Moist Diets Research Articles

Effect of baker's yeast fermented moist feed on the growth and bone mineralization in broiler.

The effect of feeding yeast-fermented feed in various forms on broiler growth performance and bone mineralization was studied. Initially, a corn-soy-based diet was formulated and fermented in anaerobic conditions at 28°C in laboratory space for 48 h with yeast (2.0%) and moisture (50%). Afterward, the 150 newly hatched Arbeor Acres commercial broiler chicks were divided into 5 dietary groups (30 chicks, 6 cages, and 5 birds per cage). Each group received one of the following formulated and fermented diets: dry feed (DF), moist feed (MF), yeast-added dry feed (Y-DF), yeast-added moist feed (Y-MF), or yeast-fermented moist feed (YF-MF). Water and feed were supplied ad libitum. Six birds per group were slaughtered at age 37 for the determination of carcass traits and tibia ash. Fermentation improved crude protein from 20.7% to 22.8% but declined crude fiber from 7.9% to 6.3% in the YF-MF group compared to the DF group. High body weight gain was recorded in 771, 830, and 992 gm in the MF, Y-MF, and YF-MF groups, respectively, compared to the DF (762 gm) group (p < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio was better in the Y-MF (1.57) and YF-MF (1.57) groups than in the DF (1.75) group. Feeding a fermented, moist diet resulted in improved carcass yield (69%) in the YF-MF group. Bone mineralization expressed a better tibia ash percentage (35% from 30%) in the YF-MF group compared to the DF group. Therefore, YF-MF enhanced the quality of feed and improved growth, carcass weight, and bone mineralization in broiler.

Effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermented moist diet on the performance and egg quality at the early stage of laying ducks

Objectives: This research aimed to examine how yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermented layer moist diet (YFM-D) influencing egg production, its quality, and duck’s growth performance during the age range of 23–29 weeks. Materials and Methods: A total of 84 laying Jinding ducks were arbitrarily allotted into one of two dietary groups. Each group had 42 birds in 3 replicates and 14 birds per replication. Each duck was daily offered 140 gm dry matter (DM) from a layer diet (Crude Protein −17.83% and ME-2760 Kcal/kg DM) and a yeast-fermented layer moist diet (50% layer diet + 50% water) and reflected as control diet (CON-D) and yeast-fermented layer moist diet (YFM-D), respectively. The layer diet was fermented using yeast premix at a 1.0% level of feed. Results: Considerably elevated DM intake was obtained in ducks that received YFM-D (120 gm) than CON-D (112 gm). Subsequently, ducks fed YFM-D improved almost 5.24% and 4.26% higher egg mass and hen-day egg production than CON-D, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Though feed conversion ratio (egg basis) was unaffected (p &gt; 0.05), ducks receiving YFM-D almost revealed 21%–22% higher body weight compared to CON-D (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, higher yolk weight, color, and Haugh unit were measured in ducks offered YFM-D than CON-D (p &lt; 0.05), while YFM-D showed the propensity for better egg and albumen weight. However, shell weight and yield, albumen, and yolk yield were not varied between the two groups (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: It may be concluded that a YFM-D enhanced hen day egg production at the early stage of laying while boosting live weight gain and enhancing egg quality.

FOOD ACCEPTANCE IN DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES OF &lt;i&gt;Macrobrachium carcinus&lt;/i&gt;

Food acceptance in different larval stages of Macrobrachium carcinus was evaluated by investigating the stage at which the ingestion of inert moist diet food begins and by the incidence of Artemia nauplii and inert moist diet in the digestive tract throughout development. Two experiments were carried out: in the first study, the acceptance of the inert diet was evaluated in 60 larvae of each stage (I to XII) fed ad libitum after two hours of fasting. The inert diet was 100% accepted at zoea stage V. In the second study, newly hatched larva was then kept in larval tanks and fed with Artemia nauplii and inert moist diet simultaneously. Fifteen minutes after feeding, 50 specimens of each larval stage were examined and evaluated for the ingestion of these foods. Larvae at stage I did not feed, while larvae at stage II consumed both live and inert food. From the stage of zoea IX, the exclusive consumption of Artemia nauplii was not verified. These data indicate that feeding M. carcinus in larviculture can be initiated at stage II with inert moist diet and Artemia nauplii, and an exclusive supply of inert moist diet from stage IX can be recommended.

The effect of probiotic and prebiotic-MOS on the survival, growth and immune competence on spiny lobster Panulirus homarus culture

The use of probiotics and prebiotic to improve growth and health status of spiny lobster has been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to obtain the effect of probiotics and prebiotics for the culture of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus. The method was initiated with culturing of probiotics (4 strains) and supplemented it in a moist diets. Spiny lobster was collected from Jembrana-Bali waters with an initial body weight of 70.34 ± 4.5 g and cultured in concrete tanks with volume of 4 m3. Initial stock density for each treatment was 15 pcs / m3. The treatments tested were supplemented on moist diets with (A) probiotics, (B) probiotics and prebiotics-MOS (Mannan Oligo Sacharida) and (C) Controle (without probiotics and prebiotic) and each treatment with three replication. The results obtained that the survival rate of spiny lobster was not significantly different (P> 0.05), i.e. (A) 92.70%, (B) 93.33 (%) and (C) 93.33% respectively. However, the results of probiotics supplementation as well as a combination of probiotics and prebiotics showed growth differences compared to control (P<0.05), namely (A) 156.97 ± 6.17 g, (B) 153.75 ± 9.17 g, while (C) control 131.47 ± 7.91 g. The probiotics supplementation on moist diets could increased health status of spiny lobsters, this was expressed by target genes related to immunity (ALFHa-1, ALFHa-4, SAA, ProPO, Tgase and CP). Spiny lobster immunity increased by 2.60 to 42.7 times after challenging with MHD (Milky Haemolymph Disease). The supplementation of probiotics and prebiotics (MOS) could increase immune response by 2.10 to 25.75 times, respectively after challenging with MHD.

Growth Performance of the Mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in Freshwater Pond Comparing Two Stocking Densities and Three Feed Types

The mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål 1775) is a high value, euryhaline marine fish with potential as a species for freshwater aquaculture. This study evaluated the growth and cost efficiency of the species in a freshwater pond in two experiments with three replications: (a) comparing stocking densities: (1) 0.5; (2) 1; and (3) 3 fish fish•m-2 reared for six months fed three times a day with trash fish to apparent satiation; and (b) comparing feed types: (1) trash fish; (2) moist diet; and (3) formulated dry pellet at a stocking density of 1 fish•m-2 fed to apparent satiation three times a day for seven months. The stocking density (SD) experiment showed significantly higher weight gain, absolute growth and specific growth rate (P&lt;0.05) in 0.5 fish•m-2 SD (184.9 g; 1.04 g•day-1; 2.50%/day) than 3 fish•m-2 SD (172.7 g; 0.96 g•day-1; 2.38 %•day-1). No significant difference was detected between 0.5 fish•m-2 SD and 1 fish•m-2 nor between 1 fish•m-2 and 3 fish•m-2 (P&gt;0.05). Survival rate (SR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not statistically different between treatments (P&gt;0.05), which ranged from 78% to 92% and 5.0 to 5.9, respectively. Cost analysis showed high net returns for 1 and 3 fish•m-2 SD but low in 0.5 fish•m-2 SD. The feeding experiment study showed that feed types significantly affected weight gain, SGR, and SR (P&lt;0.05). Snappers fed with trash fish attained significantly higher mean absolute growth (298.2 g) and SGR (1.81%/day) than those fed moist feeds (232.8 g and 1.61%/day, respectively) and formulated feeds (236.1 g and 1.51%/day, respectively). The survival rate was significantly higher in snappers fed trash fish (93.33%) and dry pellets (94.00%) than fed moist feeds (81.34%). FCR in trash fish, moist and dry pellet treatment was 6.4, 6.3, and 2.7, respectively. Cost analysis showed high net returns for trash fish and formulated pellet fed snappers but low in moist diet feed treatment. Cost-benefit analysis showed the feasibility of mangrove red snapper for freshwater aquaculture at a recommended stocking density of 1 to 3 fish•m-2 using trash fish, moist diet, or formulated dry pellet.

Common moist diet replacement to promote sustainable Cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) near- shore farming in Brazil

ABSTRACT: Cobia is one of the most promising warm water aquaculture species. In Brazil, cobia farming began in 2008 in the state of Rio de Janeiro from experimental scale facilities to regular near-shore farms based on fresh/frozen fish diets composed mostly of Sardinella sp. Despite the encouraging results achieved in the promotion of sustainable cobia farming, we advocate the replacement of fresh/frozen fish by a practical formulated feed. This experiment evaluated the zootechnical performance and environmental efficiency of moist and practical formulated feeds in early grow-out phases in the cycle of cobia nearshore cage culture. Four hundred and twenty juvenile cobia (151 ± 7 g) were fed with moist feed and practical formulated feed for 56 days. Biometrics were taken every two weeks and diets were analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid composition and pellet quality. Although growth performance was equivalent between treatments, feed consumption and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were different (p < 0.05) and varied according to water temperature. Cobia fed moist feed exhibited an FCR two times higher than those fed formulated feed. Elevated settling speed and low floatability contributed to higher heterogeneity and lower efficiency of fish fed moist diet. Nitrogen excretion rate was reduced (64 %) and protein efficiency ratio elevated (27 %) within formulated diet groups in comparison to those fed moist diet (79 % and 15 %, respectively). The fatty acid profile of cobia muscle was similar across the groups. With no negative effects of diet substitution on production performance and improvement of environmental efficiency, this approach can be applied and advocated globally and contribute to the responsible intensification of sustainable marine fish culture.

Intestinal Function of the Stomachless Fish, Ballan Wrasse (Labrus bergylta)

Little is known about the digestion of nutrients in stomachless (agastric) fishes with short intestines, such as wrasse. This study describes the digestion, absorption and evacuation rates in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) fed either dry or pre-soaked diets. Ballan wrasse juveniles received either dry or pre-soaked diets containing inert markers to determine intestinal evacuation rates over a 4 to 14 h period after ingestion. The digestive tract evacuation was completed in 12 - 14 h, and was not affected by dietary moisture level. Within the different segments of the intestine, 90 % of the digesta moved from the foregut to the midgut after 4 - 8 h, and over 7 % of the digesta had arrived in the hindgut 4 h after feeding. The foregut was a major site of digestion, where 86 % of carbohydrates, 74 % of proteins, and 50 % of lipids, were absorbed from the diet. The absorption of carbohydrates and lipids increased until the hindgut (98 and 80 %, respectively). Protein absorption continued along the length of the intestine reaching 90 % absorption at the hindgut. Protein and carbohydrate absorption was slightly higher in the foregut for fish fed dry versus moist diets, but this difference disappeared in the midgut. The moisture levels of diet had no effect on the digesta moisture levels, expression of metabolic genes, the levels of nutrients in plasma, or intestinal health. Nine aquaporins were found to be expressed in the wrasse intestinal tissue. Vertebrate aquaporins are involved in water transport from the intestinal lumen into the body and may play a role in maintaining stable moisture level of the digesta in the intestine of ballan wrasse regardless of the initial dietary moisture levels.

Growth of Spiny Lobster Panulirus homarus Fed with Moist Diet

Oxygen is a vital parameter in aquaculture activities. The decrease of dissolved oxygen levels in aquaculture media should be highly observed, since very low dissolved oxygen conditions (hypoxia) could negatively affect to the growth and survival of fish. Therefore, research on the condition of hypoxia is very important to be studied. This study was conducted in January-February 2013 at the Laboratorium of Fish Reproductive Physiology, Pukyong National University, South Korea to measure oxygen consumption in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (total length: 14.2 ± 1.4 cm, weight: 31.3 ± 2.0 g) under normal conditions (normoxia) and hypoxia. Measurement was conducted using respirometer (dimension: 20 × 17,5 × 10 cm; volume: 3,5 L) every 10 minutes during four hours of observation. Experiment was conducted with three replications. The results showed that oxygen consumption of tilapia fingerlings in hypoxia conditions (12.09 ± 3.20 mg O2/kg/h) was lower than normoxia (35.67 ± 4.19 mg O2/kg/h) (P&amp;lt;0.01). Continuous hypoxic conditions could negatively affect fish movements, which could ultimately lead to mortality when dissolved oxygen levels are very low. Meanwhile, the results on determination of critical oxygen levels for tilapia showed a dissolved oxygen range of 1.9 ± 0.5 mg/L

Insights on Feed Characteristics of Tuna Moist Extruded Aquafeeds Using Glycerol

Extruded aquafeeds have been used to replace natural food supplies. As tuna aquaculture still relies on fish stocks, the development of formulated extruded diets is essential to guarantee its responsible intensification. Accordingly, three extrusion trials were done aiming to optimize the extrusion process in extruded tuna diets, namely, a pre-trial with varying levels of dietary lipid (6, 8, or 10%), trial 1 with varying die temperature (40, 80 and 100°C), and trial 2 with varying dietary glycerol content (0, 4, and 8%). Rich-lipid diets were successfully manufactured through a single-screw extruder, and additional lipid content could be added through coating. Die temperature between 40°C to 100°C significantly (P<0.05) influenced the feed characteristics (e.g. moisture content decreased with increasing die temperature), except penetration. Finally, the addition of glycerol significantly (P<0.05) increased moisture content and penetration of moist extruded feeds. It is concluded that a supply around 0.5–1.0% of glycerol might be valuable towards the development of moist diets. However, further research on the effects of glycerol addition in the diet on digestibility and performance of fish need to be continued for developing moist extruded diets.

The effects of starter microbiota and the early life feeding of medium chain triglycerides on the gastric transcriptome profile of 2- or 3-week-old cesarean delivered piglets

BackgroundThe stomach is an underestimated key interface between the ingesta and the digestive system, affecting the digestion and playing an important role in several endocrine functions. The quality of starter microbiota and the early life feeding of medium chain triglycerides may affect porcine gastric maturation. Two trials (T1, T2) were carried out on 12 and 24 cesarean-delivered piglets (birth, d0), divided over two microbiota treatments, but slaughtered and sampled at two or three weeks of age, respectively. All piglets were fed orally: sow serum (T1) or pasteurized sow colostrum (T2) on d0; simple starter microbiota (Lactobacillus amylovorus, Clostridium glycolicum and Parabacteroides spp.) (d1-d3); complex microbiota inoculum (sow diluted feces, CA) or a placebo (simple association, SA) (d3-d4) and milk replacer ad libitum (d0-d4). The The T1 piglets and half of the T2 piglets were then fed a moist diet (CTRL); the remaining half of the T2 piglets were fed the CTRL diet fortified with medium chain triglycerides and 7% coconut oil (MCT). Total mRNA from the oxyntic mucosa was analyzed using Affymetrix©Porcine Gene array strips. Exploratory functional analysis of the resulting values was carried out using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis.ResultsComplex microbiota upregulated 11 gene sets in piglets of each age group vs. SA. Of these sets, 6 were upregulated at both ages, including the set of gene markers of oxyntic mucosa. In comparison with the piglets receiving SA, the CA enriched the genes in the sets related to interferon response when the CTRL diet was given while the same sets were impoverished by CA with the MCT diet.ConclusionsEarly colonization with a complex starter microbiota promoted the functional maturation of the oxyntic mucosa in an age-dependent manner. The dietary fatty acid source may have affected the recruitment and the maturation of the immune cells, particularly when the piglets were early associated with a simplified starter microbiota.

Urinary excretion of dietary Maillard reaction products in healthy adult female cats.

During processing of foods, the Maillard reaction occurs, resulting in the formation of advanced Maillard reaction products (MRP). Varying amounts of MRP have been found in commercially processed pet foods. Dietary MRP can be absorbed and contribute to the endogenous pool of MRP and possibly the etiology of age-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine urinary excretion of dietary MRP in cats fed commercial moist and dry foods. A pilot study with 10 cats, conducted to determine the adaptation time required for stable urinary excretion of MRP when changing to a diet with contrasting MRP content, showed an adaptation time of 1 d for all components. In the main study, 6 commercially processed dry and 6 moist diets were fed to 12 adult female cats in 2 parallel randomized, 36-d Latin square designs. The 24-h urine was collected quantitatively using modified litter boxes, and fructoselysine (FL), carboxymethyllysine (CML), and lysinoalanine (LAL) were analyzed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) - mass spectrometer. Daily urinary excretion of FL and CML showed a positive relationship with daily intake in the dry ( = 0.03 and < 0.01, respectively) and moist ( < 0.01) foods. For LAL, no significant relationship was observed. Urinary recovery (% ingested) showed a negative relationship with daily intake for FL, CML, and LAL in the dry foods ( < 0.01, < 0.01, and = 0.08, respectively) and for CML and LAL in the moist foods ( < 0.01). The observed increase in urinary excretion with increasing dietary intake indicates that dietary MRP were absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of cats and excreted in the urine. The adaptation time with change in diet indicates a likely effective excretion of MRP. Minimum apparent absorption of FL, CML, and LAL was found to range between 8% and 23%, 25% and 73%, and 6% and 19%, respectively. The observed decrease in urinary recovery suggests a limiting factor in digestion, absorption, metabolism, or urinary excretion. This study shows that dietary MRP in commercial diets are absorbed and excreted via the kidneys in cats.

Rearing of the Amazon catfishPseudoplatystoma punctifer(Castelnau, 1855): weaning with dry and moist diets

Rearing of the Amazon catfish<i>Pseudoplatystoma punctifer</i>(Castelnau, 1855): weaning with dry and moist diets

Characterising the fate of nitrogenous waste from the sea-cage aquaculture of spiny lobsters using numerical modelling.

Although the aquaculture of spiny lobsters has been expanding since the 1970s, very little is known about the potential environmental impacts on water quality of this activity. This study quantified the production of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from Australasian red spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, in the laboratory, and these data were then used in a numerical model to predict the dispersal pattern of DIN from a hypothetical commercial spiny lobster farm for a coastal site where such a farm would typically be located. Modelling scenarios were set up with combinations of two different stocking densities (3 and 5 kg m(-3)), two different diets (mussels and moist artificial diet) and three different feed conversion ratios (FCR = 3, 5 and 28). DIN excretion rate from unfed lobsters in the laboratory on average was 1.10 ± 0.12 μg N g(-1) h(-1) while feeding lobsters on mussels and artificial diet increased DIN excretion significantly by around eightfold and twofold, respectively. Ammonia was consistently the dominant contributor to measured DIN output from lobsters. Modelling results indicated that the mean elevated DIN from a hypothetical farm where the lobsters were fed with mussels ranged from 7 up to 20 μg N L(-1) with increasing stocking density and FCR and was 30-150 % higher than the mean elevated DIN resulting from lobsters fed with artificial diet. Overall, the results indicated that DIN output from the hypothetical spiny lobster sea-cage farming is unlikely to be problematic using the FCR, stocking density, and the number of cages modelled at the coastal site in this study. Furthermore, feeding lobsters with artificial diet can help maintain a lower DIN output than seafood, such as mussels or trash fish.

New formulated diets for Solea senegalensis broodstock: Effects of parental nutrition on biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and performance of early larval stages and juvenile fish

Abstract Senegalese sole is considered a species with high interest for aquaculture diversification in the South of Europe whose production has shown an important increase in recent years. However, broodstock nutrition of this species is still based on a diet of fresh feeds, which poses important sanitary risks, has variable supply and nutritional composition and contributes to the deterioration of water quality. This study was performed to test two new specifically formulated semi-moist diets for Solea senegalensis broodstock: a control diet (CTR) formulated with high quality ingredients and a further supplemented diet (PLUS), fortified with lipids, vitamins and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), mainly DHA. Larvae originating from simultaneous spawns of both broodstock groups were reared in the same standard conditions up to 67 days post-hatching (dph) and effects were assessed on early ontogeny (up to first-feeding), larval (up to 17 dph) and juvenile performance. Both diets led to the production of eggs with good viability, hatching rate and fatty acid composition. The fatty acid profile reflected differences in the experimental diets, with eggs from the PLUS group presenting higher levels of both EPA and DHA, although more markedly for EPA. Furthermore, significant differences in the percentage of EPA were maintained until 7 dph, while DHA was only significantly higher in eggs and 0 dph larvae from the PLUS treatment. The expression of enzymes of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway was assessed in parallel and results show that transcript levels of elovl5 and Δ4fad in eggs and newly hatched larvae were affected by broodstock diet and that DHA biosynthesis capacity of Senegalese sole larvae may have been up-regulated at hatching in the CTR treatment. Further nutrient supplementation in the PLUS diet did not enhance larval survival and performance and larvae originating from this treatment were significantly smaller than their CTR counterparts at hatching and 3 dph and had lower growth up to 17 dph, probably reflecting variations in egg size between batches. However, after metamorphosis, post-larvae from the PLUS treatment quickly caught-up and after complete weaning were significantly larger than juveniles originating from the CTR broodstock. Furthermore, juveniles from the PLUS treatment had a much lower incidence of tail fin deformity. These results were surprising and should be further investigated as, although we cannot exclude a genetic effect, the results could also indicate a nutritional programming effect of broodstock diet in sole juvenile growth and quality. In addition, the results suggest that Senegalese sole larvae are capable of regulating DHA biosynthesis as early as at hatching to counterbalance lower levels of DHA in eggs. Finally, we demonstrate that the current feeding protocol of sole broodstock can be replaced by a safer formulated semi moist diet with good results.

Efeitos da parede de levedura em dieta úmida na microbiota fecal, na produção de gás e na morfologia intestinal de gatos adultos

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos do extrato de levedura (EPL) em dietas úmidas sobre a microbiota fecal, a produção de gás e a morfologia intestinal de gatos adultos. Foram utilizados 20 gatos adultos, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos ao acaso em quatro tratamentos: 1) dieta comercial úmida (controle); 2) controle + 0,2% de extrato de levedura em matéria seca; 3) controle + 0,4%; e 4) controle + 0,6%. Foram realizadas a microbiologia fecal, a avaliação da morfologia intestinal por meio de exames radiográficos, ultrassonográficos e de colonoscopia, bem como a biópsia para histologia intestinal. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p&gt;0,05) para contagem de bactérias do ácido lático e de clostrídio sulfito redutor, área de gás em alças intestinais (avaliação radiográfica), espessura da parede do cólon (ultrassonografia intestinal) e contagem de colonócitos/células caliciformes (histologia). Por meio da colonoscopia, notaram-se alterações em características de mucosa em animais submetidos ao tratamento 4. Conclui-se que a adição de até 0,6% de EPL não teve efeito sobre os parâmetros avaliados, mas novos estudos são necessários para compreender os mecanismos de ação e os efeitos desse aditivo para gatos domésticos.

The potential for enhancement of immunity in cats by dietary supplementation

This study was conducted to examine the potential benefits of dietary supplementation on the feline immune system. Forty three cats (8 or 9 per group) were fed a low protein control diet (22.7% DM basis), the same diet supplemented with yeast-derived nucleotides, salmon oil or l-arginine or a commercial moist high protein diet (53.0% DM basis) for a period of five weeks. The low protein diets were formulated using a commercial moist diet base with added fat and starch and fed ad libitum, along with water. Specific immune assays showed that supplementation with arginine caused a significant enhancement of lymphocyte proliferative responses to the T-cell mitogen PHA after 35 days (P=0.018), while supplementation with either nucleotides or salmon oil resulted in significant enhancement after both 14 (P=0.0048, P<0.0001 respectively) and 35 days (both P<0.0001). Dietary supplementation with arginine, nucleotides or salmon oil each led to significant increases in blood leucocyte phagocytic activity after both 14 (P=0.0003, P=0.0077, P<0.0001 respectively) and 35 days (P<0.0001). This indicates that a number of dietary ingredients have the ability to modulate the immune system of healthy cats possibly resulting in a greater ability to fight infection and disease.

Comparison of fillet composition and initial estimation of shelf life of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fed raw fish or fish silage moist diets

Cobia, Rachycentron canadum (500 g) cultured in pond cages for a 3-month experiment were fed two moist diets based on raw fish with or without added fish silage. No significant differences in nutritional composition were observed between the fillet groups, which were of high quality with a balance of essential and non-essential amino acids (EAA/NEAA = 1) and medium levels of omega-3 fatty acid composition (210 g kg−1 total fatty acids). The total quality index method and quantitative descriptive analysis from both groups were correlated throughout storage (r2 = 0.83–0.86). After 15 days iced storage, the scores of most attributes were low compared to maximum accepted values. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and microbial counts were also below the accepted limits after the storage trial. It might be concluded that the nutritional composition and the fillet quality were similar for the groups fed raw fish with or without added fish silage, and the estimated shelf life for cobia was >15 days.

Growth, food intake, protein retention and fatty acid profile inOctopus vulgaris(Cuvier, 1797) fed agglutinated moist diets containing fresh and dry raw materials based on aquaculture by-products

The lack of specific compound diets for cephalopods is limiting the industrial development of some species. In this study, four agglutinated moist diets were tested in individually reared Octopus vulgaris (979 ± 151 g) for 8 weeks. All diets were based on bogue Boops boops, accidentally reared in fish farms (aquaculture by-product), and agglutinated with alginate and calcium. One diet was based exclusively on bogue fillets, two on bogue fillets complemented with meat from two crab species (Portunus pelagicus, Grapsus grapsus) and the last one on bogue and G. grapsus meals. As a control diet, bogue and P. pelagicus were supplied fresh on alternate days. All diets induced similar feed intake (2.1–2.6% day−1). However, the meal-based diet induced negative growth in comparison with the control and the other agglutinated diets (0.80–0.85% day−1). Higher lipid content in agglutinated diets (28–30% dw) in comparison with the control diet (16% dw) led to higher protein retention in muscle. These results underline the inadequacy of traditional meals in diets for cephalopods and that the inclusion of crab meat did not increase feeding rates and growth in O. vulgaris. The dietary fatty acid, with high levels of oleic and linoleic acid and low levels of ARA, clearly reflected in digestive gland, while only decreasing ARA and increasing EPA levels were observed in muscle, with no apparent negative effect on growth.

Evaluation of Partial Replacement of Dietary Animal Protein from Plant Protein Blended with Glucosamine on Growth and Body Indices of Asian Catfish (Clarias Batrachus) Fingerlings

A 12- week feeding trials was conducted to evaluate the use of animal and plant protein, in combination with Glucosamine source for Asian Catfish, Clarias batrachus (av. wt. 2.2+0.009 to 2.6+0.03 g). This study was performed to evaluate the effect on fish growth performance by replacing animal protein with vegetable protein sources. In experiment, six (37.40 to 43.52 % crude protein, 16.15 to 16.76 kJ/g energy, and crude lipid 3.33 to 6.69%) practical diets were formulated. The animal and plant protein component of the diets was progressively added with glucosamine 0.5, 5.0 and 10.0% with fish meal, silkworm pupae, soybean meal and casein (F-1, PAG 0:100:0.5; F-2, PAG 0:100:5.0; F-3, PAG 0:100:10.0; F-4, PAG 50:50:0.5; F-5, PAG 50:50:5.0; F-6, PAG 50:50:10.0). The experimental moist diets were fed to triplicate groups of fingerlings at 10% of body weight and results were compared with control feed. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of catfish, fed diets with animal protein are better than those of plant protein supplemented feeds. After 12-week study the final weight gain recorded as 18.6g, 19.7g, 19.9g, 14.6g, 14.9g, 13.9g and 13.1g in F1 to F6 and in control fed fishes respectively. The percentage weight gain among the animal protein group (F-1, F2, F-3) were recorded as 615.4%, 756.5% and 804.5%, respectively. And the percentage weight gain in 50% replaced feeds (F-4, PAG 50:50:0.5; F-5, PAG 50:50:5.0; F-6, PAG 50:50:10.0), recorded as 563.6%, 547.8% and 479.2% respectively whereas in control it was 403.8%. The results suggests that the growth is better in total animal protein feeds and the best percentage weight gain (p<0.05) recorded in the feed F3, incorporated with 10% glucosamine (804.5%). The FCR were of the diets along with glucosamine in animal protein content has better growth performances ranged between 1.56 ± 0.03 to 1.90 ± 0.04. The survival was recorded in F1 to F6 as 88 ± 2.4%, 83 ± 2.3%, 76% ± 3.4, 74 ± 4.4%, 71 ± 2.8% and 76 ± 4.7% respectively and in control it is recorded as 68 ± 2.7%. The Hepatosomatic and Viscerosomatic indices ranged between 0.67 ± 0.03 to 1.94 ± 0.19 and 1.90 ± 0.02 to 3.17 ± 0.2 respectively in F1 to F7. The feed efficiency in terms of feed conversion ratio recorded as 1.56 ± 0.03 to 1.90 ± 0.04 among all the feeding trials. The findings shows that feed F3, containing 100% animal protein with 10% glucosamine is performed best. Results indicate that animal protein rich diets with glucosamine were much acceptable than plant protein and/or natural diets (Artemia nauplii) for Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. And to assess the potential for replacing animal protein with soybean meal in the diets of fish need more evaluation along with synergistic approach of incorporating glucosamine.

Efficient utilization of dietary lipids inOctopus vulgaris(Cuvier 1797) fed fresh and agglutinated moist diets based on aquaculture by-products and low price trash species

The aim of this study was to evaluate growth, biochemical composition and dietary nutrients utilization in Octopus vulgaris fed on four diets based on bogue Boops boops, from different origin and in two presentations: fresh discarded bogue (aquaculture by-product) (DB-f), fresh wild bogue (low price trash species) (WB-f), discarded bogue agglutinated moist diet (DB-m) and wild bogue agglutinated moist diet (WB-m). Diets based on DB showed higher lipid content (19–26% dw) than those based on WB (5–6% dw). Octopuses fed on DB-based diets showed higher growth (1.5–1.9% day−1) and higher protein efficiency ratio (0.64–0.69) than those fed on WB-based diet (1.1–1.5% day−1 and 0.36–0.37 respectively), which suggests good utilization of dietary lipids and also a possible protein sparing effect by lipids in O. vulgaris. Octopuses fed on diets presented fresh showed a higher growth (1.9–1.5% day−1) and a higher feed efficiency (62–65%) than those fed on agglutinated diets (1.1–1.5% and 52–60% day−1 respectively). Regarding fatty acids, the digestive gland clearly reflected dietary lipid and fatty acid profile, while muscle showed a more stable composition. Low dietary ARA content reflected in octopus tissues, especially in specimens fed on DB-based diets, which did not seem to affect growth during the experimental period.