Moisture Content Of Grain Research Articles

RF-Based Moisture Content Determination in Rice Using Machine Learning Techniques.

Seasonal crops require reliable storage conditions to protect the yield once harvested. For long term storage, controlling the moisture content level in grains is challenging because existing moisture measuring techniques are time-consuming and laborious as measurements are carried out manually. The measurements are carried out using a sample and moisture may be unevenly distributed inside the silo/bin. Numerous studies have been conducted to measure the moisture content in grains utilising dielectric properties. To the best of authors’ knowledge, the utilisation of low-cost wireless technology operating in the 2.4 GHz and 915 MHz ISM bands such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have not been widely investigated. This study focuses on the characterisation of 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency (RF) transceivers using ZigBee Standard and 868 to 915 MHz UHF RFID transceiver for moisture content classification and prediction using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) from the wireless transceivers is used for moisture content prediction in rice. Four samples (2 kg of rice each) were conditioned to 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% moisture contents. The RSSI from both systems were obtained and processed. The processed data is used as input to different ANNs models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Random Forest, and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). The results show that the Random Forest method with one input feature (RSSI_WSN) provides the highest accuracy of 87% compared to the other four models. All models show more than 98% accuracy when two input features (RSSI_WSN and RSSI_TAG2) are used. Hence, Random Forest is a reliable model that can be used to predict the moisture content level in rice as it gives a high accuracy even when only one input feature is used.

Evaluation of maize varieties for mechanical grain harvesting in mid‐latitude region, China

AbstractHow to allocate heat resources during yield formation and grains drying in the field to ensure food security while reducing the grain moisture content (GMC) is an important issue in maize (Zea mays L.) production in China. In this study, we established three production scenarios (traditional production (TPS, GMC > 30% at harvest), mid‐moisture grain harvest (MMHS, GMC ≤ 25% at harvest), and low‐moisture grain harvest (LMHS, GMC ≤ 20% at harvest)). Five varieties (DMY1, FK139, DK159, XY335, and JK968) were selected as model varieties to establish a grain drying prediction model, and the model prediction accuracy was good (RMSE = 2.96–4.04%, R2 = .408–.733). Results revealed that the production loss of the LMHS was 23.7% compared to the TPS, while the MMHS had a production loss of 6.5%. By replacing new varieties with high yield potential and fast grain drying rate, even small production increases can be achieved in MMHS. By adjusting the layout, it was possible to achieve 25% GMC in Inner Mongolia, which can promote the mechanical grain harvesting. However, the conditions for further reducing GMC (20%) at harvest are not yet available, and this requires more detailed future research.

Design and development of capacitance based moisture measurement for grains

Abstract Moisture plays a vital role in several aspects of storage, drying, processing of grains and to understand the properties of grains. In general, the moisture content in grains can be measured by direct and indirect methods. Schematically, the former includes gravimetric method whereas the latter comprises resistance, capacitance-based measurements. Also, the direct method has been proved to be more time-consuming in comparison to the indirect one. Apart from these methods, calorimetry based measurements, the Karl Fischer method, is restricted to their laboratory research purpose and is not being used in industries for real-time measurement. In this article, a new capacitance-based method for grain moisture measurement has been developed which relies upon the integration of IC555 timer. The experimental findings revealed that with an increase in mean frequency value from 343310.04 to 355271.16, the capacitance values dropped from 2.03446369 to 1.9678978 respectively and these results have proved to be economical and reliable in terms of providing a promising relationship between the grain moisture content and capacitance of the circuit in further investigation. The effectiveness of the developed method was corroborated by comparing the results with the resistance measurement method.

Heat and mass transfer modelling for storage of food bulk raw materials under active ventilation

The paper aims to research a possibility of storing plant agricultural raw materials. Rational management of natural resources is a dominant trend in the economy development, which involves the fullest processing of plant raw materials intended for human consumption with minimum waste. Active grain ventilation is conducted by drying at a low temperature to preserve the quality of raw and wet grain, as well as by cooling grain batches stored to increase their durability. With a certain moisture content grain can be gradually dried, cooled, preserved, aerated depending on its condition and purpose. These technological methods provide a significant reduction in energy costs in comparison with thermal drying, as well as improving the quality of seeds and grains due to the “soft” completion of the biochemical processes associated with maturation and stabilization of the protein-enzyme complex. Active ventilation requires no complex equipment or large capital investments. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the technologies developed on the basis of active ventilation are widely used in processing of main volumes of high quality grain in USA, Canada, and Australia. The intensification of the grain preparation process achieved by this way reduces energy costs of drying. The study models the storage conditions for bulks of various types of agricultural raw materials under active ventilation.

The results and prospects of maize breeding in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”

The current paper has presented the results of breeding work on maize in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The three-line and double interlinear middle early and middle ripening maize hybrids of various economic use ‘Zernogradsky 242 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 282 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 288 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 299 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 354 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky MV’, ‘Stepnyak MV’ were developed and included into the State List of Breeding Achievements from 2006 to 2020. The Competitive Variety Testing has identified a new high-heterosis simple hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 352 MB’ and the new early ripening hybrids ‘Krucha M × KB 215’, ‘Krucha M × SP 56/57’ with low harvesting grain moisture. The main method used to develop maize hybrids was an interline hybridization using heterosis in the first generation (F1 ). There have been determined the priority directions of further breeding, namely early ripeness, grain humidity-transfer intensity during ripening, drought resistance, high starch content in grain. There has been developed new initial material for each direction of breeding. There have been selected the introduced testers (‘Alpha M’, ‘Almaz M’, ‘Aurora S’, ‘Milena M’, ‘Istok S’) to develop early-ripening hybrids. There have been identified the early and middle-early ripening self-pollinated lines ‘C 207’, ‘RD 12’, ‘TVA 308’, ‘PLS 61’, ‘KB 215’, etc., with a high grain humidity-transfer intensity during ripening (0.95–1.30% per day), low harvest moisture content of grain (10.8–13.8%). There have been developed the new self-pollinated waxy maize lines (24/29/5, 25/64/10, 26/8, 26/4, 26/80, 24/28) with 68.1–69.8% of amylopectin starch in grain. There have been identified the new self-pollinated maize lines resistant to water stress (DS 498/217-3, DS 257/85-5, DS 498/203, KB 262, etc.) promising for breeding drought-resistant maize hybrids.

ECOLOGICAL STABILITY MAIZE HYBRIDS RELATIVELY GRAIN YIELD IMPORTANT CONDITION INCREASE IN GROSS PRODUCTION

The relevance of the conducted scientific analysis of long-term data of the competitive test of the State Institution Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS, regarding the grain yield of maize hybrids, is due to the problems of climate change that has been observed. Due to an increase in air temperature and a long without a frosty period, corn is not only guaranteed to ripen in the Steppe, with timely sowing and harvesting, but also has a harvest moisture content of grain close to the base. Corresponding climate changes motivated the rapid expansion of the territory of corn cultivation in Ukraine, an increase in acreage, gross production, and grain yield of this crop. However, the dangers caused by stress factors of the flight period are increasing, which focuses on the problem of creating hybrids that are resistant to the extreme conditions of the northern Steppe. Due to the determination of the parameters of the tolerant types, models of hybrids were formed and recommended for use in production in the conditions of various ecological territories of Ukraine. The article discusses the results of the progress of the yield of corn hybrids due to breeding improvement, reflected in changes in the actual indicators of grain harvest and harvest moisture of grain caused by climate change and their impact on the elements of crop cultivation technologies. It was determined that under stressful conditions, the grain yield of maize hybrids decreased by an average of 2.9 t / ha, and the harvest moisture content of the grain increased by 1.6%. It was also noted that over the past 25 years, the yield of corn grain in the test, on average for a five-year period, increased from 5.69 (1995-1999) to 7.14 t / ha (2016-2020) with a decrease in the harvest moisture content of grain from 22.4 to 16.1%. In the discussion of the research results, the regularities of the formation of the trait "drought resistance" of hybrids are revealed, the genetic and agrotechnological components of the formation of the trait, their influence on the characteristics of crop cultivation are distinguished. As a result, the value of a hybrid with an average but stable grain yield, which is determined by economic feasibility, is proved, in comparison with high-intensity forms, which are characterized by significant fluctuations. In order to obtain high and stable yields of corn grain in each farm, it is necessary to plan the varietal structure of crops with an assortment of hybrids that have a diverse type of reaction to the variability of environmental conditions.

Studies on development of process for preparation of sorghum flakes (Poha)

In present investigation entitled “Studies on Development of process for preparation of Sorghum Flakes (Poha)” sincere efforts were made to exploit the use of sorghum through development of sorghum flakes which could be further used for development of various snacks. High yielding variety Parbhani Moti which is generally grown in local area was selected for study. Physico-chemical properties of this variety were evaluated. As, Parbhani Moti was found Pearly white and the shape of Parbhani Moti was round and bold hence it was a preferred variety for sorghum flakes preparation as flakes require bold grain. After studying the physiochemical properties of grains and effect of moisture content of grains on the physical and chemical properties of sorghum flakes it was concluded that from various samples C4 is the most preferred sample, it had 6.03% moisture content, 1.06% fat, 8.52% protein, 80.31% carbohydrate, 2.12% crude fibre and 1.26% ash content. The present investigation can be concluded with note that for preparation of flakes from sorghum grains promising results were obtained when conditioned grains with 35% moisture content were used.

Assessment of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination levels in maize and mycotoxins awareness and risk factors in Rwanda

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are toxic to humans and animals when consumed in contaminated food and feed. The Rwandan climate conditions like steady temperature and sufficient rainfall favor the growth of fungi leading to high probability of mycotoxins contamination. Mycotoxins get into maize throughout the value chain from the field to processed products. Maize is promoted in Rwanda under the Crop Intensification Program (CIP), for nutrition and food security. The aim of the study was to evaluate mycotoxins (Aflatoxin and fumonisin) levels in maize and assess awareness and factors associated with mycotoxin contamination in Rwanda. Maize samples (227 kg) from season B 2019 were collected in 15 Districts in five provinces of Rwanda after an interview with a representative of the household or cooperative using a structured questionnaire. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxin and fumonisin using Reveal Q+ and AccuScan Gold Reader. From the interview, most of the respondents were not aware about aflatoxin (59.7 %) and 99 % did not know the effect of mycotoxins on human health. The average of aflatoxin contamination in surveyed districts was 6.69±13 μg/kg. In general, 90.4 % of samples scored below the limit of aflatoxin level regulated in East Africa/Kenya regulation standards (10 μg/kg). The levels of aflatoxin ranged between 0 and 100.9 μg/kg. The means aflatoxin levels within districts ranged between 1.36±0.5 μg/kg and 13.75±25 μg/kg. Among 9.6 % of the samples containing aflatoxins above the EU and Kenyan regulations standard limit, 5.7 % were above the US standards of 20 μg/kg. Within clusters, the level of aflatoxin more than 10 μg/kg was 5 %, 7 % and 18 % for stores, household and market samples, respectively. From the study, as mechanical damage of grains, moisture content of grains and the temperature of the store house increased, Aflatoxin level also increased. Fumonisin analyzed in maize ranged from 0 to 2.3 μg/g and only one sample from market showed a slightly higher level of fumonisin than the EU and US limit of 2 μg/g. More effort for aflatoxin mitigation is needed at the market level. Farmers need to be aware and taught how they can improve their agricultural system and more knowledge on mycotoxin control is needed. The results point to appropriate measures to recommend for control ofmycotoxins in Rwanda and awareness creation. Key words: AccuScan, Aflatoxin, Fumonisin, Fungal, Maize, Mycotoxins, Reveal Q+, Rwanda

Design, Simulation, and Test of a New Threshing Cylinder for High Moisture Content Corn

Corn harvesting mode has gradually changed from ear harvesting to direct grain harvesting. In view of the problems of high moisture content in corn harvesting in China, such as the rates of broken grains (BGR) and uncleared grains (UGR) being too high, a new single longitudinal axial threshing cylinder was designed, which mainly included a cylinder spindle, a spiral feeding inlet, a T-type rasp bar, a separating straight rod, and a spiral extracting rod. Firstly, the three states of grain during the threshing process and the key influence factors of threshing and force analysis of corn ears in the threshing device were analyzed, then the structure of the threshing cylinder was designed, and its parameters were determined by theoretical analysis results. The arrangement mode of threshing elements adopted a combination of a T-type rasp bar, a separating straight rod, and a spiral extracting rod with a 6-head spiral pattern and an arrangement step of 250 mm. Secondly, the arrangement step of threshing elements was determined by discrete element method solution (DEM) simulation; the result showed that the average movement velocity was 55.04 m/s and the threshing time was 6–8 s. Finally, a multiple factors experiment of the threshing device was carried out, and the result showed that the order of the effect factors of the BGR and UGR was cylinder rotational speed > concave clearance > feed amount. When cylinder rotational speed was 309.17 r/min, concave clearance was 35.48 mm, and the feed amount was 6.13 kg/s. The verification experiment result showed that the BGR and UGR were 1.24% and 1.33%, respectively, which meet standard requirements. The research results could provide a reference for the design of a high moisture content grain threshing device and combine harvester.

Grain moisture dynamics in maize lines belonging to different ripeness groups during ripening

Purpose. To study the dynamics of moisture-yielding ability in maize lines belonging to different ripeness groups during different phases of development by laboratory thermostatic-weight method and field method using an AVD 6100 needle hydrometer.Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the crop rotation fields of thePlant ProductionInstitute of named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS in 2017–2019. One hundred self-pollinated maize lines belonging to different ripeness groups were investigated.The water content in grain was determined by two methods: a laboratory thermostat-weight method and a field method using an AVD 6100 needle hygrometer modified to measure the water content in maize grain. The water content in grain was evaluated every ten days in two replications (on days 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after pollination).Results and discussion. The three-year study of the grain moisture dynamics showed that mid-late accessions had the highest moisture content in grain at all sampling timepoints. On day 60 of sampling, the lowest moisture content in grain was observed in mid-early lines: in 2017 – 13.9%; in 2018 - 15.0%; and in 2019 – 19.7%.Analyzing the intensity of moisture loss by grain of maize lines of different ripeness groups, we found that on days 30–40 day of sampling from mid-early lines this parameter was almost the same in the 3 years, however, on days 40–50 in2017 the moisture loss was minimal (0.6%), and in 2018, on the contrary, – maximum (1.7%). On days 50–60 in2017, on the contrary, the moisture loss intensified, and in 2018 it slowly came down to 0.1%. In 2019, there were no sharp fluctuations in the moisture loss intensity, and the values were almost at the same.Conclusions. In each ripeness group, we singled out lines with a low percentage of grain moisture, and this allows selecting maize lines with a good moisture-yielding ability. It was established that the intensity of moisture loss by grain of the maize lines differed, and in each of the three ripeness groups, lines with the maximum moisture loss per day were distinguished.To compare the results on the moisture content in grain obtained by laboratory thermostat-weight method and field method using the AVD 6100 needle hygrometer, correlation analysis was performed. It was found that the results of the laboratory thermostat-weight method and the field method using the AVD 6100 needle hygrometer completely coincided for two test years. This allows using needle hygrometers to determine the moisture content in maize grain, which greatly facilitates and speeds up work and shortens the test period.

Ranking the VIR collection of maize (Zea mays L.) according to the traits valuable for breeding in the soil and climate environments of the Republic of Belarus

Background. Studying the maize collection held by VIR requires a comprehensive assessment of all its traits of breeding value. The soil and climate conditions in Gomel Province, Republic of Belarus, are characterized by insufficient levels of rainfall and total active temperatures during the initial stages of organogenesis in maize plants, therefore it is important to take into account these specific climate features when selecting the source material for breeding.Materials and methods. Sixty-seven maize accessions from the VIR collection (reproductions of 1975–1980) were phenotyped according to major traits of breeding value. The experiments were performed in 2016 and 2017 in two replications.Results. Analyzing the duration of the period from emergence to cob flowering helped to identify 61% of the accessions that were classified into early- and mid-ripening groups; 55% that were severely damaged by Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn., and 45% showing weak and medium damage; 7.5% severely affected by Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda, and 67% without damage. Maize lines were identified (YuV24, CM7, TF907, Fc1554) with low harvesting moisture content in grain (up to 20%), lines (TF907, TF903, TF901, CM25, YuV24) with high grain yield per cob (80%), and lines (P346, Fc1554, Q184, TF903, F676) prone to the formation of two ears.Conclusion. The research results proved the efficiency of the assessment of maize accessions from VIR for traits of breeding value in the water- and heatdeficient environments of Belarus in order to use them as source material in hybrid breeding.

Design and Analysis of Compact Microstrip Circular Resonator with Slotted in Ground Plane as a Grain Moisture Sensor

The circular microstrip resonator (CMR) as a moisture sensor was analyzed for detecting the moisture content in grains. The design was proposed with the help of CST software at operating frequency 11.5GHz on X-Band. The size of the sensor was 13mm×13mm. The substrate was used FR4 with relative permittivity, thickness and loss tangent were 4.4, 1.676, and 0.001 respectively. The reflection coefficient was found -27.58dB at operating microwave frequency 11.5GHz, satisfied the condition (?-10dB). The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) was found 1.27 at selected frequency 11.5GHz, also satisfied the condition (VSWR? 2). The proposed design satisfied all the parameters and this design can be developed and determined actual moisture content (AMC), predicted moisture content (PMC) and mean relative error (MRE), when MRE will be find near to zero then sensor will be more accurate. Hence, it can be said that this sensor will be detect the moisture content (MC) in grains.

Математичне моделювання процесу роботи сушильної камери баштової зерносушарки зі всмоктувальним повітряним потоком

In the article, a drying scheme in a tower grain dryer has been developed, equations for the conservation of energy and material balance for grain, equations for mass transfer and heat transfer between the drying agent and grain have been drawn up. On their basis, analytical dependences of changes in the temperature and moisture content of grain, moisture content and temperature of the drying agent along and in the width of the drying channel were obtained, depending on the operating parameters (the value of rarefaction in the drying channel, the speed of grain movement along the drying channel, the speed of movement of the drying agent, the initial temperatures of the grain and drying agent, initial moisture content of grain, as well as initial moisture content of drying agent). Their analysis facilitates the work in choosing the optimal mode. The developed analytical dependences of changes in the main drying parameters (moisture and temperature of grain, moisture content and temperature of the drying agent) along the length and width of the drying channel in tower dryers with suction air flow make it possible to link the main operating parameters, which facilitate the choice of rational drying modes.

Correlation between moisture content and machine vision image characteristics of corn kernels

ABSTRACT The moisture content of grain is one of the most important factors determining quality, grade, and price and affecting the physical appearance such as the morphology and color of grain kernels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between moisture content and image characteristics of corn kernels. A simple and inexpensive machine vision system was set up to obtain images and weights of individual kernels of four varieties of corn. The corn kernels were dried from 32% to 12% (wet basis) moisture at low temperature. A total of 23 morphological and 24 color features were extracted from the individual kernel images. Four optimized feature sets (morphological, color, morphological-color, and weight-morphological-color) were used to fit moisture content using a stepwise linear regression. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the linear regression improved considerably with the combination of morphology, color, and weight. The best results, with an R2 of greater than 0.96, were achieved using the optimized weight-morphological-color set for all corn varieties. The results indicate that the machine vision technique proposed in this study has the potential for rapid measurement of grain moisture content in the industry.

Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for Determination the Moisture Content in Grains

The proposed design is analysis for determination of moisture content at operated microwave frequency 1.7GHz with the good return loss -15dB. The proposed design will be fabricated on FR-4 substrate which is low cost as well as substrate with 4.3 permittivity and 1.676mm thickness. The width and length of the proposed design was 40mm and 40mm, respectively as well as defected ground structure (DGS) in the ground and microstrip line feed used because of easy to feed and low spurious feed radiation with the simulated by using the CST software. The actual values of moisture content will be obtained by using standard oven drying method and measured by the vector network analyzer

Вихід і якість цілої крупи із зерна пшениці полби залежно від консистенції ендосперму та водотеплового оброблення

The article is devoted to the determining of the effect of water-heat treatment regimes (moistening and softening) and hulling during the production of whole grits of emmer wheat with different vitreous endosperm. A comparative analysis of grits products yield was made, depending on the studied factors, and the optimal regimes are determined taking into account the culinary assessment of the finished product. During the production of whole grits of emmer wheat, the optimal to hull vitreous grain of moisture content 12.0–13.0%. The duration of hulling of such grain should be 40–120 s (grits yield 92–97%) to production high quality cereals and 120–140 s (grits yield 86–90%) – with very high.

LIQUID DIFFUSION DURING DRYING OF SORGHUM GRAINS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT Drying is the most widely used process to ensure the quality and stability of plant products. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effective water diffusivity and activation energy in grain sorghum during drying at different temperatures and initial moisture contents. Sorghum grains (cultivar DeKalb 640) were harvested with an initial moisture content of 0.49 kg water kg−1 dry matter. The effective diffusion coefficient was determined from different initial moisture contents of approximately 0.49, 0.40, 0.31, and 0.23 kg water kg−1 dry matter. Grains with different moisture contents were dried under four temperature conditions of 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C on perforated trays. The spherical geometry model was used for liquid diffusion. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme (four moisture contents × four temperatures), with three replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression using the statistical software SISVAR®. Sorghum grain diffusivity increases at the same drying temperature as an increase of the initial moisture content of grains. The activation energy was higher for grains with higher initial moisture content, with values of 27.32, 26.75, 22.55, and 20.94 kJ mol−1, respectively.

Engineering properties of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) varieties as a function of moisture content and structure of grain.

The study was conducted to determine the engineering properties of horse gram varieties namely GPM-6, PAYIUR-2, and BHK as a function of moisture content in range of 10-30%. The average length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, thousand kernel weight, sphericity, porosity and angle of repose ranged from 5.43 to 6.53mm, 3.96 to 4.48mm, 2.21 to 2.99mm, 3.62 to 4.41mm, 3.86 to 4.64mm, 30.32 to 49.11g, 63.56 to 72.66%, 35.20 to 38.76% and 22.72° to 29.86° respectively as the moisture content of the grain increased from 10.08 to 29.98%. The bulk density and true density of the grain decreased from initial range of 810-901 to 734-801kgm-3 and 1250-1426 to 1168-1308kgm-3. The volume, porosity and terminal velocity of the grain increased linearly with increase in moisture content. The coefficient of friction also showed positive correlation for all surface materials, the highest increase was found for plywood in all varieties of horse gram seeds. Dehulling properties of the grain found to be significantly affected by the change in moisture content. The overall dehulling ranged from 53.44 to 61.21% for GPM-6 and 55.58 to 61.06% for PAYIUR-2 variety of horse gram. Textural properties of the grains were also found to be significantly affected by the change in moisture content from 10 to 30%. The data generated in this study will be highly useful in optimization of post-harvest processing operations as well as to design and develop related processing equipment for horse gram.

SOME FEATURES OF BARLEY AND OATS PROCESSING

It is proved the high effectiveness of using naked oats varieties Salomon and Samuel and hull-less barley variety Achilles as raw material for production new groats products with high biological value. Researched modes of pearling, water heat treatment and its impact on yield of pearled and flaked groats. The technological scheme of processing hull less barley and naked oats for producing groats, flakes, mixtures of groats and flakes were developed. Technology includes grain cleaning stage, grain water heat treatment, pearling, sorting of pearling products, pearled groat water heat treatment, mixing, flaking, drying, and control of end products. Studied hull-less barley characterized by high protein content 14,615,8 % and β-glucans – 6,8-7,4 %, has same to conventional dehulled grain mass fraction of lipids 2,1-3,8 % and starch – 57,6-60,5 %, low ash content 2,3-2,7%. Naked oats grain traditionally characterized by high mass fraction of lipids – 6,0-6,3 %,high mass fraction of protein - 14,9-15,4% and βglucans - 6,4-6,9% close to conventional dehulled grain mass fraction of starch – 59,3-61,6 % and ash – 2,1-2,3 %. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of hull-less barley and naked oats before pearling is 12-13 %. In the pearling the grain with this humidity depending on the duration of pearling yield of groat estimated to range between 6796 %. Increasing moisture content of grain before pearling to 14.0% does not significantly change the limits of yield values, and pearling grain with low moisture content of 10.5% leads to excessive grinding and formation of a significant amount of by-products and waste in the form of fine particles and husking bran.Technologically expedient moisture content of naked oats pearled groat before steaming stage are 15 % and the vapor pressure in steamer of 0.10 MPa. For the pearled barley groat most appropriate moisture content of before steaming is 20 % and the vapor pressure in steamer of 0.10 MPa.Steaming in this mode allows to obtain flaked groats with yield at 84 to 93%

A Review on Moisture Measurement Technique in Agricultural Silos

Moisture content (MC) is that the weight of water contained in paddy and other grans expressed in percent. Moisture content is typically mentioned the wet basis which means the whole weight of the grain including the water (MCwb). Accurate MC testing is very important in managing and selling paddy and rice because depending on the aim rice has completely different ideal MC. Inaccurate MC measurements lead to lower head rice once milled at wrong moisture content, additional drying cost and loss of quality if paddy is dried too much, spoilage if the grain is just too wet in storage, additional drying cost and harvesting loss if paddy is harvested wetter than necessary and Weight loss (loss in profit) if grain is sold too dry. This paper intends to review the available techniques of moisture content measurements, its principles and sources of inaccuracies. Relevant properties of cereal grain also are studied with their impact on moisture content, temperature, density and humidity. There are several ways of grain moisture detection such as drying technique, resistance technique, capacitance technique, microwave technique, neutron technique, V/F Conversion, Ftir spectroscopic technique and Microcontroller technique. Current MC of grains are based- on sampling and individual single point measurement, so far, there is no available overall measurement of MC in silo, but by using tomography method can measurement MC in whole silo and investigate the efficiency and accuracy of localization of moisture distributions sensing in agricultural silo by using Gaussian algorithm.