Supply Module Research Articles

Wireless Sensor Networks Overview

Wireless sensor networks have become widely used for their high accuracy, safety, and reliability, particularly in military applications where information is critical to victory. Chinese scholars have conducted research on wireless sensor technology, with the aim of reducing costs, meeting low power requirements, and adapting to environmental changes to enhance China's military strength. However, data transmission speeds are slower and signal strength weaker compared to wired networks due to physical and technical limitations, which may result in slower or even interrupted data and file transfer speeds. Despite these limitations, wireless sensor networks have played a critical role in China's reconnaissance system for collecting and processing information in the battlefield environment. The technical principles of wireless sensor networks involve a distributed sensing system with multiple nodes consisting of data collection, big data processing, information processing, and energy supply modules. The identification and tracking of battlefield targets rely on passive observation of objects in activity using acoustic vibration sensors. The development of wireless sensor networks is still ongoing, with problems including limited computing power, storage capacity, communication ability, and energy supply of sensor nodes, as well as the potential for information leakage during the transmission process.

Development of a control strategy for an air supply module for pressurizing fuel cells in airborne applications

In order to obtain high power and efficiency while operating PEM fuel cells in airborne applications, pressurizing the inlet air is necessary. The control strategy for dynamic operation of an air supply module was developed in order to provide cathode inlet air at optimal conditions (mass flow, pressure, humidity and temperature) for different ambient conditions and varying power demand. A surge avoidance strategy without additional surge control valves was successfully implemented. The system was successfully tested statically and dynamically and afterwards connected to a fuel cell system. The air supply module was able to provide cathode pressure, mass flow and humidity dynamically as requested and the developed control strategy was able to avoid unstable operation.

Research on the close-range photogrammetry accuracy of 3D digital interactive platform of Hunan intangible cultural heritage

Abstract This paper designed a three-dimensional digital interactive platform, which takes power supply module, image data acquisition module, control module, data transmission module and ESAM module as the main hardware and makes it feasible to realize power supply transmission, multiple data acquisition, platform process control, data transmission, data encryption and decryption, and identity authentication. Then, through relative orientation element calculation, model point coordinate calculation, relative orientation model proportion coefficient calculation, relative orientation model deformation accuracy calculation, and relative orientation accuracy calculation, this paper realized the relative control of close-range photogrammetry, improving the accuracy of close-range photogrammetry. The results show that the relative control method of close-range photogrammetry studied in this paper can increase the relative accuracy from 319 to 769 and improve the average value of the relative orientation model deformation accuracy from 0.4282 to 0.5938. In addition, in performance analysis, the response time of the platform is 0.32s, the accuracy of close-range photogrammetry is 96.3%, and the comprehensiveness of data detection is 94.37%. Therefore, it is concluded that using the method proposed in this paper, the relative orientation model deformation accuracy is increased, the accuracy of close-range photogrammetry is the highest, and the data detection is more comprehensive.

An 800-W Four-Level Supply Modulator for Efficient Envelope Tracking of RF Transmitters

Modern RF communication and electronic warfare applications require systems capable of amplifying signals with high bandwidths and high peak to average power ratios (PAPR). One technique used to meet these demands is supply modulation also known as envelope tracking where the drain voltage of the power amplifier (PA) is dynamically changed according to the signal envelope. The limiting factor with supply modulation is typically the efficiency and switching speed of the power converter. The power converter must also be capable of producing high power levels when supplying an array of PA units or a single high power transmitter. This paper demonstrates the design and characterization of a four-level discrete supply modulator with a peak output power of 800W operating at a maximum switching frequency of 10MHz. The modulator switches between four discrete voltages from 10 to 20V. GaN on silicon HEMT power transistors are selected for the switching devices after conducting a survey of commercially available silicon MOSFET, silicon-carbide MOSFET, and GaN on silicon power transistors. Trace interconnect models are developed to achieve accurate predictions of the time domain waveforms, including ringing at the switching edges. These interconnects are first analyzed using full-wave electromagnetic simulations, and then modeled with RLC networks suitable for time domain simulations. For a test signal with equal duty cycle between the four levels, an efficiency greater than 94.0% is demonstrated for average output powers exceeding 91.6W. When tracking the envelope of an 8MHz 64-QAM signal, an average efficiency of 93.5% is achieved providing a peak power of 800W.

A 2.7 W AC-Coupled Hybrid Supply Modulator Achieving 200 MHz Envelope-Tracking Bandwidth for 5G New Radio Power Amplifier

Envelope tracking is an effective way to improve the efficiency of radio frequency power amplifiers (PAs). This paper presents a wideband hybrid envelope tracking supply modulator (ETSM) for 5G New Radio (NR) PAs. To reach a wide envelope tracking bandwidth of 200MHz while maintaining high power efficiency, this work utilized a linear amplifier (LA) with accurate frequency compensation and enhanced driving capability. The proposed low-pass sense and control (LPSC) circuit ensures that the switching power amplifier (SPM) only tracks the low-frequency components of the envelope to reduce the switching power loss. The proposed dual-path duty modulator regulates the voltage across the AC-coupling capacitor. This supply modulator circuit is designed and fabricated using 0.18μm BCD technology. When tracking 200MHz bandwidth envelope signals, the prototype ETSM achieves 78.5% efficiency at the output power of 2.7W when taking a realistic 4Ω//600pF load as the PA model.

Research on the Control Method of Micro-gas Turbine Power Supply Modulation System for Primary Energy in Electromagnetic Launch Technology

Combining the advantages of micro-gas turbine generation system (MTGS) and power converters, moreover, comparing the various design ideas for the primary energy of electromagnetic launch technology, we design a primary energy to meet the reliability, stability, safety and portable of electromagnetic launch technology. We discuss the control ideas and methods to be adopted in this system, the first step is to output a stable DC bus voltage through rectification, and then to step up the voltage through a series resonant converter to achieve the desired output voltage. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, it reveals the effect of this load on the performance of MTGS, and the parameter optimization design is combined with the voltage outer loop control strategy to achieve the purpose of outputting stable voltage. We used a ARM controller to implement the control of this system to measure the response curve of the system under different input commands. According to the theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental results, the control strategy designed in this paper can better meet the performance index requirements of micro-gas turbine engine (MTE) and power converter as well as the control method is simple and easy to implement in engineering. The results of this paper confirm the feasibility of this primary energy application for electromagnetic launch technology.

Heterologous Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid Using a New Hyaluronic Acid Synthase Derived from the Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural linear polysaccharide extensively used in many fields, including the food, medicine, and cosmetics industries. Currently, species that produce HA synthetase (HAS) from microbial sources are relatively small and mainly pathogenic, such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Pasteurella multicide. Moreover, there is limited research on the safe microbial sources of HAS. Thus, we characterized SthasA, a HAS derived from the probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus, and used it for the de novo synthesis of HA in a chassis strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Metabolic engineering of the precursor supply modules suggested that hasB (encoding UDPG dehydrogenase), which was derived from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, effectively promoted the accumulation of HA products. Furthermore, by combining the expression of the global regulatory factor CcpA, HA yield from the recombinant strain reached 3.20 g/L. Finally, we obtained a yield of 5.57 g/L HA with a molecular weight of 1.7 × 106 Da using various process optimization strategies in a 5 L bioreactor. This study enriches our understanding of obtaining HAS from non-pathogenic bacteria and provides a safe and effective process for producing HA, which has the potential to promote the industrial applications of HA further.

FORMATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE SPACE INDUSTRIAL PLATFORM

Placement of space industrial platforms in near space will allow the implementation of technological processes for the production of unique substances and materials with characteristics that are difficult to achieve on Earth. The purpose of this work is the formation of a conceptual design of a space industrial platform. The conceptual design of the industrial platform depends on the type of technological process implemented on it, the volume of production, the interfaces for connecting the technological equipment to the platform. In general, an industrial platform is equipped with main and secondary modules. The main modules include: a body with support framework, a control module, an energy complex, a module for thermal regime supporting, a module for supporting of orientation and stabilization, an on-board transport system, an industrial module, receiving and shipping docks, a module for storing finished products. The main equipment for implementing the technological process is placed in the industrial module. The set of auxiliary modules is determined by the type of production. In general, secondary modules are characterized by the following list: raw material storage module, raw material primary processing module, raw material supply module to technological equipment, auxiliary substance storage and supply module (water, gas, solution) to technological equipment, auxiliary substance preparation module, heat removal module from equipment for the thermal regulation system of the platform, the gas outlet module from the equipment to the platform ventilation and gas outlet system. The structure of the industrial platform control module has been developed. The conceptual design of the space industrial platform has been formed. The model for determining the mass of the main and auxiliary modules of the platform has been refined and expanded.

A Review of Hybrid Supply Modulators in CMOS Technologies for Envelope Tracking PAs

This paper reviews trends, architectures, and recent developments in CMOS-based supply modulators (SM) used for envelope-tracking power amplifiers (ET-PAs). This review details the most commonly used hybrid supply modulator (HSM) architecture in CMOS, and discusses its performance requirements and design challenges. The importance of efficiency, speed, linearity, and output power in HSM design is delineated and different methods that focus on maximizing these performance parameters are presented. Finally, the design challenges of envelope tracking systems are discussed, and an overview of device technologies for implementing SM and ET-PAs is given.

Systematic modulating carbon metabolism to improve α-farnesene production in Pichia pastoris

α-farnesene, a simple acyclic sesquiterpenes, has significant economic value in medicine, condiments, cosmetics and bioenergy. In this study, we increased α-farnesene production through modifying three module pathways: the main MVA biosynthesis module, the farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) branch module and the cytosolic acetyl-CoA supply module. To do these, the appropriate promoters were used to control the expression level of the key enzymes to strengthen the main MVA biosynthesis module and the cytosolic acetyl-CoA supply module as well as to weaken FPP branch module in P. pastoris X33 with expression of α-farnesene synthase (αFS) from Malus domestica. As a result, a α-farnesene high-producing strain P. pastoris XF22 was obtained, which produced 17.92 ± 1.35 g/L of α-farnesene with a productivity of 0.107 g/(L·h) and a yield of 0.078 g/(g glucose) after 168 h in fed-batch fermentation. Although the titer of α-farnesene is not the highest, the productivity and the yield in this study are the highest among the reported literatures, demonstrating that strain XF22 is a competitive platform strain for α-farnesene production.

Design and analysis of a pulsed coil power supply for the DIII-D tokamak

This paper presents the design of the coil power supply system which provides a pulsed current of ±16 kA for several coils within the DIII-D Tokamak. The coil power supply system consists of 6 power supply modules and a master module controller. Each power supply module would be designed to produce ±450 VDC and ±2.66 kA (nominal) in all 4 quadrants, and 12 times carrier phase shifting PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technology was adopted to satisfy the fast response and low ripple content of the power supply system. Meanwhile, the mathematical model of the power supply system was established to analyze the dynamic relationship between the system input and output variables, the transfer function was optimized by compensation circuit to increase the stability of the system. At last, the simulation and theoretical analysis had been completed to verify the stability and fast response of the coil power supply system.

Real-Time Monitoring of Tire Condition with Fast Detection Passive and Wireless TPMS

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Accurate tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is of great practical importance and the reliability and safety of its power supply module has great concern. The piezoelectric-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor is considered to have great potential in this field because of its passive, wireless and small size advantages. This paper presents the application of passive and wireless SAW sensors for real-time tire condition monitoring. The pressure sensitive structure is optimized and a three-resonator structure is also designed sensing temperature and pressure. Furthermore, a fast detection system is developed to realize high-speed signal acquisition. At last, experiments are executed and the SAW temperature and pressure sensor property is measured. The results show that the designed SAW sensor can realize real-time monitoring of tire condition; the temperature measurement range can reach -40~120°C with an accuracy of ±1°C; the pressure measurement range can reach 0~2MPa with an accuracy of 0.2MPa. This paper indicates the wireless and passive SAW temperature and pressure sensor system has the potential for application in real-time monitoring of tire condition.</div></div>

Research on Distributed Measurement and Control System Based on FlexRay Bus

With the purpose of the design problem of electromagnetic launch distributed measurement and control system, this paper proposes a design method of scalable large-scale distributed interconnected measurement and control system based on FlexRay bus. The task execution time deviation of each node in the distributed system, including phase deviation and frequency deviation, is reduced by using the macro tick generation process and clock synchronization process to achieve task synchronization in the distributed system. The synchronization of timing generation is realized based on the universal clock technology. When the timing interval is zero, the pulse power units are guaranteed to be close to the ideal full synchronization, thus ensuring that the released energy during transmission is close to the design value. In the state of adjustable timing, when the pulse power supply module conducts pulse discharge, the trigger discharge times of the modules are set according to the load needs. The flat top, sawtooth, and other characteristic current waveforms are adjusted accurately. At the same time, a combined multi-level protection structure based on hardware and software is realized. The verification results show that the distributed electromagnetic launch measurement and control system implemented in this paper can meet the high efficiency, fast and continuous launch target.

Research on Application of Three Closed-loop Autonomous Current Sharing Control Technology in Artillery Power System

The new artillery power system adopts the power supply mode of multiple power modules in parallel, which has the advantages of strong versatility, high power, high reliability, and low cost. The main difficulty lies in the current sharing of the power supply modules. Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional current sharing method such as low current sharing accuracy, poor dynamic response, poor output voltage stability, and low anti-interference ability, this article analyzes the necessity of parallel power supply current sharing and the principle of traditional average current sharing method, based on average current sharing method, a three-closed-loop autonomous current sharing control method is proposed, and a system model of power supply modules operating in parallel is established to realize the intelligent and autonomous average current distribution of power supply modules operating in parallel in the artillery power system to meet the power required by the load in the system. Through simulation analysis and prototype test, it is verified that the three closed-loop autonomous current sharing control has the advantages of high current sharing accuracy, fast dynamic response, good stability and strong robustness.

Design and verification of VCU system based on ISO26262

According to ISO26262 standard, the functional safety analysis of the pure electric vehicle’s concept stage of Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) was carried out. From this, the safety goals and ASIL levels of the VCU are determined. According to the safety analysis method, the functional safety requirements of the VCU at the vehicle level are obtained. At the hardware architecture level, the functional safety design of the VCU’s microcontroller module, storage module, and power supply module is carried out to meet the functional safety development requirements. Carefully consideration of software failures that may occur during VCU software development. These include software architecture design, safety-critical code/program flow monitoring, change management, and safety-critical variables. The fault injection test of the VCU demonstrates the feasibility of this technology.

Effect of interpulse voltage on recast layer machined by HSWEDM

ABSTRACT To improve the cutting speed and reduce burned layer caused by the accumulation of discharge products during high energy high-speed wire electrical discharge machining (HSWEDM), it is necessary to further study the discharge characteristics. Based on not changing the original high-frequency pulse power supply and servo feed system, an interpulse voltage power supply module is designed to improve the electrolysis effect. Comparative results show that under the same experimental conditions, the interpulse voltage can improve machining stability and cutting speed during high-energy rough cutting. The thickness of the recast layer can be reduced by 37.1%. The recast layer can be greatly reduced by the rough cutting and trimming process. The interpulse voltage has a major influence on the finishing process. The thickness of the recast layer can be further reduced from 16.65 μm to 6.23 μm by optimizing the order of interpulse voltage applied to the process.

Quartet trade-off for regional water resources allocation optimization with multiple water sources: A decentralized bi-level multi-objective model under hybrid uncertainty

Multiple uncertainties from water resource allocation have posed new challenges to balanced regional development. On the one hand, in the context of global water shortage crisis, groundwater, as an important water supply module, is facing severe risk of shortage. On the other hand, the regional authorities need to coordinate the contradictory water demand brought by the heterogeneous water use objectives from multiple water use levels, and these demands are also subject to complex uncertainties. How to mitigate the risks posed by uncertainties, ensure regional water security and balance participants, is attracting the keen attention of decision-makers around the world. Therefore, this study establishes a decentralized bi-level multi-objective regional water resources allocation (RWRA) optimization model under hybrid uncertainty, aiming at an optimal quartet trade-off of equity, sustainability, equilibrium, and efficiency. To deal with the hybrid uncertainty in the model, water demand is set as a random fuzzy number, and the groundwater constraint is combined with fuzzy chance-constrained programming (FCCP). Then, the decentralized bi-level multi-objective model is solved by the bi-level interactive method based on the satisfactory solution incorporated with the chaotic-particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm. The proposed model and solution approach are then applied to the Dongjiang River Basin in Guangdong Province of China to verify the validity and utility of the model. The results show that (1) the model can effectively meet the different objectives requirements of regional authority and sub-areas; (2) groundwater constraint parameters has a significant impact on the model results, especially the Gini coefficient decreases by 13.6% when groundwater is used as a water source supplement; (3) from single-level model to decentralized bi-level model, the satisfactory balance of the two levels increases from 0.1457 to 0.793, which indicates that the decentralized bi-level model makes the two levels more balanced than the single-level model. Based on the results, some management recommendations for participants are finally provided.

Problematic Interfaces and Prevention Strategies in Modular Construction

Modular construction increasingly is used for building projects to improve productivity, quality, and sustainability. However, interfaces between modules and site-based works are complex, and often cause problems that hinder the wide application of the modular approach. This paper investigated problematic interfaces in modular construction and their causes, and developed prevention strategies. The research was carried out through a 1-year participatory case study with a modular building project, coupled with an interview-based survey with leading module suppliers in the United Kimgdom. Wide-ranging problematic interfaces were identified in physical, contractual, and organizational groups from the case study, and their interconnections and complexities were examined using social network analysis. The case study results highlighted the significance of physical problematic interfaces and indicated the centrality of the module supplier in both facing and causing the problematic interfaces, which was echoed by findings from the module supplier survey. Likewise, a variety of causes were identified in the technical, contractual, and organizational aspects, markedly, the lack of management and coordination, and poor communications. Effective communication between the module supplier and installer and all other subcontractors was found to be most critical to preventing problematic interfaces, for which the module supplier should advocate and the principal contractor should coordinate. This research demonstrated the interconnections and complexities of problematic interfaces and their causes in modular construction with empirical evidence, and highlighted the leading role of module suppliers in preventing problematic interfaces. The findings contribute to a better understanding of complex problematic interfaces in modular construction and provide valuable insights into interface management of modular building projects.

Solar powered wireless water quality monitoring system for ornamental fish

Ornamental fish have become a popular pet choice due to their convenience and attractiveness. In order to protect the growth and health of ornamental fish and timely improve the water quality conditions, a solar powered wireless water quality monitoring system for ornamental fish was proposed and developed. The system includes the solar power supply module, sensing module and master control module. The solar power supply module includes the solar panel with solar power management module. The sensing module includes the pH and temperature sensor and the master control unit module includes the microprocessor, data remote transmission unit and the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) screen display. The system sustainability performance, sensing performance, and the system evaluation of the solar powered wireless monitoring system for water quality were analyzed and evaluated. The system could effectively acquire the pH and temperature sensor data in water by solar energy powering and wirelessly transmit to the remote monitoring devices such as the smart phone by WiFi or Bluetooth. The proposed system has a potential application example for many kinds of water quality monitoring by renewable energy harvesting to improve the sustainability and quality.

A Modified JFNK for Solving the HTR Steady State Secondary Circuit Problem

A nuclear power plant is a complex coupling system, which features multi-physics coupling between reactor physics and thermal-hydraulics in the reactor core, as well as the multi-circuit coupling between the primary circuit and the secondary circuit by the shared steam generator (SG). Especially in the pebble-bed modular HTR nuclear power plant, different nuclear steam supply modules are further coupled together through the shared main steam pipes and the related equipment in the secondary circuit, since the special configuration of multiple reactor modules connects to a steam turbine. The JFNK (Jacobian-Free Newton–Krylov) method provides a promising coupling framework to solve the whole HTR nuclear power plant problem, due to its excellent convergence rate and strong robustness. In this work, the JFNK method was modified and applied to the steady-state calculation of the HTR secondary circuit, which plays an important role in simultaneous solutions for the whole HTR nuclear power plant. The main components in the secondary circuit included SG, steam turbine, condenser, feed pump, high/low-pressure heat exchanger, deaerator, as well as the extraction steam from the steam turbine. The results showed that the JFNK method can effectively solve the steady state issue of the HTR secondary circuit. Moreover, the JFNK method could converge well within a wide range of initial values, indicating its strong robustness.