Moisture Consumption Research Articles

ITZ properties of LWA surroundings in high strength mortar according to LWA/sand with relative humidity

The internal moisture content significantly influences the quality and durability of cement-based composite materials. However, reliable methods to analyze the moisture retention of concrete and mortar are lacking, particularly in relation to internal curing with lightweight aggregates (LWA). In this study, the internal moisture retention of mortar with different lightweight aggregate/sand (L/S) ratios was investigated while considering the absorption characteristics of LWA. Furthermore, the impact of internal moisture retention on the development of the interface transition zone (ITZ) between the LWA and cement matrix was analyzed. Additionally, compressive strength development was evaluated over different curing periods (3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days) under internal curing conditions. The results showed that the L/S ratio, which is directly proportional to the amount of moisture absorbed, enhanced the compressive strength and plastic hardness, contributing to the development of depletion of internal moisture in the mortar was could be observed. The moisture consumption for different types of LWA was analyzed using CT scanning. XRD and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed the abundant presence of hydration products in the ITZ. This study demonstrates that the L/S ratio that considers the LWA absorption characteristics, can serve as a critical parameter for precisely correlating the curing time and compressive strength in internally cured mortars.

Exploring the Water-Soil-Crop Dynamic Process and Water Use Efficiency of Typical Irrigation Units in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China.

Groundwater resources serve as the primary source of water in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China, where scarcity of water resources constrains the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. As a typical rainfed agricultural area, the agro-pastoral ecotone in Inner Mongolia is entirely dependent on groundwater for agricultural irrigation. Due to the substantial groundwater consumption of irrigated farmland, groundwater levels have been progressively declining. To obtain a sustainable irrigation pattern that significantly conserves water, this study faces the challenge of unclear water transport relationships among water, soil, and crops, undefined water cycle mechanism in typical irrigation units, and water use efficiency, which was not assessed. Therefore, this paper, based on in situ experimental observations and daily meteorological data in 2022-2023, utilized the DSSAT model to explore the growth processes of potato, oat, alfalfa, and sunflower, the soil water dynamics, the water balance, and water use efficiency, analyzed over a typical irrigation area. The results indicated that the simulation accuracy of the DSSAT model was ARE < 10%, nRMSE/% < 10%, and R2 ≥ 0.85. The consumption of the soil moisture during the rapid growth stage for the potatoes, oats, alfalfa, and sunflower was 7-13% more than that during the other periods, and the yield was 67,170, 3345, 6529, and 4020 kg/ha, respectively. The soil evaporation of oat, potato, alfalfa, and sunflower accounted for 18-22%, 78-82%; 57-68%, and 32-43%, and transpiration accounted for 40-44%, 56-60%, 45-47%, and 53-55% of ETa (333.8 mm-369.2 mm, 375.2 mm-414.2 mm, 415.7 mm-453.7 mm, and 355.0 mm-385.6 mm), respectively. It was advised that irrigation water could be appropriately reduced to decrease ineffective water consumption. The water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency for potatoes was at the maximum amount, ranging from 16.22 to 16.62 kg/m3 and 8.61 to 10.81 kg/m3, respectively, followed by alfalfa, sunflowers, and oats. For the perspective of water productivity, it was recommended that potatoes could be extensively cultivated, alfalfa planted appropriately, and oats and sunflowers planted less. The findings of this study provided a theoretical basis for efficient water resource use in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Northern China.

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ АГРОЧЕРНОЗЕМОВ В ПОСЕВАХ РЫЖИКА ПОСЕВНОГО

The purpose of the study is to assess the water regime of agrochernozems of the Kansk forest-steppe when the cultivation of Camelina sativa Crantz into oilseeds. The study was carried out in 2019–2021 on the territory of LLC OPH Solyanskoe, located in the Kansk forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Region. The objects of the study were clay-illuvial typical agrochernozems, medium-thick, heavy loamy granulometric composition of land use LLC OPH Solyanskoye and camelina of the Uzhursky variety. In 2019, camelina was cultivated in a busy pair (pea-oat mixture), in 2020 – in a clean pair. The study was carried out at 4 sample sites from May to September with an interval of 10–12 days. Soil samples are ta-ken in an area of 0–100 cm through a 10 cm head. Weather conditions and the predecessor (occupied and clean fallow) influenced the distribution of moisture in the profile of typical clay-illuvial agrochernozems in the period from sowing to the full ripening of camelina. The reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer during the growing seasons varied from 151 to 68 mm. Dynamic changes in the reserves of productive moisture in camelina crops based on occupied fallow were assessed in a meter-thick layer of agrochernozem as average (Cv = 23–28 %), and in open fallow – as small (Cv = 16–20 %). The evapotranspiration consumption of moisture by Camelina from a meter layer of agrochernozem was estimated at 253–260 mm with its maximum consumption from a 0–50 cm layer of soil. The average moisture consumption for the formation of 1 ton of camelina seeds with a yield of 0.9–1.5 t/ha was 281–173 mm.

Change of available soil moisture reserves in agrocenoses of winter wheat in short rotation crop rotations

The article presents the results of changes in available soil moisture in winter wheat crops in four short-rotation crop rotations. The research was carried out during 2012-2021 at the experimental field of the Belotserki National Agrarian University of the Kyiv region. The soil of the experimental field is a typical chernozem with a low humus content of average loamy humus in the 0–30 cm soil layer of 3,7–3,9 %. Four short-rotation crop rotations were studied (sunflower saturation 10 %); cereal grain (sunflower saturation 20 %); specialized seedbed (sunflower saturation 30 %); rowing (sunflower saturation 40 %). It was established that the reserves of available moisture for the period of winter wheat sowing were the highest in the grain-row specialized crop rotation, where wheat was sown after buckwheat with 257,2 mm in the 0–150 cm layer, 78,5 mm in the 0–50 cm layer. In the crop rotation in the 0–150 cm layer, they were 204,3 mm, in the 0–50 cm and 50–100 cm layers 59,4 and 52.4 mm, which is 19,1 and 15.0 less than in the grain-row crop rotation mm. During the crop rotation, the reserves of available moisture for the harvesting period were 1372 m3/ha, grain-rowing – 1154 m3/ha, specialized grain-rowing and row-rowing – 1327 and 928 m3/ha, which affected the total moisture consumption. The highest consumption of available moisture was observed during row crop rotation - 4029 m3/ha, while during crop rotation the available moisture reserves were 4032 m3/ha. The coefficient of moisture consumption was the highest in specialized and row-row crops – 97,8 and 90,7 m3/t, respectively, while for crop rotation – 70,7, grain-row crops – 85,2 m3, which was less than row crops by 5,5 and 20 m3/t.

Сluster analysis of long-term crop yield data in crop rotation

Today, cluster analysis is one of the most effective tools for processing large amounts of information and is used wherever computing technology is used, since data and the results of their analysis play an increasingly important role in modern information society, and clustering allows for a better understanding of this data. Whenever it is necessary to classify a large amount of information of this kind and present it in a form suitable for further processing, cluster analysis turns out to be very useful and effective. The analysis of 48-year observations on 107 variables (crop yield, crop rotation by tillage techniques and means of intensification, crop contamination, soil moisture content under sowing during the growing season, the sum of non-vegetative precipitation, the sum of decadal precipitation and average decadal air temperatures during the growing season) using clustering by the Ward method allowed us to group observations into 6 clusters and use them to analyze the studied variables. An average positive relationship of soil moisture content before sowing with the amount of non-vegetative precipitation and a negative one with air temperature in May has been established. Linear regression equations of the positive relationship of yield with the consumption of soil moisture during the growing season, precipitation in June-July and negative clogging and average air temperature in May-July were selected.

Modernized tilling unit

It is noted in the work that the increase in the efficiency of agricultural production in our time is not possible without reducing energy costs. At the same time, the technical means of mechanization of the tillage process have a high material consumption, which leads to an increase in energy consumption, indicating energy and environmental problems. In an effort to improve the quality of soil preparation, expand the functionality of the unit, reduce energy consumption, simplify design and import substitution, the use of known tillage tools has been studied and analyzed. As a result, on the basis of exploratory research, a modernized tillage unit has been developed. The new elements of which are that a chopper module is mounted behind the disk module, consisting of staggered chopper rollers in two rows. The modernized tillage unit considered in the article, developed on the basis of KubGAU, improves the quality indicators of soil cultivation, on which the effective accumulation and consumption of soil moisture depends, reduces energy consumption by increasing the functionality of the unit.

Impact of superabsorbent polymer on self-compacting concrete's workability, strength, carbonation and freezing-thawing

Superabsorbent Polymer, an internal curing material, is a significant development in concrete technology. Self-compacting concrete is popular due to high flowability or pumpability. However, the higher quantity of cementitious materials required higher moisture consumption to complete the hydration. Further moisture unavailability leads to shrinkage increment. External curing cannot give proper moisture to cementitious material at higher depth. Hence, internal curing with super absorbent polymer is an economical solution for this problem. This study examines the impact of super absorbent polymer on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the workability, mechanical characteristics of the concrete, such as compressive strength and flexural strength. In addition, freezing-thawing tests and carbonation tests were conducted to investigate the durability performance of concrete. Scanning electron microscopy images were also used to observe the concrete's microstructure after freezing-thawing cycles. The findings demonstrate that Compressive strength and flexural strength values decreased in water curing while in air curing, those were increased. Additionally, it was discovered that the freezing-thawing cycles decreased the compressive strength of reference concrete in standard water curing. However, compressive strength increased after freezing-thawing cycles in air-curing super absorbent polymer mixes. Scanning electron microscopy images have confirmed that the microstructure of air-curing super absorbent polymer mixes was improved

Analysis of effects of vegetation cover and elevation on water yield in an alpine basin of the Qilian Mountains in Northwest China by integrating the WRF-Hydro and Budyko framework

Alpine basins provide the main water resources and sustain socioeconomic development in arid regions. Understating how vegetation and elevation affect the water yield is crucial for sustainable water management of arid regions. However, the scarce observations, heterogeneous hydroclimatic conditions, and oversimplifications of the energy and biogeophysical processes in traditional hydrological models limit the comprehension of hydrological processes associated with water yield over alpine basins. This study combines the fully distributed WRF-Hydro model with the Budyko framework to characterize the water yield of an alpine basin named Xiying River Basin (XRB) located in Northwest China. Results show that WRF-Hydro driven by the remote-sensing-based products was able to reproduce both observed streamflow and evapotranspiration (ET) in the XRB. The ratio of transpiration to ET was considerably underestimated when only calibrating streamflow. Such underestimation can be solved by calibrating parameters related to soil surface resistance and leaf conductance. Additionally, for the dominant vegetation types (i.e., closed shrublands and grasslands) in the XRB, we found that closed shrublands have a lower water yield capacity than grasslands. Closed shrublands have a stronger ET rate, resulting in stronger soil moisture consumption, lower antecedent soil moisture, and higher soil water deficit, causing higher infiltration loss during rainfall events and lower water yield. Moreover, the water yield capacity increases with the increasing elevation, because the precipitation increases while the ET decreases as the elevation rises, and the topographical slope increases, resulting in lower infiltration, lower baseflow index, and higher water yield capacity. Our results also indicate that afforestation should not be encouraged for grasslands and closed shrublands in areas lower than 2800 m and 3200 m, respectively. Overall, this study provides scientific support for vegetation afforestation planning in the alpine regions.

Влияние температурного стресса на урожайность ячменя в Оренбуржье

Abstract. The purpose is to identify the potential yield of barley under the influence of temperature stress in conjunction with the prolonged action of mineral fertilizers and predecessors in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Methods. The content of macroelements in the soil was determined: nitrate nitrogen – by the ionometric method according to Tyurin, mobile phosphorus according to Machigin, exchangeable potassium according to Maslova. Soil moisture was determined by the thermostatic-weight method. Mathematical processing of the obtained data was performed using the Statistica 12.0 program. Results. The experiment was carried out on two backgrounds of soil nutrition (with mineral fertilizers N40P80K40 and unfertilized). It was established that the growing season on average for 1993–2022 was warmer than the norm (19.1 °C) by 0.9 ± 1.6 °C, and in years with very strong aridity by 1.3 ± 1.7 °C. By harvesting barley in the dry years in a meter-long layer of soil, the consumption of soil moisture by the crop in the crop rotation increased by 21.0 %, with permanent cultivation by 31.8 %. The systematic introduction of mineral fertilizers under crop rotation increases their content in the soil and provides a prolonged effect. When cultivating barley in crop rotation, in severely dry years, potassium consumption increases for two backgrounds of nutrition (on a fertilized background up to 35.7 mg, on an unfertilized background up to 22.7 mg/kg), in single crops up to 3.4 and 17.4 mg/kg according to backgrounds. The average yield of barley over 30 years of research was 1.29–1.45 tons on a fertilized background, and 1.38–1.66 t/ha on an unfertilized background. Scientific novelty: with increased temperature stress and water deficit, over 18 very dry years, there was a noticeable decrease in barley yield in all variants of the experiment, especially single crops were most affected by drought, when crop yield on a fertilized background decreased by 0.45 tons, without fertilizer by 0, 38 t/ha.

A Comparison of Water Uptake by Transpiration from Different Soil Depths among Three Land Cover Types in the Arid Northwest of China

In recent decades, the frequency, intensity, and extent of extreme drought events have posed serious threats to ecosystems in vulnerable regions. With low annual precipitation, the arid area in northwest China is a typical ecologically fragile area, and extreme drought events will aggravate desertification in this area. In order to control desertification, various experimental plantations have been established in Northwest China. However, there is no consensus on which plantations are more suitable to become widespread. To explore this, we conducted a comparative study on different plantations from the perspective of long-term deep (100 cm depth) soil moisture balance. In our study, six typical ecosystems were selected for comparison of the variation of soil moisture and control factors. The results showed three main findings. First, the soil moisture of all six ecosystems showed a similar hierarchy of increasing moisture with the increasing depth of the soil layer. However, the deep layer soil moisture (mean = 0.33 ± 0.22 cm3·cm−3) of the artificial poplar (Populus alba) forest exhibited a downward trend over time after the fifth year, but did not at the shallow layer for this ecosystem. Second, the trends of the maximum canopy coverage between the different ecosystems from 2010 to 2019 showed significant differences from one another, with the maximum value of the leaf area index for the poplar forest being the highest (Maximum = 7.13). Third, a negative correlation (R2 = 0.52) was found between deep soil moisture and transpiration for the poplar forest, and a positive correlation (R2 ≥ 0.23) between these two metrics was found for the other five ecosystems. The results revealed that transpiration processes had a different consumption of deep soil moisture due to the differences in the root and canopy density of several plantations. Among these ecosystems, the transpiration of the artificial poplar forest is noticeably large, resulting in a unilateral decline in soil moisture.

Moisture supply of the sown winter common and durum wheat

The current study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2019–2022. The purpose of the study was to determine the moisture content of the winter common and durum wheat sown after various forecrops. There has been found that during the study, precipitation fell unevenly over the seasons. The amount of useful precipitation during the vegetation period of winter wheat (mean for three years) was 319.80 mm. There has been established that when sown in weedfree fallow, the total moisture consumption both over the years (278.90–445.00 mm) and on average over three years (381.40 mm) exceeded the amount of useful precipitation. On the formation of grain yield winter wheat has spent, in addition to precipitation, the productive moisture accumulated from the soil. There has been found that when sown after non-fallow forecrops, in the absence of reserves of productive moisture in the soil, the productivity formation proceeded mainly due to precipitation. When sowing winter wheat, the total moisture consumption (mean in 2019–2022) was 322.00 mm after peas and 315.50 mm after sunflower. There has been determined that the highest grain yield of the varieties ‘Zodiak’ (7.90 t/ha) and ‘Yantarina’ (6.28 t/ha) was obtained when sown in weedfree fallow, while they spent the least amount of moisture per yield unit, being 487.10 and 649, 70 m3/t respectively. When sown after sunflower, grain yield of the varieties was the lowest, and the total moisture consumption per ton of grain was the highest, being 5.60 t/ha and 599.20 m3 (the variety ‘Zodiak’); 4.02 t/ha and 869.70 m3 (the variety ‘Yantarina’). The forecrop ‘peas’ occupied an intermediate position between weedfree fallow and sunflower both in terms of productivity and total moisture consumption per ton of grain, being 6.36 t/ha and 528.60 m3 (the variety ‘Zodiak’) and 4.92 t/ha 823, 60 m3 (the variety ‘Yantarina’).

INFLUENCE OF SHORT-TERM CROP ROTATIONS WITH DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF SUNFLOWER ON SOIL WATER REGIME

The article analyses the features of water consumption of sunflowers in short-term crop rotations. Presents the results of the 2020‒2021 research carried out in the experimental field of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V. V. Dokuchaev, located in the area of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The soil cover of the experimental field is represented by typical chernozem heavy loam on loess-like loam. Soil moisture was determined by gravimetric technique. Sunflower water consumption was calculated using the water balance method. The sunflower yield was recorded manually. The purpose of our research was to determine how short-term crop rotations with different sunflower saturation affect the formation of the soil water regime and the yield of the crop itself. The experimental design included five-field crop rotations with sunflower saturation of 0, 20, 40, and 60 %. The control in the experiment was a five-field crop rotation without sunflowers. It was determined that the yield of sunflower seeds depended on the variants and ranged from 3,21 to 3,57 t/ha. The increase in the share of sunflower in crop rotation was accompanied by a decrease in its yield, in particular, due to the deterioration of moisture supply. Soil moisture consumption was the highest in crop rotation with sunflower saturation of 60 % (2969 m3/ha). Against the background of reducing the share of sunflower to 40 and 20%, moisture consumption was 2713 and 2824 m3/ha. The water consumption coefficient was high due to an increase in the share of sunflowers in short-term crop rotations. It was determined that in crop rotation with sunflower saturation of 40 % the coefficient of water consumption was the lowest. At the same time, this variant has the highest yield of sunflower seeds (3,57 t/ha). Increasing the saturation of short-term crop rotations with sunflowers up to 60 % should occur under conditions of the high culture of agriculture. Therefore, ways of efficient use of soil moisture to increase the yield of sunflowers in short-term crop rotations are being developed.

Soil Moisture Dynamics and Its Temporal Stability under Different-Aged Caragana korshinskii Shrubs in the Loess Hilly Region of China

Soil moisture has a great influence on vegetation growth and survival in arid and semiarid regions. Information about deep soil moisture dynamics is vital for restoring vegetation and improving land management on the water-limited Loess Plateau. The spatiotemporal dynamics and temporal stability of deep soil moisture (at a soil depth of 600 cm) were observed in situ under Caragana korshinskii shrubs that had various stand ages (named CK-10yr, CK-20yr and CK-35yr) in the Loess hilly region of China. The results showed that under C. korshinskii, soil moisture generally decreased as the stand age rose. Meanwhile, its moisture was consistent with precipitation variation, and an obvious time lag in soil moisture was found compared to that in precipitation during the entire growing season. Along the soil profile, a transition belt linking the shallow with deep soil moisture occurred at a 200 cm soil depth in different slope positions and aspects. At the slope scale, both the slope aspect and slope position significantly affected soil moisture variation in the areas with planted C. korshinskii shrubs, experiencing a decreasing trend from semi-shady slopes to sunny ones and from lower positions to upper ones. However, the variance in soil moisture between different positions and slope aspects was small. For the slope aspect, except for CK-20yr, the different-aged C. korshinskii shrubs had higher soil moisture content on sunny slopes than on semi-shady slopes at the upper 0–200 cm soil depth, while the opposite was true at the 200–600 cm soil depths. For slope positions, the soil moisture variation was small between the 0 and 200 cm soil depths and larger between the 200 and 600 cm soil depths. Within the whole profiles, the representative depth under the C. korshinskii shrubs for the soil moisture content was mainly concentrated between the 400–500 cm soil depths, on average, showing a gradual deepening trend with increasing restoration age. In summary, the findings indicate that natural recovery with low-water consumption grasslands and manual management measures, such as thinning and mowing, should be strengthened to minimize the high soil moisture consumption rates that occur in a healthy soil moisture environment and maintain sustainable vegetation restoration.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON THE WEEDS AND THE PRODUCTIVITY OF HYBRIDS MAIZE

In the early stages of maize (Zea mays L.) development, it is important to limit weeds that compete with maize for nutrients, moisture, light. Weed control has various methods, for example, agrotechnical, chemical. The aim of the study is to evaluate of the Effects of Weeds and Hybrids on the Productivity of Maize grain in Ukraine. The research was conducted in field conditions in 2019-2021 at the Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, which is located in the southern steppe of Ukraine. The results of the study show that weeds significantly (P0.05) reduced the maize grain yield. During the grain harvesting period, the number of weeds in GS 89 decreased to 137 and 121 weeds m-2. In the experiment, the predominance of early summer weeds (more than 66%) over late summer weeds (about 49%) was found. Effective weed reduction requires the use of several agrotechnical elements. Grain yield of maize hybrids increased significantly in areas where herbicides were applied. The corn hybrid 'Gran 6' was more productive. Maize hybrid Gran 6 is 1.3 times more productive than maize hybrid Odesskii 385 МВ in all test variants, which was also influenced by the hybrids' biological differences: maize hybrid Gran 6 has a shorter vegetation period and is taller (on average 209.1 cm) than maize hybrid Odesskii 385 МВ, which is 198.0 cm tall on average. Moisture consumption differed in vegetation years (2019-2021), the highest was in 2021 (70.6%), when a higher corn grain yield was also established.

Variations of deep soil moisture under different vegetation restoration types in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China

The soil water content and water consumption of deep layer (200–1000 cm) of sloping farmland, grassland and Jujube orchard in Yuanzegou small watershed in the loess hilly region were studied. The results showed that (1) the soil moisture content of sloping farmland, grassland and Jujube orchard increased at first and then decreased at 0–200 cm, with mean values of 11.91%, 11.23% and 9.99% respectively; From 200 to 1000 cm, the soil moisture content decreased slowly and tended to be stable, with mean values of 11.77%, 11.62% and 9.96% respectively. (2) 200–1000 cm, the soil water storage ranged in the order of sloping farmland > grassland > Jujube orchard, with mean values of 148.78, 145.28 and 121.11 mm respectively. (3) In the 200–1000 cm soil layer, the water consumption of the Jujube orchard ranged from 21.67 to 32.97 mm, and that of grassland ranged from − 4.47 to 10.32 mm, the water consumption of deep soil in Jujube orchard was significantly higher than that in grassland (p < 0.05)., Although the Jujube orchard had obvious deep soil moisture consumption, it was insufficient to cause serious soil drying and increased farmers' income, so it can be planted locally, but the planting density should be reasonable and water-saving engineering technology should be adopted.

Agrophysical indicators of ordinary chernozem depending on the methods of its tillage in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine

Topicality. The spread of negative processes in the soil associated with the aggravation of the economic situation in modern Ukraine, the rapid rise in prices for equipment, fuels and lubricants, the replacement of energy-intensive traditional tillage systems with non-moldboard and other resource-saving ones, requires further and deeper research on their impact on her agrophysical indicators. Purpose. To study the influence of the primary tillage on the agrophysical indicators of ordinary chernozem in the link of the field grain-fallow-row crop rotation (winter wheat after maize of milk-wax ripeness - peas for grain - winter wheat) in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. Methods of primary tillage based on moldboard plowing and non-moldboard loosening against the background of moldboard plowing for corn were studied. In experimental studies, we used field, laboratory and statistical-mathematical methods. The agrophysical parameters of the soil were determined according to generally accepted methods. Results. No significant difference has been found in the influence of the primary tillage methods on the soil density in the 0–30 cm layer under the crops of the crop rotation link in spring and at their harvesting. In 2011 and 2012, there was a significant increase in the number of water-stable aggregates (over 0.25 mm) in the soil under non-moldboard tillage, compared with plowing, under all crops of the crop rotation link in the spring and during harvesting, mainly in the 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers. This was more often observed in the spring – on average for 2010–2012, the difference in this indicator in the soil layer of 0–30 cm for the crops of the crop rotation link was: winter wheat after maize of milk-wax ripeness – 1.9, peas – 4.4 and winter wheat after peas – 3.0 %, and on average for the crop rotation link – 3.1 It is established that moldboardless tillage contributes to a significant reduction in moisture consumption for unproductive evaporation in conditions of frequently repeated drought events. Conclusions. The studied methods of primary tillage of ordinary heavy loam chernozem equally affect the bulk density and do not cause deterioration of this indicator. The non-moldboard tillage improves the water resistance of the arable soil layer under crops in the crop rotation link and reduces moisture consumption for evaporation, compared to plowing. Key words: tillage, density, water resistance, productive moisture, winter wheat, peas

Dependence of soft wheat grain yield on unstable soil moisture

The purpose of the study is to establish the influence of precursors, fertilizers and reserves of productive moisture during the growing season on the yield of spring soft wheat in the arid conditions of the Southern Urals. Field experiments are conducted for the first time from 2002 to 2021 on nine sowing options (for hard, corn, millet, sorghum, peas) of soft wheat in crop rotations and permanent sowing on the chernozems of the southern Orenburg region. The research is conducted using the field, thermostatic-weight method and multiple regression analysis is used. In the fifth (millet) and seventh (pea) variants, the maximum amount of spring moisture is 44.4; 43.1 mm and 136.4; 142.7 mm in soil layers 0-30; 0-100 cm. The same highest yield is observed for millet and pea precursors on the background of 0.89 t with nitroammophos and 0.82 t/ha without fertilizers. The best grain gain from mineral fertilizers was obtained by 0.12 tons for durum wheat (the eighth option) in a double-field crop rotation. In the third variant (for durum wheat), the maximum effect of moisture on grain yield in the soil layer of 0-30, 0-100 cm is determined and ranges from 22.60 to 39.83% with a significance criterion of 0.002-0.03 units. Basically, the formation of soft wheat grains of 0.81 and 0.73 t / ha occurs due to moisture consumption of 28.8; 87.4 mm. The best influence of precursors, mineral fertilizers and productive moisture reserves on the yield of soft wheat grain after cultivation of durum wheat, millet and peas in crop rotations has been revealed.

Water consumption of corn for grain depending on the predecessor and fertilizers used using strip-til technology

In the Volgograd region, 3-year field experiments were carried out on chernozem soils of cultivating corn for grain using the resource-saving Strip-til technology. The two-factor experiments made it possible to establish the optimal precursor for corn for grain and fertilizer application rates. The crop predecessor was taken as factor A (A1 - winter wheat, A2 - corn for grain, A3 - sunflower), and the use of fertilizers was taken as factor B (B1 - N50P16K16, B2 - N32P32K32). The maximum yield was noted for the predecessor winter wheat against the background of fertilizers N50P16K16 - 6.12 t/ha, in the variants for all predecessors when applying fertilizers, more economical water consumption was established, moisture was spent most efficiently to create 1 ton of yield in the variant with the predecessor winter wheat against the background of fertilizers N50P16K16 -443.51 m3/t. Ineffective moisture consumption was established for the predecessor sunflower on an unfertilized background - 973.67 m3/t.

ЗМІНА ВОДНОГО БАЛАНСУ БАСЕЙНУ РІЧКИ ГОРИНЬ В УМОВАХ ПОТЕПЛІННЯ КЛІМАТУ

Warmer climate caused a large complex of effects that appeared in every link of the global hydrological cycle. In most cases, these changes have a non-linear nature and occur with different intensity in hydrological and meteorological systems. Therefore, it is important to study such processes together, which will allow simultaneous detection of their mutual effects. The water balance method, when all components are calculated in the same dimensions (mm), and then compared with each other, is best suited for solving such a problem. The increase in air temperature by 1,2°C caused significant changes in the overall structure of the Horyn River basin water balance: an increase in the expenditure parts uncertainty for the water balance components for the modern period 1991-2020. The closure error increase occurs mainly due to the cost part and its main component of total evaporation. According to Mali Vykorovychi hydrological gauge notes a decrease in the annual precipitation by 18 mm, river runoff by 21 mm, and an increase in total evaporation by 35 mm in absolute values. In the 1961-1990 according to the calculation of climatic water balance, the moisture accumulation prevailed over its utilization almost in 5 times but now, due to the increase in air temperature, their ratio has almost leveled off. Today river water regime almost moved from the excessively moistened to sufficiently moistened, and there are trends indicating the moisture consumption processes dominance in the basin over its accumulation.

Moisture consumption by grain sorghum varieties depending on seeding rates and sowing methods in the southern part of the Rostov region

The current work was carried out on the experimental plot of the research crop rotation of the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The soil is represented by ordinary calcareous heavy loamy chernozem with such agrochemical parameters in the soil layer of 0–30 cm as 7.1 pH, 3.3 % of humus content, 18–20 mg/kg of P2O5; 340–370 mg/kg of K2O. The trials were carried out on the early-maturing grain sorghum varieties ‘Zernogradskoye 88’ and ‘Ataman’. The purpose of the current research was to identify the moisture consumption of new grain sorghum varieties, depending on the sowing norms and methods in the southern part of the Rostov region. The year 2018 was arid with 93.4 mm of rainfall. In 2019 there was also a shortage of precipitation, which amounted to 66.9 mm to the long-term average. The weather conditions of 2020 were characterized by the highest amount of precipitation (223.2 mm). The reserves of productive moisture on average over the years of study at the beginning of plant development in terms of sowing rates and methods in a meter-long soil layer were at the level of 111.2–113.9 mm, which is enough to obtain thick seedlings. The smallest amount of moisture was noted by the dead-rape stage and ranged from 6.5 to 20.5 mm for the studied varieties. On average, over the years of study, for all variants of the trial, the variety ‘Ataman’ was more productive, its productivity varied within 3.75–4.83 t/ha. At the same time, this variety formed the highest yield indicators (727 tons) with a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 0.4 million germinating seeds per ha, with the lowest moisture consumption per 1 ton of grain. As for the variety ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, the lowest moisture consumption was 823 tons at a seeding rate of 0.6 million germinating seeds per ha with a row spacing of 0.45 m.