Modification Of Surface Properties Research Articles

Surface-engineered Multimodal Magnetic Nanoparticles: Scope and Applications

Abstract: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one of the classes of nanoparticles that produce magnetic properties by manipulation using a magnetic field. These MNPs are currently used in the theranostics disease modification of surface properties of MNPs, achieved by surface engineering, which provides different applications, such as enhancing thermal and optical properties, biocompatibility, conductivity and also mechanical and chemical properties. Advancement in the technology leads to the development of MNPs. For this instance, surface coating is used at molecular and cellular levels. The uses of coating material are based on organic and inorganic molecules, including polymer, liposomes, micelles, metal oxide, gold-NPs etc. Using different coatings exhibits multifunction properties, and this helps reduce toxicity, helps in biomedical applications, maintains stability, restricts surface fouling, etc. This review provides an in-depth knowledge of surface-engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) according to recent developments.

Concentration and reaction duration effects on synthesizing ZIF67 derivatives with NH4BF4 and NH4HF2 as efficient active material of energy storage device

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF67) with large surface area and tunable pore structure is intensively applied as a tailoring target for design active materials. An in-situ tailoring technique is proposed to design ZIF67 derivatives by using structure directing agents (SDA) to induce favorable morphology and composition. Ammonium fluoride is a common SDA for modifying surface properties of active materials. With the same ammonium and similar fluorine-based groups, NH4BF4 and NH4HF2 are priming to play as SDA for synthesizing ZIF67 derivatives. In this study, the synthetic process of ZIF67 derivatives is tailored by varying the precursor concentration and reaction time in systems with NH4BF4 and NH4HF2 as SDA. The precursor concentration plays significant roles in the composition of ZIF67 derivatives. The reaction duration has higher influences on the morphology. The highest specific capacitance (CF) of 1347.0 F/g at 20 mV/s is achieved for the ZIF67 derivative synthesized using low concentration and 18 h, owing to favorable cobalt and nickel hydroxide compositions and two-dimensional sheet-like structure. An energy storage device composed of the optimal ZIF67 derivative and carbon electrodes shows a maximum energy density of 11.96 Wh/kg at 650 W/kg. The excellent cycling stability with CF retention of 83.6% and Coulombic efficiency of 92.0% is obtained after 10000 cycles.

Synthesis of Raspberry-like Nanoparticles via Surface Grafting of Positively Charged Polyelectrolyte Brushes: Colloidal Stability and Surface Properties.

A method to synthesize stable, raspberry-like nanoparticles (NPs), using surface grafting of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) brushes on a polystyrene (PS) core with varying grafting densities, is reported. A two-step functionalization reaction of PGMA epoxide groups comprising an amination step first using ethylene diamine and then followed by a quaternization using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride generates permanently and positively charged polyelectrolyte brushes, which result in both steric and electrostatic stabilization. The dispersion stability of the brush-bearing NPs is dramatically improved compared to that of the pristine PS core in salt solutions at ambient (25 °C) and elevated temperatures (60 °C). Additionally, the grafted polyelectrolyte chains undergo a reversible swelling in the presence of different ionic strength (IS) salts, which modulate the surface properties, including roughness, stiffness, and adhesion. An atomic force microscope under both dry and wet conditions was used to image conformational changes of the polyelectrolyte chains during the swelling and deswelling transitions as well as to probe the nanomechanical properties by analyzing the corresponding force-sample separation curves. The quaternized polyelectrolyte brushes undergo a conformational transition from a collapsed state to a swelled state in the osmotic brush (OB) regime triggered by the osmotic gradient of mobile ions to the interior of the polymer chain. At IS ∼ 1 M, the brushes contract and the globules reform (salted brush state) as evidenced by an increase in the surface roughness and a reduction in the adhesion of the brushes. Beyond IS ∼ 1 M, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements show that salt uptake continues to take place predominantly on the exterior surface of the brush since salt adsorption is not accompanied by a size increase as measured by dynamic light scattering. The study adds new insights into our understanding of the behavior of NPs bearing salt-responsive polyelectrolyte brushes with adaptive swelling thresholds that can ultimately modulate surface properties.

TEM and X-ray diffraction studies of structure of TiNi SMA treated by low-energy high-current electron beam

Advanced scientific and technological achievements in the surface engineering of TiNi shape memory alloys are closely related with their mechanical performance. Electron-beam treatments could be applied in order to modify surface properties of smart materials and promote stress-induced martensitic transformations. The fundamental issue of electron-beam processing is residual elastic stresses arising from the ultrafast quenching (∼108 K/s) of thin (∼2–4 μm) surface layers. We report the experimental results on phase composition, structure and residual elastic stresses formed in the binary TiNi SMA irradiated by a low-energy (< 25 keV) high-current (∼ 25 kA) electron beam. Microstructure, fracture mechanisms and phase analysis of the as-cast and deformed tensile specimens have been studied by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. After electron-beam treatment, both martensitic B19′ and R phases are found in the near surface layer. The X-ray diffraction studies indicate that compressive stresses in the B2 phase of the irradiated TiNi alloy reach –460 MPa. In the fractured specimen (after tensile test) the residual stresses decrease to –160 MPa and release through the B2→B19′→B2 martensitic transformation. In-depth gradient distribution of the defect substructures responsible for the mechanical behavior of TiNi alloys was revealed.

Plasma-treated collagen functionalized with chondroitin sulfate as bioactive and nanostructured extracellular matrix mimics.

Aim: Cell microenvironment contains a plethora of information that influences cell modulation. Indeed, the extracellular matrix plays a central role in tissue development. Reproducing the cell-extracellular matrix crosstalk able to recapitulate both physical and biochemical signals is crucial to obtain functional tissue models or regenerative strategies. Materials & methods: Here, a combined method is proposed to easily functionalize collagen surface films, tailoring morphological properties. Oxygen nonthermal plasma treatment and glyco-conjugation with chondroitin sulfate are used to modify surface properties. Results: It resultsin higher adhesion, proliferationand morphological organization of U87 glioblastoma cells. Conclusion: Our finding suggests new promising strategies for the development of collagen-based biomaterials, which can be employed for advanced in vitro models.

Modification in Surface Properties of Bismuth after Thermal Plasma Treatment

Modification in Surface Properties of Bismuth after Thermal Plasma Treatment

Effect of Surface Wettability on Nanoparticle Deposition during Pool Boiling on Laser-Textured Copper Surfaces

Prior studies have evidenced the potential for enhancing boiling heat transfer through modifications of surface or fluid properties. The deployment of nanofluids in pool boiling systems is challenging due to the deposition of nanoparticles on structured surfaces, which may result in performance deterioration. This study addresses the use of TiO2–water nanofluids (mass concentrations of 0.001 wt.% and 0.1 wt.%) in pool boiling heat transfer and concurrent mitigation of nanoparticle deposition on superhydrophobic laser-textured copper surfaces. Samples, modified through nanosecond laser texturing, were subjected to boiling in an as-prepared superhydrophilic (SHPI) state and in a superhydrophobic state (SHPO) following hydrophobization with a self-assembled monolayer of fluorinated silane. The boiling performance assessment involved five consecutive boiling curve runs under saturated conditions at atmospheric pressure. Results on superhydrophilic surfaces reveal that the use of nanofluids always led to a deterioration of the heat transfer coefficient (up to 90%) compared to pure water due to high nanoparticle deposition. The latter was largely mitigated on superhydrophobic surfaces, yet their performance was still inferior to that of the same surface in water. On the other hand, CHF values of 1209 kW m−2 and 1462 kW m−2 were recorded at 0.1 wt.% concentration on both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, respectively, representing a slight enhancement of 16% and 27% compared to the results obtained on their counterparts investigated in water.

Investigating NH3-SCR coupled with CO oxidation reaction mechanisms on titanium nanotube-loaded CuMnFe composite metal catalysts

NOx and CO are the primary air pollutants emitted from sintering flue gas, and their effective treatment is crucial. However, achieving good N2 selectivity with the CuMnFe composite metal oxide catalyst alone is challenging due to its oxidizing nature. Hence, in this study, titanium dioxide nanotubes were employed as carriers for the catalyst. CuMnFe composite metal oxide catalysts supported on titanium dioxide nanotubes were prepared using the co-precipitation method. The optimized catalysts demonstrated excellent performance, maintaining over 90% conversion of NOx and CO at low temperatures ranging from 120 to 200 ℃. Furthermore, significant improvement in N2 selectivity was achieved using these catalysts. Characterization results revealed several positive effects of incorporating titanium dioxide nanotube carriers into the catalyst. Firstly, it efficiently reduced the mobility of adsorbed oxygen on the catalyst surface, thus decreasing its oxidation capacity. Secondly, the addition of carriers helped balance the acidity on the catalyst surface, leading to an increase in Lewis acid sites. These modifications in the catalyst's surface properties proved advantageous for the selective catalytic reduction reaction. Moreover, the mechanisms of NH3-SCR and CO oxidation over the catalysts were extensively studied using DRIFTS. The results demonstrated that the CO oxidation reaction followed the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism, with a competitive adsorption relationship observed between O2 and CO at the active sites. On the other hand, the NH3-SCR reaction primarily followed the Eley-Rideal mechanism, with minimal occurrence of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism in the SCR reaction. The presence of NH3 inhibits CO adsorption at the active site, resulting in decreased CO oxidation performance in the NH3-SCR-coupled CO oxidation reaction at low temperatures. Nevertheless, NH3-SCR can enhance NO conversion by utilizing some of the latent heat generated from the exothermic CO oxidation.

Laser patterning captured in real-time: surface modifications of multilayer thin-films under nanosecond laser heating.

Controlled wrinkle formation has attracted intensive research interest as a means to modify surface properties. However, most of the currently explored methods rely on mechanically stretching polymer substrates with hard surface coatings, and the application of these methods to different materials is limited. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate laser-assisted periodic wrinkle formation on silicon nitride (SiN) membranes that are coated with titanium (Ti)/nickel (Ni) multilayers. Corrugated surface formation mechanism, as well as grain nucleation and growth, are studied using ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM). Periodic wrinkling and patterning of multilayers on thin SiN membranes are induced by a nanosecond pulsed laser, and the deformation of the film is captured by single-shot imaging. The investigated structures revealed periodic wrinkling of the membrane and corrugated surface formation on both sides of the film. The findings of this work could allow laser-irradiation-based fast fabrication of corrugated films with tailored properties.

Effect of surface modification on silica supported Ti catalysts for cyclohexene oxidation with vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide.

Surface modification via grafting of organic moieties on a Lewis acid catalyst (silica supported Ti catalyst, Ti-SiO2) alters the activation of H2O2 in vapor-phase cyclohexene epoxidation. Grafting a fluorous group (1H,1H-perfluoro-octyl) suppresses activity of Ti-SiO2. Conversely, grafting either a nonpolar group (octyl) or a polar aprotic group (triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) enhances rates and shifts selectivity toward trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol.

Nanoparticles in prevention of protein glycation.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed by the non-enzymatic attachment of carbohydrates to a biological macromolecule. These AGEs bind to their cognate receptor called receptor forAGEs (RAGEs), which becomes one of the important causal factors for the initiation and progression of several diseases. A deep understanding into the pathways of RAGEs will help in identifying novel intervention modalities as a part of new therapeutic strategies. Although several approaches exist to target this pathway using small molecules, compounds of plant origin etc, nanoparticles have proven to be a critical method, given its several advantages. A high bioavailability, biocompatibility, ability to cross blood brain barrier and modifiable surface properties give nanoparticles an upper edge over other strategies. In this chapter, we will discuss AGEs, their involvement in diseases and the nanoparticles used for targeting this pathway.

PVD Coatings as Protective Films in Fashion Industry

Modification of surface properties with the purpose of improving resistance, hardness, and endurance is a common practice in most industrial applications. However, the fashion industry has a more complex goal of meeting customers' aesthetic tastes while maintaining quality and mechanical properties with safety characteristics. The use of galvanic coatings on metal substrates allows for a good compromise among all these requirements, but toxic solvents combined with nickel and chromium(VI) baths heavily impact the environment and human health. For this reason, alternative approaches have been studied, and we propose Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coatings as a good alternative.The objective of this study is to develop protective coatings in Cr/CrN for brass substrates using the PVD technique. PVD is an mature and very stable technique, the use of which was limited until now by the high costs of the vacuum system and targets. The environmental impact of PVD is very low, and a wide range of coatings with elevated purity can be prepared, such as metallic, ceramic, nitrides, and oxides.Brass substrate is commonly used in the manufacturing industry because of some interesting properties, such as ductility, resistance, and a low melting point, which allows for low-temperature processing and low costs. However, brass is known to have inadequate corrosion resistance, which negatively impacts the quality of the final products. For this reason, there is a need to look for coatings that improve the corrosion resistance of brass, keeping a shiny and smooth aspect with desirable colors.Chromium Nitride is an extremely hard, inert, thin film that is applied primarily to precision metal parts. CrNx also performs well in corrosive environments and in sliding wear applications. Precisely, CrNx is an interstitial compound with nitrogen atoms occupying the octahedral holes in the chromium lattice. This characteristic opens the door to interesting investigations: by modifying the chamber pressure and N2/Ar flow, one can obtain films with different stoichiometry. In this study, five thin films of 350 nm of Cr/CrN were prepared by changing the ratio of N2/Ar in the chamber from 0.2 to 0.6. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), we investigated the homogeneity of the coatings and estimated the percentage of defects formation. The chemical composition was analyzed with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS-SEM), while the color coordinates were estimated with a Spectrophotometer. In parallel, we investigated the thickness and structure combining SEM with XRF technique [1]. As a result of this study, we selected the 0.4 ratio N2/Ar for CrNx layers, which agreed with literature [2], and created a multilayer film of Cr/CrN. Finally, we tested different combinations of engineered multilayer films with electrochemical tests such as free corrosion test OCP, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and neutral salt spray (NSS) test (ISO 9227:2017). Then, we compared the results to understand and optimize which condition combinations are more suitable for protective applications. In conclusion, by deepening the knowledge on this topic, it might be possible to play with the pressure conditions in the chamber to open new design possibilities.

Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation of a Fe-Mn-C Based Steel for Biomedical Applications: Effect of Gases and Treatment Times on the Surface Properties

Current research on biodegradable iron-based alloys mainly focuses at regulating the material degradation rate, as well as its biological behavior, especially from the point of view of the hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. In fact, fine-tuning of the surface roughness, morphology and chemical composition can improve the functional response of the material. For that purpose, a surface modification strategy, namely plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), is proposed to perform the selective modification of surface properties without affecting the bulk ones. In this work, the influence of treatment time (timp = 15, 60 and 120 min.) and implanted species (O, N or C) on the surface properties of a Fe-13Mn-1.2C resorbable alloy was investigated. The findings demonstrated that varying the process gas and the exposition time led to a variety of topographies, surface energies and chemical compositions. XPS analyses and depth profiles clearly showed the impact of the process parameters on the surface features and element distribution, due to implanted species penetration into the alloy. The implanted samples showed a delayed clotting time, thus a better hemocompatibility. In contrast, nitrogen-treated surfaces displayed a more pronounced hemolytic behavior, whereas oxygen and methane did not. PIII implantation appears to be a versatile solution for fine-tuning surface topography, composition and biological properties, making the process promising for the improvement of metallic biodegradable vascular implants.

Laser Surface Texturing: Characteristics and Applications

Abstract Laser surface texturing (LST) has emerged as a versatile and efficient technique for modifying surface properties across various materials. This paper provides an analysis of the characteristics and diverse applications of laser surface texturing. The paper begins by explaining the fundamental principles underlying LST, highlighting the mechanisms involved in material interaction and the resultant surface modifications. It explores the influence of laser parameters such as pulse duration, energy density, and wavelength on the texturing process, emphasizes their impact on surface morphology, roughness, and topographical features. Furthermore, this paper delves into the wideranging applications of LST across different industries and fields. It examines how LST enhances surface functionalities, including improvements in tribological properties, wettability, friction reduction, and biocompatibility. Additionally, the utilization of LST for creating microstructures enabling advanced functionalities in optics, electronics, biomedical devices, and energy harvesting systems is discussed. Moreover, the challenges and future directions in LST technology are highlighted, which encompass advances in precision, scalability, and integration of LST with other manufacturing processes. The potential environmental implications and economic feasibility of LST are also discussed. In summary, this paper examines the characteristics, applications, challenges, and future prospects of laser surface texturing, showcasing its significance as a promising technology for tailoring surface properties across diverse materials and industries.

Vibrational (FT-IR), electronic (UV-Vis), thermodynamic, and NBO analyses of amide ↔ imide forms of articaine: a computational perspective on prototropic tautomerism

Herein, the molecular structures of amide ↔ imide tautomers of articaine (ART) were computationally investigated at the DFT/B3LYP/6–311++G (d,p) methodology. Experimental FT-IR and UV-Vis characterisation results of ART were compared with the theoretical results of amide (ART-A) and imide (ART-I) forms. Thermodynamic parameters computed for each phase revealed that the amide tautomer of ART was preferred with energy values in the range of 11.9–13.8 kcal/mol. The modification in surface properties as a function of prototropic tautomerism in the ART molecule was studied by electrostatic surface properties (ESP) analysis. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO), natural bond orbital (NBO), and nonlinear optical (NLO) analyses were performed. It is revealed that energy gap values of the ART-I (4.670–4.738 eV) for each phase are slightly higher than those of the corresponding phases in the ART-A (4.515–4.586 eV). Therefore, it can be concluded that the imide form exhibits lower chemical reactivity compared to the amide form. Regarding NLO characteristics, dipole moment (μtot ), mean polarisability (αtot ), and mean first-order hyperpolarisability (βtot ) values of tautomers have been reported. It was determined that the βtot values computed for ART-A (0.653 × 10−30 esu) and ART-I (0.710 × 10−30 esu) were approximately twice the value of the standard urea.

In-situ constructed metallic Mo decorated MoS2 nanosheets on carbon cloth as excellent anode for efficient current generation and Cr(Ⅵ) removal

The anode, as the host site of exoelectrogens, is considered to be a crucial factor in determining the current generation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which is constrained by sluggish extracellular electron transfer (EET) on the exoelectrogens/anode interface. To facilitate the EET efficacy, herein, MoS2 nanosheets decorated with metallic Mo are rational designed to grow vertically and uniformly on carbon cloth (CC). This not only avoids the use of bonding agents, but also compensates for the inherent defects of MoS2 semiconductors, displaying an extremely low charge-transfer impedance of 4.6 Ω and a remarkable specific area capacitance of 435.97 F/m2. As expected, MFC equipped with Mo/MoS2-CC anode was faster started up for 1.35 d, achieving a superior power density of 3.25 W/m2 (8.15 d, 1.96 W/m2, CC), which is attributed to the continuous modification of CC surface properties via Mo/MoS2 nanosheets, boosting the electroactive bacterial attachment and EET process. Most importantly, the enhanced current intensity of Mo/MoS2-CC anode provides more robust and sustained electron for the cathodic Cr(Ⅵ) reduction, acquiring about 100% removal of Cr(Ⅵ) at the initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 40 mg/L (75.5%, CC). This work exhibits a new idea for high performance anode design and long-term efficient Cr(Ⅵ) removal.

Highly Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes based on Self-Assembled Colloidal Quantum Wells.

Nanocrystal-based light-emitting diodes (Nc-LEDs) have immense potential for next-generation high-definition displays and lighting applications. They offer numerous advantages, such as low cost, high luminous efficiency, narrow emission, and long lifetime. However, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of Nc-LEDs, typically employing isotropic nanocrystals, has been limited by the out-coupling factor. Here we demonstrate efficient, bright, and long lifetime red Nc-LEDs based on anisotropic nanocrystals of colloidal quantum wells (CQWs). Through modification of the substrate's surface properties and control of the interactions among CQWs, we successfully spin-coated a self-assembled layer with an exceptionally high distribution of in-plane transitions dipole moment (TDM) of 95%, resulting in an out-coupling factor of 37%. Our devices exhibit a remarkable peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 26.9%, accompanied by a maximum brightness of 55,754cd m-2 and a long operational lifetime (T95 @100cd m-2 ) over 15,000h. These achievements represent a significant advancement compared to previous studies on Nc-LEDs incorporating anisotropic nanocrystals. We expect our work to provide a general self-assembly strategy for enhancing the light extraction efficiency of Nc-LEDs based on anisotropic nanocrystals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Solvation States of Hydrated Ions in Confined Water.

Ionic transport in nanoscale channels with a critical size comparable to that of ions and solutes exhibits exceptional performance in water desalination, ion separation, electrocatalysts, and supercapacitors. However, the solvation states (SSs), i.e., the hydration structures and probability distribution, of hydrated ions in nanochannels differ from those in the bulk and the perspective of continuum theory. In this work, we conduct ab initio enhanced-sampling atomistic simulations to investigate the ion-specific SSs of monovalent ions (including Li+, Na+, K+, F-, Cl-, and I-) in the graphene channel with a width of 1 nm. Our findings highlight that the SSs of those ions are primarily determined by ion-water hydration, where ion-wall interactions play a minor role. The distribution of ions in layered confined water is a result of ion-specific hydration, which arises from the synergy of entropy and enthalpy. The free energy barriers for transitions between SSs are on the order of 1kBT, allowing for modulation through applying external fields or modifying surface properties. As the ion-wall interaction strengthens, as observed in vermiculite and carbides and nitrides of transition metal channels, the probability of near-wall SSs increases. These results help to improve the performance of nanofluidic devices and provide crucial insights for developing accurate force fields of molecular simulations or advanced theoretical approaches for ion dynamics in confined channels.

Investigating the impact of plasma nitriding on Ti6Al4V surface, structural, and mechanical properties and their simultaneous evaluation via laser opto-ultrasonic dual detection (LOUD) approach

Titanium alloys possess exceptional properties, but due to their poor surface characteristics, several engineering processes have been developed to modify surface properties. Surface modification methodologies such as plasma nitriding exhibit a favourable pathway to improve these properties. This study investigates the impact of plasma nitriding on surface properties and their evaluation via the laser opto-ultrasonic dual detection (LOUD) technique. The scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and tensile testing results showed that with the increase in nitride plasma power density from 1.42 to 10.0 × 102 W/cm2, a substantial variation in microstructure and phase transformation occurs, eventually refining the grain size, increasing the hardness from 310.83-HV5.0 to 745.50-HV5.0 and elastic modulus (E) from 115.26 to 128.35 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, these characteristics were assessed concurrently through ultrasonic and optical signal processing for LOUD detection. The results of G.S and E from the acoustic attenuation coefficient and longitudinal and shear wave velocities are reliable with the results of conventional optical microscopy and tensile testing with (R2 ≥ 0.996). Meanwhile, the optical spectral data were analyzed to determine the hardness. The results showed that the calibration curve of the intensity ratios (Ti-II/Ti-I) and plasma electron temperature exhibited a linear relationship with hardness (R2 ≥ 0.989), which showed a good approximation.

Constructing an oxygen vacancy- and hydroxyl-rich TiO2-supported Pd catalyst with improved Pd dispersion and catalytic stability.

Surface property modification of catalyst support is a straightforward approach to optimize the performance of supported noble metal catalysts. In particular, oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl groups play significant roles in promoting noble metal dispersion on catalysts as well as catalytic stability. In this study, we developed a nanoflower-like TiO2-supported Pd catalyst that has a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxyl groups compared to that of commercial anatase and P25 support. Notably, due to the distinctive structure of the nanoflower-like TiO2, our catalyst exhibited improved dispersion and stabilization of Pd species and the formation of abundant reactive oxygen species, thereby facilitating the activation of CO and O2 molecules. As a result, the catalyst showed remarkable efficiency in catalyzing the low-temperature CO oxidation reaction with a complete CO conversion at 80 °C and stability for over 100h.