to 16 %, in spruce within 5 %. An assessment of changes in the pine and spruce needles transpiration rates in response to changing weather conditions has shown that this process is largely determined by the species membership. Pine is a light-demanding species with a taproot system. Spruce is a shade-tolerant species with a shallow root system.

Suppressing the invasive common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) saves soil moisture reserves

Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) is a widespread invasive alien forb in dry sandy habitats of Central Europe. It adversely affects native plant and animal communities, but its ecosystem-level effects, particularly on hydrology, are little known. Since milkweed has an extensive, deep root system and large, broad leaves, we assumed a negative effect on the soil moisture content of the hosting ecosystem. Following the before-after control-impact protocol, we first compared the soil moisture content of the top 120 cm of the soil under seven milkweed stands to that of non-invaded reference sites. We then treated half of the stands by mechanically removing all aboveground milkweed biomass and repeated the comparative soil moisture measurements. We found that milkweed stands had significantly drier soils than reference grasslands during the growing season, but the soil under milkweed stands recharged to the level of the references in autumn and winter. However, the amount of moisture needed for this recharge was lost from deeper percolation to groundwater. Milkweed treatment prevented the depletion of moisture during the growing season, saving 21.6 l m−2 of water on average. Treatment did not affect non-milkweed plant biomass, thus, moisture patterns could fully be attributed to the milkweed stands. Our results reinforce the importance of milkweed suppression in invaded grasslands, as, besides enabling the recovery of the native grassland ecosystem, it promotes groundwater recharge, which is particularly important in the dry regions of Central Europe, currently facing severe aridification due to climate change and unfavourable land use trends.

THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS GREEN MANURE VAPORS ON THE PROPERTIES OF GRAY FOREST SOI

THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS GREEN MANURE VAPORS ON THE PROPERTIES OF GRAY FOREST SOI

The influence of previous crops and tillage on available moisture reserves of chernozem typical for growing spring barley

The unstable yield of agricultural crops arises due to insufficient soil moisture supply at crucial moments of plant emergence and growth, complicating agriculture and exposing it to the risk of crop losses. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of the soil tillage system and previous crops on the productivity of spring barley plants. This was a long-term stationary experiment (2021-2023) with the application of statistical data processing. The influence of four previous crops was investigated – grain maize (control), soybeans, winter rapeseed, and sunflower – and three main soil tillage methods. It is established that the highest significant moisture reserves in the 0-100 cm soil layer at the sowing period were formed when spring barley was placed after soybeans, exceeding the control variant (grain maize) by 3.2 mm in 2021, 3.6 mm in 2022, and 3.4 mm in 2023, and after winter rapeseed by 8.5 mm, 6 mm, and 5.7 mm, respectively, over the years. The use of shallow no-till cultivation provided an advantage over the control (ploughing) in all years of observation: by 2.2 mm in 2021, 1.8 mm in 2022, and 8.8 mm in 2023. During the sowing period of the studied crop, the control surpassed only surface no-till cultivation by 2.7 mm in 2022. The optimal option should be considered the combination of soybeans as a previous crop with shallow no-till soil cultivation at 14-16 cm, which ensured moisture reserves during the earing period of the crop in 2021 – 75.1 mm, in 2022 – 93.2 mm, and in 2023 – 92.2 mm, and at the time of harvest, these indicators were 60.7 mm, 67.3 mm, and 60.0 mm, respectively. The grain yield of spring barley under this option was the highest in the experiment, averaging 7.26 t/ha, which is 27.3% higher than the control. The results of the study can be used to realise the genetic potential of spring barley plants to form stable productivity

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ АГРОЧЕРНОЗЕМОВ В ПОСЕВАХ РЫЖИКА ПОСЕВНОГО

The purpose of the study is to assess the water regime of agrochernozems of the Kansk forest-steppe when the cultivation of Camelina sativa Crantz into oilseeds. The study was carried out in 2019–2021 on the territory of LLC OPH Solyanskoe, located in the Kansk forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Region. The objects of the study were clay-illuvial typical agrochernozems, medium-thick, heavy loamy granulometric composition of land use LLC OPH Solyanskoye and camelina of the Uzhursky variety. In 2019, camelina was cultivated in a busy pair (pea-oat mixture), in 2020 – in a clean pair. The study was carried out at 4 sample sites from May to September with an interval of 10–12 days. Soil samples are ta-ken in an area of 0–100 cm through a 10 cm head. Weather conditions and the predecessor (occupied and clean fallow) influenced the distribution of moisture in the profile of typical clay-illuvial agrochernozems in the period from sowing to the full ripening of camelina. The reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer during the growing seasons varied from 151 to 68 mm. Dynamic changes in the reserves of productive moisture in camelina crops based on occupied fallow were assessed in a meter-thick layer of agrochernozem as average (Cv = 23–28 %), and in open fallow – as small (Cv = 16–20 %). The evapotranspiration consumption of moisture by Camelina from a meter layer of agrochernozem was estimated at 253–260 mm with its maximum consumption from a 0–50 cm layer of soil. The average moisture consumption for the formation of 1 ton of camelina seeds with a yield of 0.9–1.5 t/ha was 281–173 mm.

Урожайность сортов яровой пшеницы на фоне разных приёмов основной обработки почвы в засушливых условиях

Abstract. The article provides data on the reserves of productive moisture, the content of nitrate nitrogen, and the yield of spring wheat varieties when grown under different backgrounds of basic tillage. The purpose of the research is to study the response of spring soft and durum wheat varieties to the methods of basic tillage. Methods. The object of research is 3 varieties of spring soft wheat and 2 varieties of spring durum wheat. The experiments were carried out in the central zone of the Orenburg region. For 5 years, two options for basic soil cultivation were studied: plowing to a depth of 23–25 cm and moldless loosening to a depth of 25–27 cm. Scientific novelty. The reaction of spring wheat varieties to the methods of basic tillage, taking into account the reserves of productive moisture and the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil, in the arid conditions of the Orenburg Cis-Urals was revealed. Results. The reserves of productive moisture during the sprouting phase of spring wheat in a meter layer of soil were satisfactory (less than 130 mm) for four years out of five years of research, and good for one year (150-153 mm). The advantage of non-moldboard tillage was noted in all years of research with the exception of 2019, when the mouldboard background contained 18 mm more soil moisture. Depending on weather conditions, the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil varied from very low values in 2022 to high and very high values in 2017 and 2019–2020. The yield of spring wheat, on average according to experience, was 0.6 c per 1 ha higher against the background of moldless loosening. The varietal response to basic soil tillage methods has been established. The Uchitel’ variety did not respond to processing techniques. For other varieties, the difference in favor of non-moldboard tillage ranged from 0.4 centners per 1 hectare for the Tulaykovskaya zolotistaya variety, to 0.7–0.8 centners per 1 hectare for the varieties Ul’yanovskaya 105, Orenburgskaya 10, Bezenchukskaya 210.