Modulation Process Research Articles

Математическое моделирование процесса промерзания грунтов земляного полотна железных дорог в условиях холодного климата

Purpose: Mathematical model for studying the process of soil freezing given moisture migration is developed. Numerical modeling of temperature mode of railway subgrade at non-stationary pro-cess in cold climate conditions is performed. Methods: Numerical implementation of the model is performed by mathematical module processing in COMSOL Multiphysics program, which’s based on partial differential equations (PDE), with finite element method. The model reliability is con-firmed by the comparison with previous experimental data and the results of simulation by other authors. Results: Calculation results on the developed model basis show the best correlation with experimental data in comparison with the results for other models. Calculation example and calcu-lation results for subgrade temperature mode in freezing-thawing fifth cycle are presented. The analysis of soil freezing depth change and soil temperature fluctuation change by depth by fifth year are carried out. Practical significance: The developed mathematical model makes it possible to predict soil freezing depth, taking into account moisture migration, including freezing and thawing depth changes caused by climate warming. The developed model can be used both, to study the mechanism of subgrade temperature mode distribution at freezing and thawing, and to improve subgrade construction for to protect it from soil frost heaving.

Dual-Site Chemosensor for Monitoring ·OH-Cysteine Redox in Cells and In Vivo

The reaction between hydroxyl radical (·OH) and cysteine (Cys) plays an important role in the redox balance of living cells. A deeper insight into this intracellular reaction modulation and process is necessary and draws great interest. A highly effective technique consists of the real-time visualization of the two bioactive species and the perception of their respective changes by using a fluorescent probe. In this study, a dual-site chemosensor SPI based on phenothiazine-cyanine was developed, which realized quantitative detection and real-time imaging of ·OH and Cys at their own fluorescence channels (·OH: λex = 485 nm, λem = 608 nm; Cys: λex = 426 nm, λem = 538 nm) without spectral crosstalk. The fluorescent sensor showed excellent anti-interference and selectivity for common biological substances, apart from the successful imaging of exogenous and endogenous ·OH and Cys. We further visualized the redox dynamic reaction and explored the correlation of ·OH and Cys generated by different inhibitors (sulfasalazine and (1S, 3R)-RSL3). Notably, the chemosensor also possesses the capacity to clearly monitor ·OH and Cys in living mice and zebrafish. This study reports on the first chemosensor to investigate the process of intracellular redox modulation and control between ·OH and Cys, which show potential to further explore some metabolic and physiological mechanisms.

Proteomics and Phospho-Proteomics Profiling of the Co-Formulation of Type I and II Interferons, HeberFERON, in the Glioblastoma-Derived Cell Line U-87 MG.

HeberFERON, a co-formulation of Interferon (IFN)-α2b and IFN-γ, has effects on skin cancer and other solid tumors. It has antiproliferative effects over glioblastoma multiform (GBM) clones and cultured cell lines, including U-87 MG. Here, we report the first label-free quantitative proteomic and phospho-proteomic analyses to evaluate changes induced by HeberFERON after 72 h incubation of U-87 MG that can explain the effect on cellular proliferation. LC-MS/MS, functional enrichment and networking analysis were performed. We identified 7627 proteins; 122 and 211 were down- and up-regulated by HeberFERON (fold change > 2; p < 0.05), respectively. We identified 23,549 peptides (5692 proteins) and 8900 phospho-peptides; 523 of these phospho-peptides (359 proteins) were differentially modified. Proteomic enrichment showed IFN signaling and its control, direct and indirect antiviral mechanisms were the main modulated processes. Phospho-proteome enrichment displayed the cell cycle as one of the most commonly targeted events together with cytoskeleton organization; translation/RNA splicing, autophagy and DNA repair, as represented biological processes. There is a high interconnection of phosphoproteins in a molecular network; mTOR occupies a centric hub with interactions with translation machinery, cytoskeleton and autophagy components. Novel phosphosites and others with unknown biological functionality in key players in the aforementioned processes were regulated by HeberFERON and involved CDK and ERK kinases. These findings open new experimental hypotheses regarding HeberFERON action. The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of HeberFERON effector mechanisms in the context of GBM treatment.

Transcriptomic landscape of TIMP3 oncosuppressor activity in thyroid carcinoma

BackgroundPapillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most frequent thyroid tumor. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) gene encodes a matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor that exerts a tumor suppressor role in several tumor types. TIMP3 is frequently downregulated in PTC by promoter methylation. We have previously functionally demonstrated that TIMP3 exerts an oncosuppressor role in PTC: TIMP3 restoration in the PTC-derived NIM1 cell line affects in vitro migration, invasion and adhesive capability, while reduces tumor growth, angiogenesis and macrophage recruitment in vivo. To get a deeper insight on the mediators of TIMP3 oncosuppressor activity in thyroid tumors, here we focused on the TIMP3 related transcriptome.MethodsTCGA database was used for investigating the genes differentially expressed in PTC samples with low and high TIMP3 expression. Genome wide expression analysis of clones NIM1-T23 (expressing a high level of TIMP3 protein) and NIM1-EV (control empty vector) was performed. Gene sets and functional enrichment analysis with clusterProfiler were applied to identify the modulated biological processes and pathways. CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the distribution of different immunological cell types in TCGA-PTC tumor samples with different TIMP3 expression levels. Real time PCR was performed for the validation of selected genes.ResultsThyroid tumors with TIMP3-high expression showed a down-modulation of inflammation-related gene sets, along with a reduced protumoral hematopoietic cells fraction; an enrichment of cell adhesion functions was also identified. Similar results were obtained in the TIMP3-overexpessing NIM1 cells in vitro model, where a down-regulation of immune-related function gene sets, some of which also identified in tumor samples, was observed. Interestingly, through enrichment analysis, were also recognized terms related to cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, blood vessel maintenance and vascular process functions that have been found modulated in our previous in vitro and in vivo functional studies.ConclusionsOur results highlight the correlation of TIMP3 expression levels with the regulation of inflammatory functions and the immune infiltration composition associated with different PTC prognosis, thus providing a broader view on the oncosuppressor role of TIMP3 in PTC.

Comprehensive modulation potential for the solar modulation of Galactic cosmic rays

The concept of the modulation potential being utilized to describe the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays is calculated based on the full three-dimensional Parker transport equation. This is in sharp contrast to the force-field approach, which is based on a series of approximations of this equation and where traditionally all the physical processes are condensed into a single parameter without knowing their relative contribution. In our comprehensive approach to the modulation potential, the contribution of all the different physical processes is given explicitly as derived directly from the parameters of Parker's transport equation. We use the stochastic differential equations approach to study the effects of each of these different physical modulation processes thoroughly and then also determine the rigidity and mass-to-charge-ratio ($A/Z$) of these processes for the first time in the context of a modulation potential. It is found that: (1) This comprehensive modulation potential for galactic cosmic particles with a given rigidity at the Earth is a random variable, which can be fit by an inverse Gaussian distribution; (2) the rigidity and $A/Z$ dependence of this modulation potential can be divided into three categories based on the index value of power law diffusion; (3) the modulation caused by convection becomes weaker with increased rigidity and eventually dissipates, leading to a larger modulation potential for particles with a larger $A/Z$; (4) particle drift significantly reduces this modulation potential and its variation with changes in the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet has a distinct pattern for each of the two solar magnetic field polarities.

Inventory control with modulated demand and a partially observed modulation process

We consider a periodic review inventory control problem having an underlying modulation process that affects demand and that is partially observed by the uncensored demand process and a novel additional observation data (AOD) process. We present an attainability condition, AC, that guarantees the existence of an optimal myopic base stock policy if the reorder cost $$K=0$$ and the existence of an optimal (s, S) policy if $$K>0$$ , where both policies depend on the belief function of the modulation process. Assuming AC holds, we show that (i) when $$K=0$$ , the value of the optimal base stock level is constant within regions of the belief space and that each region can be described by two linear inequalities and (ii) when $$K>0$$ , the values of s and S and upper and lower bounds on these values are constant within regions of the belief space and that these regions can be described by a finite set of linear inequalities. A heuristic and bounds for the $$K=0$$ case are presented when AC does not hold. Special cases of this inventory control problem include problems considered in the Markov-modulated demand and Bayesian updating literatures.

Utilizing AI to unveil the nonlinear interplay of convection, drift, and diffusion on galactic cosmic ray modulation in the inner heliosphere

Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) are charged particles, originating from galactic and/or extra-galactic Supernova Remnants (SNR), that continuously permeate the Heliosphere. The GCRs are modulated in the heliosphere by convection by solar wind (SW), drift via gradients and curvatures in the Heliospheric Magnetic Field (HMF), diffusion from fluctuations in the HMF, and adiabatic cooling in the expanding SW. An improved understanding of their modulation is imperative as studies on the variations in solar activity levels and solar eruptions in the past rely heavily on the relationship between their modulation and formation of the secondary particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. Here, for the first time, we utilize an AI method, Light Gradient Boosting Machines (LightGBM), to investigate the nonlinear interplay among the modulation processes in different timescales. Our study indicates that the nonlinear interplay among the mechanisms responsible for the GCR modulation in the inner heliosphere are not limited to the scenario of “drift-dominated solar minimum” versus “diffusion-dominated solar maximum”, instead they have dynamic behavior displaying variations in time and in timescales. This study also demonstrates the value of using AI methods to investigate non-linear physical processes in Space Physics in the era of big data.

Enhancing active reconfigurable intelligent surface

A Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) panel comprises many independent Reflective Elements (REs). One possible way to implement an RIS is to use a binary passive load impedance connected to an antenna element to achieve the modulation of reflected radio waves. Each RE reflects incoming waves (incident signal) by using on/off modulation between two passive loads and adjusting its phase using a Phase Shifter (PS). However, this modulation process reduces the amplitude of the reflected output signal to less than unity. Therefore, recent RIS works have employed Reflection Amplifiers (RAs) to compensate for the losses incurred during the modulation process. However, these systems only improve the reflection coefficient for a single modulation state, resulting in suboptimal RE efficacy. Thus, this paper proposes a strategy for optimising RE by continuously activating the RA regardless of the switching load state. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in two scenarios: (1) In the first scenario (Sc1), the RA only operates to compensate for high-impedance loads, and (2) in the second scenario (Sc2), the RA runs continuously regardless of the RE loads. To benchmark the performance of Sc1 and Sc2, various metrics are compared, including signal-to-noise ratio, insertion loss, noise figure, communication range, and power-added efficiency. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. It is found that the proposed system in Sc2 leads to better overall performance compared to Sc1 due to the increased gain of the RIS reflection.

Application of telomere biology and telomerase in mesenchymal stem cells

With the increasing understanding of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), their potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has attracted more attention. However, some important problems need to be solved before clinical application, such as low amplification efficiency, inconsistent cell product quality, and unsatisfactory survival rate at the receptor site. Telomeres act as a clock, and they shorten when cells divide. The main mechanism for reversing telomere length is telomerase. Furthermore, telomerase is involved in antioxidation, antiapoptosis, immunological modulation, and other noncanonical processes in addition to proliferation-related tasks. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the telomere biology and telomerase of MSCs to improve their proliferation, performance stability, and antiscavenging ability. This review summarizes the progress of telomerase biological function and mechanism in MSCs, and discusses the current situation and deficiency of telomerase-related application in MSCs.

Gray Image Denoising Based on Array Stochastic Resonance and Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm

Aiming at the poor effect of traditional denoising algorithms on image enhancement with strong noise, an image denoising algorithm based on improved whale optimization algorithm and parameter adaptive array stochastic resonance is proposed in the paper. In this algorithm, through dimensionality reduction scanning, coding, modulation and other processing, the noise-containing gray image becomes a one-dimensional aperiodic binary pulse amplitude modulation signal suitable for a bistable stochastic resonance model. Then, the traditional whale optimization algorithm is improved in the initial solution distribution, global search ability and population diversity generalization. The improved whale optimization algorithm is applied to select the parameters of the stochastic resonance, which effectively improves the parameters self-adaptive of the array stochastic resonance model. Finally, the denoised image is obtained by demodulating, decoding and anti-scanning the stochastic resonance output. The experimental results show that compared with the array stochastic resonance method with fixed parameters and the classical image denoising method, the algorithm proposed in this paper has better performance in terms of visual effect and peak signal-to-noise ratio index, which proves the advantages and effective application of the method in image denoising.

Visual object detection biases escape trajectories following acoustic startle in larval zebrafish

In this study, we investigated whether the larval zebrafish is sensitive to the presence of obstacles in its environment. Zebrafish execute fast escape swims when in danger of predation. We posited that collisions with solid objects during escape would be maladaptive to the fish, and therefore, the direction of escape swims should be informed by the locations of barriers. To test this idea, we developed a closed-loop imaging rig outfitted with barriers of various qualities. We show that when larval zebrafish escape in response to a non-directional vibrational stimulus, they use visual scene information to avoid collisions with obstacles. Our study demonstrates that barrier avoidance rate corresponds to the absolute distance of obstacles, as distant barriers outside of collision range elicit less bias than nearby collidable barriers that occupy the same amount of visual field. The computation of barrier avoidance is covert: the fact that fish will avoid barriers during escape cannot be predicted by its routine swimming behavior in the barrier arena. Finally, two-photon laser ablation experiments suggest that excitatory bias is provided to the Mauthner cell ipsilateral to approached barriers, either via direct excitation or a multi-step modulation process. We ultimately propose that zebrafish detect collidable objects via an integrative visual computation that is more complex than retinal occupancy alone, laying a groundwork for understanding how cognitive physical models observed in humans are implemented in an archetypal vertebrate brain. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Ambros Rieder (1771‒1855) and the Art of Preluding

Ambros (or Ambrosius) Mathias Rieder (1771‒1855) is perhaps one of the most underrepresented personalities of the music centre Vienna in the late 18th and first half of the 19th century in contemporary musicological and music-theoretical discourse. Both his achievements as a composer and in the field of music theory are remarkable. In particular, Rieder is to be valued and appreciated as a preserver of the tradition of prelude playing, which became increasingly less important in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In the course of his life, he not only wrote several theoretical-practical textbooks dealing with this tradition, but with his own compositions he also provided excellent examples for the implementation of the rules presented in his theory books. With his “fugal preludes”, Rieder furthermore made a weighty contribution to the development of the genre.&#x0D; With the help of the music theory presented in Riederʼs Anleitung zum Präludiren auf der Orgel oder dem Piano-Forte, Op. 84, Vienna, undated [1826], this text examines the Präludien und Fughetten für die Orgel oder das Pianoforte, Op. 82, Vienna 1826 with regard to harmony, counterpoint and form-determining modulation processes. An almost striking, rarely found interlocking of theory and compositional practice is revealed. Further and more comprehensive studies on this topic are desirable.

Expression of Trichinella spiralis serpin Tsp_01570 in Pichia pastoris: a first insight of its biomodulatory activity.

Serpins represent one of the most diverse families of serine protease inhibitors. Despite their complexity, they are virtually found in all organisms and play an important role in homeostasis processes such as blood coagulation, inflammation, fibrinolysis, immune responses, chromatin condensation, tumor suppression, and apoptosis. There has recently been particular interest in studying serpin functions in infection and inflammation, especially since more serpins from parasites have been identified and characterized. Among helminths, Trichinella spiralis is one of the few parasites with an extremely strong ability to induce host immune suppression. Previous studies show that serpins are present in Trichinella and are expressed differentially at different parasite stages. More interesting, there is evidence of a recombinant serpin from Trichinella pseudospiralis that alters macrophage polarization in vitro. This finding could be relevant to comprehend the modulation process of the immune response. We expressed Tsp_01570, a putative serpin gene from Trichinella spiralis, in the eukaryotic system Pichia pastoris SMD1168H and evaluated its presence at different parasite stages, finding the serine protease inhibitor in the crude extract of adult worms. The effect of recombinant serpin on THP-1 cells was tested by quantification of IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines released by ELISA. We also evaluated the expression of the M1 markers, CCR7 and CD86, and the M2 markers, CD163 and CD206, by immunofluorescence staining. This study represents the first insight in elucidating the importance of serpin Tsp_01570 as a potential molecular modulator.

Optimal interconnection of three‐terminal tandem solar cells

AbstractThree‐terminal (3T) tandem solar cells require an adapted module integration scheme in order to explore their full efficiency potential. The three terminals allow to extract the power of the top and bottom cell separately. In a cell string, the wide bandgap top cells are interconnected in parallel to multiple bottom cells resulting in a parallel/series interconnection. This interconnection scheme affects the operation of the subcells, the resulting current path between the subcells, the layout of the cell interconnects, and the system level. Here, we analyze by simulations and experiments the aspects of the module integration of series‐ and reverse‐connected 3T cells with their practical impact on module processes and performance as well as the effect of varying voltage ratios on the string‐end losses. If the subcells are connected in series, the module integration requires insulation layers and significantly longer interconnects compared to devices with reverse‐connected subcells. Tandem devices with a reverse connection and a voltage ratio between top and bottom cell of 2:1 allow a lean interconnection design and low integration losses. We present an approach for the integration of bypass diodes for the protection against shading effects that allow to minimize string‐end and shading losses for a system of modules featuring 3T cells.

Electrochemically mediated amine regeneration and proton concentration modulation processes for flue gas CO2 capture: Comparison and artificial intelligence-based optimization

Among different carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) systems, ones that are based on the electrochemical processes are at the center of attention. Developing a CCS system with a high energy efficiency can facilitate their applications. In this study, two electrochemical CO2 capture systems are optimized and compared from energy consumption perspective. The considered systems are electrochemically mediated amine regeneration (EMAR) and electrochemically proton concentration modulation (EPCM). Both systems are modeled using reactions equilibrium constants and species activity methods and then, based on the presented chemical model, their heat and electricity loads are calculated. The chemical and electrochemical models are validated by comparing the species concentrations and electrochemical cell’s potential with those of previous works. Also, a comprehensive parametric study is presented based on the design parameters, where the performances of the two systems are also compared. Additionally, the energy performances of the systems are modeled using artificial neural network (ANN) to the optimization intention. The obtained ANNs, as a multi-objective optimization function considering heat and electricity loads as objectives, are introduced to the genetic algorithm. Applying the genetic algorithm, both objectives are minimized simultaneously and illustrated in a Pareto front diagram. The results show that the EMAR system at different optimum states always exhibits lower heat and electricity loads than the EPCM system. In trade-off mode, consumption of electricity and heat load for the EMAR system are 38.8 kJ/mol CO2 and 79.2 kJ/mol CO2, respectively, while those of the EPCM system are respectively 45.58 kJ/mol CO2 and 200.3 kJ/mol CO2.

Behavioral signatures of Y-like neuronal responses in human vision

Retinal ganglion cells initiating the magnocellular/Y-cell visual pathways respond nonlinearly to high spatial frequencies (SFs) and temporal frequencies (TFs). This nonlinearity is implicated in the processing of contrast modulation (CM) stimuli in cats and monkeys, but its contribution to human visual perception is not well understood. Here, we evaluate human psychophysical performance for CM stimuli, consisting of a high SF grating carrier whose contrast is modulated by a low SF sinewave envelope. Subjects reported the direction of motion of CM envelopes or luminance modulation (LM) gratings at different eccentricities. The performance on SF (for LMs) or carrier SF (for CMs) was measured for different TFs (LMs) or carrier TFs (CMs). The best performance for LMs was at lower TFs and SFs, decreasing systematically with eccentricity. However, performance with CMs was bandpass with carrier SF, largely independent of carrier TF, and at the highest carrier TF (20 Hz) decreased minimally with eccentricity. Since the nonlinear subunits of Y-cells respond better at higher TFs compared to the linear response components and respond best at higher SFs that are relatively independent of eccentricity, these results suggest that behavioral tasks employing CM stimuli might reveal nonlinear contributions of retinal Y-like cells to human perception.

Dynamics of Above-Threshold Ionization and Laser-Assisted Electron Scattering inside Helium Nanodroplets.

Laser-assisted electron scattering (LAES) is a fundamental three body interaction process that enables energy transfer between electrons and photons in the presence of matter. Here, we focus on the multiscattering regime of electrons generated by above-threshold ionization (ATI) of In atoms inside a high-density nanostructure, helium nanodroplets (HeN) of ∼40 Å radius. The stochastic nature of the multiscattering regime results in photoelectron spectra independent of laser polarization. Numerical simulations via tunnel-type ionization followed by applying the Kroll-Watson approximation for LAES are in agreement with experimental spectra and yield a mechanistic description of electron generation and the LAES energy modulation processes. We find a negligible influence of the electron start position inside the helium droplet on the simulated electron energy spectrum. Further, our simulations shine light on the interplay of electron time of birth, number of LAES gain/loss events, and final kinetic energy; early ionization leads to the largest number of scattering events and thereby the highest electron kinetic energy.

A General Approach for Determining the Irradiance Distribution of EM Waves Propagating Through Random Media

The derivation of the probability density of irradiance for the received electromagnetic wave propagating through random inhomogeneities has applications in many diverse fields, such as optical wireless communications, radar, and imaging systems, to name few. The conventional approach in this regard is to combine distribution models, with each being found valid under different conditions, in a modulation process, e.g., the extended Rytov theory. However, in these techniques, the nature of the physical processes responsible for the randomness is not considered directly. Moreover, it is not clear how the model parameters are related to the physical environment. Recent research studies found that in random media, such as underwater, the exact physical processes in effect can significantly alter the distribution of the received signal intensity. In this article, a novel intensity distribution model is derived based on Rytov theory of propagation through weak turbulence. The physical parameters of the medium are directly included into the model parameters. Therefore, the resultant model is general enough to describe different physical environments. The utility of the model is validated by studying the effect of the medium parameters on the distribution through simulations.

Microfacies and Diageneses Associated Mishrif Formation in X Oilfield Southeast Iraq

The fractal fifteen thin section showed that the deposition of the Mishrif Formation is gradual upwards. It was deposited in a period that suffered from several marine fluctuations. It began as a cycle of marine retreat that led to the sedimentation of reefs, followed by a short-term marine advance, and then a widespread marine retreat that led to the emergence of sedimentary facies and various Rudist assemblies. Through scrutiny and analysis of the slides, the presence of five main facies (basin facies, slope facies, shallow open marine, shoal, and rudist biostrom environment) was observed. Theresults showed that the morphological processes re-crystallization, decomposition and dolomitization have the greatest role in improving the porosity, in addition to that the Rudist biostrom and shoal facies environment have good reservoir properties in units MA, MB2 and MB2.The modulation processes affecting the development of the reservoir properties of the different units were identified, with an indication of the severity of their impact and their role in the growth and destruction of porous systems. These processes are micritization, dissolution, dolomitization, cementation, recrystallization, stylolitization, and compaction.

AOE-Net: Entities Interactions Modeling with Adaptive Attention Mechanism for Temporal Action Proposals Generation

Temporal action proposal generation (TAPG) is a challenging task, which requires localizing action intervals in an untrimmed video. Intuitively, we as humans, perceive an action through the interactions between actors, relevant objects, and the surrounding environment. Despite the significant progress of TAPG, a vast majority of existing methods ignore the aforementioned principle of the human perceiving process by applying a backbone network into a given video as a black-box. In this paper, we propose to model these interactions with a multi-modal representation network, namely, Actors-Objects-Environment Interaction Network (AOE-Net). Our AOE-Net consists of two modules, i.e., perception-based multi-modal representation (PMR) and boundary-matching module (BMM). Additionally, we introduce adaptive attention mechanism (AAM) in PMR to focus only on main actors (or relevant objects) and model the relationships among them. PMR module represents each video snippet by a visual-linguistic feature, in which main actors and surrounding environment are represented by visual information, whereas relevant objects are depicted by linguistic features through an image-text model. BMM module processes the sequence of visual-linguistic features as its input and generates action proposals. Comprehensive experiments and extensive ablation studies on ActivityNet\(-\)1.3 and THUMOS-14 datasets show that our proposed AOE-Net outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods with remarkable performance and generalization for both TAPG and temporal action detection. To prove the robustness and effectiveness of AOE-Net, we further conduct an ablation study on egocentric videos, i.e. EPIC-KITCHENS 100 dataset. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/UARK-AICV/AOE-Net.