Soybean Moisture Content Research Articles

Post-Harvest Management of Immature (Green and Semi-Green) Soybeans: Effect of Drying and Storage Conditions (Temperature, Light, and Aeration) on Color and Oil Quality

Soybean downgrading due to immature (green and semi-green) color at harvest, caused by frost conditions, poses a significant loss to producers and processors. After harvest, drying and storage are important for preserving the quality of the harvested produce. This study investigated the impact of drying on color change in harvested immature soybeans and the effect of the soybean moisture content, storage environment (temperature, light, and aeration), and storage period on color change and oil quality of immature soybeans. Soybeans were harvested at three different maturity stages: R6 (green) and R7 (semi-green) in pods and R8 (fully matured) in seed. The soybeans in pods were dried, shelled, and conditioned to moisture contents of 12% and 17% (wet basis) prior to storage in 12 storage chamber (box) environments. The chambers were built to have four environments of “light” and “no light” with and without aeration and were stored at temperatures of either 4 °C or 23.5 °C for 24 weeks. Samples were taken every 2 weeks for 2 months and then bimonthly in storage. Soybean color change during drying and their chlorophyll, color, peroxide value (PV), and free fatty acid (FFA) status in storage were determined. Visual observation showed that R6 (green) soybean color faded after 48 h drying, which was supported with a colorimeter reading as the “a” value increased from −8.89 to −3.83 and −8.89 to −1.71 with 37 °C and 27 °C drying temperatures, respectively. The ANOVA analysis showed that light had the greatest contribution (~81%) to the color change compared to the other three storage environment factors of temperature (~9.1%), aeration (~8%), and moisture content (~1.5%) with <10% separate effects. During storage, the R6 green and R7 semi-green soybean color continued to fade with color a-values that exceeded the initial values of the R8 matured (control) by 353% and 350%, respectively, by the end of the storage period. Low amounts of peroxide and free fatty acids (FFA) were recorded throughout the storage period. Only the FFA of 17% M.C. soybeans stored at 23.5 °C exceeded acceptable limits at the end of the storage period. Exposing immature (green and semi-green) soybeans to light resulted in the fading of the green color. Seed producers in regions prone to frost can extend harvest time by allowing immature soybeans to field-dry.

Simulation study on coupled heat and moisture transfer in grain drying process based on discrete element and finite element method

In present article, the soybean packed bed was generated based on the Discrete Element Method, and the distribution of radial porosity and airflow path of the packed bed were analyzed. The porosity distribution of the packed bed is not uniform, and it is larger near the wall. However, it is lower near the central axis, resulting in a larger airflow tortuosity in this area. Based on the thermal non-equilibrium principle, the double-diffusion heat and moisture transfer model of grain pile was developed. The double-diffusion model was verified and validated using experimental data from the relative literature on soybean thin-layer drying, and the mean relative deviation was 1.74–4.47% between the simulated and the experimental results. The model was applied to the drying process of soybean packed bed, and the influence of drying air temperature and inlet air velocity on drying was analyzed. It was shown that the moisture transfer rate of soybean is mainly affected by the drying air temperature and the moisture content of soybean. At constant air temperature of 35 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C, and 65 °C, and drying air relative humidity of 17%, 21%, 25%, and 30%, respectively, the drying rates were 0.086, 0.089, 0.093, and 0.098%(d.b.)/min, respectively (within the first 10 min). The drying with the stepwise temperature makes the drying rate curve abnormal. Compared with the constant temperature drying at 45 °C, when the drying air temperature changes from the initial value of 55 °C and 35 °C to the end value of 40 °C and 65 °C, respectively. It was observed that drying the packed bed moisture content to 14.5%(d.b.) saves time as much as 80, 110, and 130 min.

Comparative assessment of the yield and quality indicators of soybean varieties according to traditional and organic technology

Topicality. One of the alternatives to the intensification of agricultural production is the introduction of new ecological technologies that are aimed at realizing the natural potential of agrophytocenoses and are based on the effective use of their biological capabilities. Climate changes and development of environmentalization in agriculture create prerequisites for the selection of soybean varieties of different maturity groups and the study of their productivity potential and grain quality indicators under different cultivation technologies. Purpose. Assessment of soybean varieties by yield and grain quality indicators under traditional and organic technologies. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical, statistical analysis. Results. It was established that the grain yield of mid-early ripening soybean varieties (Everest, ES Professor and DH530) was 2.88 t/ha under traditional technology, and 2.24 t/ha under organic technology, and of mid-ripening soybean varieties (Winsdor, ES Pallador and Emperor) – 3.25 and 2.44 t/ha, respectively, that is higher than in mid-early ripening varieties. The difference in grain yield under traditional and organic technologies was 0.63 t/ha for mid-early ripening varieties, and 0.81 t/ha for mid-ripening varieties. Over two years of research, we found that soybean grain contained an average of 39.8–42.5 % protein, 20.1–21.7 % fat, and 11.7–13.9 % moisture. Protein yield ranged within 1.11–1.42 t/ha and fat yield – 0.57–0.72 t/ha due to higher soybean grain yield under traditional technology, which was by 21.0–24.7 and 21.5–25.6 % higher than under organic cultivation. It was found that the level of correlation between grain yield and protein content was above the average (r = 0.69 and 0.78) for traditional and organic cultivation, and the correlation between yield and fat content was high (r = 0.97 and 0.95). Conclusions. The quality indicators (protein and fat content) and grain moisture content of soybeans depended on the varietal characteristics and weather conditions and remained unchanged under the influence of cultivation technology. The soybean of Emperor variety had the highest grain yield (3.35 and 2.47 t/ha), protein yield (1.42 and 1.05 t/ha) and fat yield (0.72 and 0.54 t/ha), respectively, under traditional and organic cultivation technologies. Therefore, this variety can be recommended for cultivation under both technologies. Key words: soybean, productivity, protein content, fat content, grain moisture content

The Effect of Soybean's Moisture Content on Ultimate Strength

The Effect of Soybean's Moisture Content on Ultimate Strength

Study on Physical Properties of Soaked Soybean and Functional Properties of Germinated Soy flour

Physical properties of grains play an important role in the design of material-handling equipment, and functional properties of the flour are crucial from product development point of view. In the present study, physical properties of soaked soybean and functional properties of germinated soy flour was studied. Soybean seeds were soaked in distilled water (30 ± 1 °C) for 4 h. Change in physical properties and moisture content of soybean during soaking was monitored. Results showed that linear dimensions (length, width, thickness), surface area and moisture content of the soybean increased significantly (p < 0.01), whereas a significant decrease (p < 0.01) was observed in sphericity. After soaking, seeds were germinated for different durations (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) and effect of duration of germination on functional properties was studied. It was observed that germination had significantly (p < 0.05) improved all the functional properties (bulk density, water and oil absorption capacity, emulsification capacity) except water solubility index. Regression analysis of the functional properties revealed that linear relationship exists between duration of germination and all the functional properties studied. The results of physical properties obtained in the study will be helpful for the design of equipment for bulk handling of soaked soybean prior to sprouting. The results of the functional properties will be helpful in utilization of germinated soy flour in product development and value-added processing.

Effect of soaking temperature on soaking characteristics of soybean (Glycine max) during rehydration process

The effect of soaking temperature on the moisture uptake and the protein loss of soybeans during soaking process investigated. As the soaking temperature increased, the soaking rate significantly increased and Peleg model was suitable for describing the soaking characteristics of the soybean with high R2 values (>0.991). The soaking time to achieve the target moisture content of soybean (130%) was estimated to be 12.6, 3.11 and 2.31 h at 25, 35 and 45 ℃, respectively. Peleg model well described the protein loss kinetics of soybean during soaking with high R2 values (>0.941). The results showed that the protein loss of soybean at the target moisture content were 35.2, 93.1 and 103.0 mg/g at 25, 35 and 45 ℃, respectively. In this study, the optimum soaking condition for quality of soybean was 12.6 h of soaking time at 25 ℃.

Optimal Wavelength Selection for Hyperspectral Imaging Evaluation on Vegetable Soybean Moisture Content during Drying

Hyperspectral imaging technology is a promising technique for nondestructive quality evaluation of dried products. In order to realize real-time, online inspection of quality of dried products, it is necessary to determine a few important wavelengths from hyperspectral images for developing a multispectral imaging system. This study presents a binary firework algorithm (BFWA) for selecting the optimal wavelengths from hyperspectral images for moisture evaluation of dried soybean. Hyperspectral images over the spectral region 400–1000 nm, were acquired for 270 dried soybean samples, and mean reflectance was calculated from hyperspectral images for each wavelength. After selecting 12 important wavelengths using BFWA, a moisture prediction model was developed using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The PLSR model with BFWA achieved a prediction accuracy of R p = 0.966 and R M S E P = 5.105 % , which is better than those of successive projections algorithm ( R p = 0.932 and R M S E P = 7.329 % ), and the uninformative viable elimination algorithm ( R p = 0.928 and R M S E P = 7.416 % ). The results obtained by BFWA were more stable, with a smaller standard deviation of R p and R M S E P than those of the genetic algorithm. The BFWA method provides an effective mean for optimal wavelength selection to predict the quality of soybeans during drying.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT SOYBEAN CULTIVARS DURING DRYING

ABSTRACT The knowledge of physical properties of grains is important for the optimization of postharvest operations. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of moisture content over physical properties of different cultivars of soybean. Soybean of cultivars NS7901RR, TMG1180RR, P98Y70 and TMG132RR were used, with initial moisture content of 0.32, 0.27, 0.25 and 0.21 dry basis (d.b.), respectively. In order to dry the samples, an oven of forced air circulation was used. Samples were dried at temperature of 50 °C, being the drying procedure stopped when the moisture content of soybean was equal or inferior than 0.15 (d.b.). During drying, for interested moisture contents, physical properties were determined: bulk density, equivalent diameter, sphericity, circularity and surface/volume ratio. It was noticed that all physical properties analyzed presented a direct relationship with moisture content. With exception of the equivalent diameter, all the remaining physical properties increased linearly with moisture content reduction. Physical differences were observed among soybean cultivars during drying. However, variation of analyzed properties occurred in different proportions during drying for each cultivar.

Development of a Novel Image Analysis Technique to Detect the Moisture Diffusion of Soybeans [Glycine max (L.)] During Rehydration Using a Mass Transfer Simulation Model

The change in the moisture content of soybeans during a rehydration process at 25 °C was investigated. Peleg’s equation was suitable for describing the soaking characteristics of the soybean with a R2 value of 0.98. The soaking time to achieve the target moisture content of soybeans (33.33%) was estimated to be 14.59 min by the Peleg model. The mass transfer coefficient (k) for the mass transfer simulation was determined with two calculation steps using the Omoto model and the simulation models. The most suitable k value for the simulation was determined to be 6.0 × 10−7 m2/s, which is higher than the apparent k value obtained from the Omoto model. The diffusion simulation for the internal diffusion of the soybean after soaking was conducted for 180 min and the cross-section of soybeans was analyzed using an image processing technique during the diffusion process. The image analysis detected a moving layer during the diffusion process and the moisture content at the layer was determined to be 32.08% (± 0.34) based on the results of the simulation model.

A Prediction Method of Soybean Moisture Content in the Process of Soy Sauce Brewing Production Using Quantum Revolving Gate of Quantum Evolution Algorithm Back Propagation

Soybean fermentation is a key of production of soy sauce, and directly affects its quality. In order to solve the problem of slow convergence speed and low error precision in VLBP, a new model of optimized VLBP by quantum revolving door of quantum evolution algorithm has been proposed. The model and algorithm are performed the quantum-behaved data into input-layer of VLBP which is transformed by the principle of phase shift in the quantum behavior theory, and the weigh data is performed a controlled-NOT gate as the output-layer input to reform the forward transmission. With the steepest descent method, the information is transferred by the error back propagation perform updating the weighs in the hidden-layer and output-layer by involving the controlled-NOT gate’s transfer function. Finally, the trained algorithm has been used for forecasting the soybean moisture content of soaking time and temperature using the R-QEABP and VLBP neural network algorithm. Compared with VLBP, the results have been indicated that the R-QEABP has great advantages of convergence speed, lower verify error, and better robustness for the purpose of realizing the accurate prediction of soybean moisture content in the process of soy sauce brewing production.

Determination of soybean routine quality parameters using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Large differences in quality existed between soybean samples. In order to rapidly detect soybean quality between samples from different areas, we have developed near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) models for the moisture, crude fat, and protein content of soybeans, based on 360 soybean samples collected from different areas. Compared with whole kernels, soybean powder with particle sizes of 60 mesh was more suitable for modeling of moisture, crude fat, and protein content. To increase the reproducibility of the prediction model, uniform particle sizes of soybeans were prepared by grinding and sieving soybeans with different sizes and colors. Modeling analysis showed that the internal cross‐validation correlation coefficients (R cv) for the moisture, crude fat, and protein content of soybeans were .965, .941, and .949, respectively, and the determination coefficients (R 2) were .966, .958, and .958. NIRS performed well as a rapid method for the determination of routine quality parameters and provided reference data for the analysis of soybean quality using FT‐NIRS.

Modelling of Response of the Growth and Yield of Soybean to Full and Deficit Irrigation by Using Aquacrop

The use of crop yield models is important in simulating and predicting yield of crops and in making decisions under changing climate conditions, in order to optimize production. In this study the AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated to predict canopy cover, dry above-ground biomass, yield, evapotranspiration, soil moisture content and water productivity of soybeans. The study was conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, for two seasons. Treatments were full irrigation and different deficit irrigation applications during the growth stages: flowering, pod initiation, pod filling and maturity. Calibration and validation were done by using the 2013 and 2013/2014 data sets respectively. The coefficient of determination, root mean square error, normalized root mean square error, Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient and degree of agreement were used to test the performance of the model. AquaCrop overestimated biomass under deficit irrigation conditions, but performed better in simulating soil moisture under full irrigation conditions. Considering the overall performance of AquaCrop with respect to these aspects, we conclude that the model can be used for accurate prediction of yield, soil moisture and hence to optimize water productivity of soybeans at farm level and basin scale. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Efficiency of the use of herbicides in soybean crops under various farming systems

Privedey results of investigations, a soil and the effect of herbicides on the insurance reserve of moisture in the soil and contamination of crops of soybeans in traditional cropping system and No-till. It is established that the rejection of mechanical tillage positive effect on the moisture content of soybean throughout its growing season. The use of chemical protection from weeds, including the introduction of tank mixtures of herbicides before germination, and during the growing season of culture, ensures reliable control of weeds. The combination of No-till and reliable system of weed control provides higher soybean yields than the traditional system of agriculture.

Adjustment of mathematical models and quality of soybean grains in the drying with high temperatures

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the initial moisture content of soybeans and the drying air temperatures on drying kinetics and grain quality, and find the best mathematical model that fit the experimental data of drying, effective diffusivity and isosteric heat of desorption. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD), with a factorial scheme (4 x 2), four drying temperatures (75, 90, 105 and 120 ºC) and two initial moisture contents (25 and 19% d.b.), with three replicates. The initial moisture content of the product interferes with the drying time. The model of Wang and Singh proved to be more suitable to describe the drying of soybeans to temperature ranges of the drying air of 75, 90, 105 and 120 °C and initial moisture contents of 19 and 25% (d.b.). The effective diffusivity obtained from the drying of soybeans was higher (2.5 x 10-11 m2 s-1) for a temperature of 120 °C and water content of 25% (d.b.). Drying of soybeans at higher temperatures (above 105 °C) and higher initial water content (25% d.b.) also increases the amount of energy (3894.57 kJ kg-1), i.e., the isosteric heat of desorption necessary to perform the process. Drying air temperature and different initial moisture contents affected the quality of soybean along the drying time (electrical conductivity of 540.35 µS cm-1g-1); however, not affect the final yield of the oil extracted from soybean grains (15.69%).

Optimization study of soybean intermittent drying in fixed-bed drying technology

ABSTRACTIntermittent drying of materials is an alternative operation that aims at reducing energy consumption, improve the preservation of dried products or decrease effective drying time. Intermittent drying supplies the system with time-varying input air properties that are opposite to traditional operations, where air properties are constant at the dryer inlet. The major objective of this study is to establish the most satisfactory patterns of air temperature and velocity modulation at the dryer entrance to reduce energy consumption. This optimization study was based on a heterogeneous model for the drying of grains in fixed bed validated with experimental data. Intermittent and conventional operation experiments were conducted using equal energy consumption, and the influence of air temperature and velocity modulation on the drying rates related to the percentage of evaporated water were assessed. Results indicated that higher drying rates can be achieved under intermittent operation, and the validated model based on these results could reasonably predict temperature and moisture content profiles. Simulations pointed out that the best modulation patterns of air properties is a function of a variety of system conditions such as initial temperature and moisture content of both soybean and drying air. However, a tendency to reduce energy consumption was observed when the system operation is initially at high temperature and constantly at low velocity.

Changes in the Bioactive Compounds Content of Soybean as a Function of Grain Moisture Content and Temperature during Long-Term Storage.

Soybean is a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavones, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The amount of bioactive compounds in freshly harvested soybeans and their derived products has been determined; however, when they are used in the food industry, soybeans are generally stored prior to being processed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean moisture content (12%, 15%, and 18%) and storage temperature (11, 18, 25, and 32 °C) on the free phenolic, total flavonoid, vanillic acid, total carotenoid, and δ- and γ-tocopherol content of soybeans stored for 12 mo. Moreover, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of phenolic extracts were determined. There was an increase in free phenolics and total flavonoids in the stored grains compared with the grains on the 1st d of storage. Vanillic acid showed a decrease in soybeans stored at 15% and 18% moisture content and 25 or 32 °C, which indicated some degradation into other metabolites. Total carotenoid content decreased as a function of storage temperature and showed some temperature-dependent degradation. The δ- and γ-tocopherol content also tended to decrease in grains stored at 15% or 18% moisture content or 25 or 32 °C, regardless of the moisture content studied.

The air temperature modulation impact on the drying of soybeans in a fixed bed

ABSTRACTThis work aimed to explore an alternative to reduce costs in the soybean drying process using a periodic drying operation, which can enhance mass and energy transfer, leading to lower energy consumption in comparison with the conventional operation carried out with entrance drying air in steady-state conditions. A fixed bed dryer for laboratory scale was used to dry soybean grains and experiments were carried out, applying the periodic and conventional operations with the same drying time and energy consumption. Results indicated with 5% of significance that the experiments conducted with entrance air temperature modulation achieved higher levels of the percentage of evaporated water improving the dryer performance. These results were in agreement with predicted data obtained with heterogeneous models and they indicated that the periodic drying operation can demand less energy to achieve a specific safe level of soybean moisture content for storage.

Prediction of color and moisture content for vegetable soybean during drying using hyperspectral imaging technology

Dried soybean is among the most popular snack foods consumed in numerous countries, and its quality has received considerable attention from processors and consumers. Color and moisture content are two critical parameters used to evaluate dried soybean quality. This study thus aimed to develop regression models for predicting the color and moisture content of soybeans simultaneously during the drying process using a hyperspectral imaging technique. Hyperspectral reflectance images were acquired from fresh and dried soybeans over the spectral region between 400 and 1000nm for 270 samples. After the automatic segmentation of soybean images at each wavelength based on an active contour model, mean reflectance and image entropy parameters were extracted and tested separately and in combination for predicting the color and moisture content of the processed soybeans. Predicting models were built using the partial least squares regression method. Better prediction results for both color and moisture content were achieved using the mean reflectance data (with correlation coefficients or RP=0.862 and root-mean-square errors of prediction or RMSEP=1.04 for color, as well as RP=0.971 and RMSEP=4.7% for moisture content) than when using entropy data (RP=0.839 and RMSEP=1.14 for color, as well as RP=0.901 and RMSEP=9.2% for moisture content). However, the integration of mean reflectance and entropy data did not show significant improvements in predicting the color or moisture content. Overall, a simple hyperspectral imaging technique involving rapid image preprocessing and single spectral features showed significant potential in measuring the color and moisture content of soybeans simultaneously during the drying process.

Analysis of capacitive measurements at low frequencies for moisture content determination in soybeans

This study aims to evaluate the capacitive measurement method at low frequencies for determining the moisture content in soybeans. Furthermore, a technique for measuring the moisture content of soybeans at different temperatures is proposed. A practical cylindrical capacitor was designed for the experiments. Capacitive measurements at frequencies of 1 kHz, 10 kHz and 100 kHz were performed using an LCR meter. Two varieties of soybeans were used in the tests, and the differences were evaluated. The errors of the proposed method were analyzed, and the correlation between moisture content and capacitance was verified. The influence of temperature on the measurements was also quantified. Polynomial models are proposed to compensate for temperature variations. It was found that reasonable precision can be achieved at 100 kHz using the temperature compensation provided by the designed models.

여러 종류 콩의 일반 및 기능성 성분 분석

본 연구는 검정콩 2호, 대원콩, 선흑콩, 소명콩, 신팔달콩 2호, 진품콩 2호, 태광콩, 푸른콩에 대해 이화학적 특성과 기능성 성분에 대한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 실시하였다. 일반성분 분석 결과, 수분함량은 5.50~6.16% 범위였고, 조단백 함량은 40% 내외로 시료 간 큰 차이는 없었다. 조지방 함량은 푸른콩, 대원콩, 소명콩 및 검정콩 2호가 20% 내외로 비교적 높은 편이었고, 진품, 선흑, 신팔달콩 2호, 태광콩는 15% 내외로 비교적 낮은 편이었다. 회분 함량은 4.89~5.86%로 나타내어 품종 간의 큰 차이를 보이지 않고, 탄수화물 함량은 26.20~35.45%로 분포하였다. 무기질의 함량에서 콩나물용 칼슘 함량은 소명콩이 406.36 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았고, 마그네슘 함량은 신팔달 2호가 247.79 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았다. 이에 반해 진품콩은 칼슘이 199.51mg/100 g으로 가장 낮았고, 선흑콩은 가장 낮은 마그네슘함량(90.03 mg/100 g)을 나타냈다. 총 이소플라본 함량은97.54~402.00 mg/100 g으로 품종 간 차이를 보였다. 시료중 가장 높은 함량을 나타낸 것은 콩나물용 소명콩이었고, 가장 낮은 함량을 나타낸 것은 밥밑용 선흑콩이었다. 총 올리고당 함량은 5.84~9.35 mg/100 g이었다. 총 올리고당 중 sucrose의 함량이 약 50% 정도로 나타났다. Raffinose는 0.52~0.81 mg/100 g으로 함량이 나타났고, stachyose의 함량은 2.05~3.45 mg/100 g으로 나타났다. Bracassisterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol을 분석한 것으로 β-sitosterol이 평균적으로 식물성 sterol의 50%를 차지하였고, 그 다음으로 campesterol, stigmasterol 순서였으며 bracassisterol은 소량이 분석되었다. Phytic acid 함량은 신팔달콩 2호와 진품콩 2호가 0.86%, 1.65%로 이를 제외한 시료들은 약 2% 정도를 함유한 것으로 분석되었다. 식이섬유소 함량은 24.20~29.20% 범위로 나타났다.