Modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Research Articles

Preparation and Evaluation of pH Sensitive Novel Anticancer Drug Carrier Based on Magnetic Chitosan Quartets.

Chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles are an appropriate drug delivery method which can improve the therapeutic properties of chemotherapy agents and also can be useful as MRI contrast agent for early cancer diagnosis. This research discovers the optimization of the possible therapeutic effects of Chitosan- citric acid- Fe3O4- CUR quartets. Chitosan as a natural polymer can use to encapsulate citric acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The successful preparation of CUR-loaded nano-carriers was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Moreover, the hemolysis test was used for the study of hemobiocompatibility. The loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of CUR molecules were 11±0.09% and 49.5±0.41%, respectively. The anticancer effect of the void of CUR and CUR-loaded nano-carriers were compared by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on the treated MCF-7 cell lines. It can be concluded that the use of these nanoparticles are a better and more efficient approach for the controlled and slow release of CUR in the cancer treatment.

Magnetic ethyl-based organosilica supported Schiff-base/indium: A very efficient and highly durable nanocatalyst

In the present study a novel core-shell structured magnetic bifunctional organosilica was prepared through modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a mixture of bis(triethoxysilyl) ethane (BTEE) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES) followed by treatment with 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. This nanomaterial was applied as efficient support for immobilization of indium chloride. The prepared nanomaterial was denoted as Fe3O4@BOS@SB/In and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The Fe3O4@BOS@SB/In was successfully applied as a powerful catalyst for green reduction of nitrobenzenes in water at room temperature. This catalyst was recovered and reused several times without significant decrease in efficiency and stability.

Apoptosis-promoting effect of rituximab-conjugated magnetic nanoprobes on malignant lymphoma cells with CD20 overexpression.

BackgroundCancer targeting nanoprobes with precisely designed physicochemical properties may show enhanced pharmacological targeting and therapeutic efficacy. As a widely used commercialized antibody, rituximab has been in clinical use for three decades and has lengthened or even saved thousands of lives. However, many people cannot benefit from rituximab treatment because of drug resistance or side effects.MethodsIn this study, a 13-nm rituximab-conjugated magnetic nanoparticle was developed as a therapeutic nanoprobe targeting CD20 overexpressing malignant lymphoma cells to enhance the treatment effects of rituximab. The magnetic cores (2,3-dimercaptosuccinicacid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe3O4@DMSA) of the nanoprobes with an average diameter of 6.5 nm were synthesized using a co-precipitation method. Rituximab was then conjugated on the surface of Fe3O4@DMSA using a cross-linking agent (carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt). Based on theoretical calculations, approximately one antibody was coupled with one nanoparticle, excluding the multivalent antibody effect.ResultsCell targeting experiments and magnetic resonance (MR) signal and T2 measurements showed that the Fe3O4@DMSA@Ab nanoprobes have specific binding affinity for CD20-positive cells. Compared to rituximab and Fe3O4@DMSA, Fe3O4@DMSA@Ab nanoprobes significantly reduced cell viability and promoted Raji cell apoptosis. Initiating events of apoptosis, including increased intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species, were observed in nanoprobe-treated Raji cells. Nanoprobe-treated Raji cells also showed the most drastic decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-2 expression, compared to rituximab and Fe3O4@DMSA-treated Raji cells.ConclusionThese results indicate that Fe3O4@DMSA@Ab nanoprobes have the potential to serve as MRI tracers and therapeutic agents for CD20-positive cells.

Surface modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with dextran via a coupling reaction between naked Fe3O4 mechano-cation and naked dextran mechano-anion: A new mechanism of covalent bond formation

A surface modified Fe3O4 nanoparticle with dextran, possessing a core-shell structure, was synthesized by vibration ball-milling of Fe3O4 with dextran in the solid state under vacuum. A combination of experimental results and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the surface modified Fe3O4 nanoparticle with dextran was performed via a coupling reaction between a “naked” Fe+ atom of Fe3O4 mechano-cation and a “naked” O− atom of dextran mechano-anion, viz., a “Fe:O” bond-formation. The naked Fe+ atom of Fe3O4 mechano-cation was produced by ionic scission of FeO bond of Fe3O4 and lost an “electron pair” under the ionic scission. The naked :O− atom of dextran mechano-anion was produced by ionic scission of CO bond comprising the α-1,6 glycosidic linkage of the dextran and gained the electron pair under the ionic scission. The Fe:O bond formation, viz., a novel type covalent bond formation, was achieved via an electron pair donation from the naked :O− atom and its acceptance by the naked Fe+ atom. Consequently, a shared “electron pair” comprising the Fe:O bond was only donated from the naked :O− atom. Our work demonstrates a novel method to form covalent bond formation between metal oxides and organic polymers, and provides a novel functionalized nanoparticle.

Synthesis and characterization of polyethersulfone membranes impregnated with (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) APTES-Fe3O4 nanoparticles for As(V) removal from water

Polyethersulfone (PES) nanocomposite membranes are synthesized with surface modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) for removing arsenic from water. The PES membranes synthesized with A-Fe3O4 NPs exhibited efficient adsorption capacity with a low concentration of NPs (1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%), which indicate a good potential for industrial applications in water treatment industries. The highest rejection rate of 76% and the highest measured arsenic equilibrium adsorption capacity of 14.6 mg/g were measured in PES membranes containing 3 wt% A-Fe3O4 NPs.Infrared spectroscopy (IR) was used to verify the surface modification of Fe3O4 NPs. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the dispersion of the modified Fe3O4 NPs in the PES membrane matrix. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the pore structure and surface roughness of PES membranes containing APTES modified Iron Oxide nanoparticles (A-Fe3O4 NPs). Highest porous structure was found in PES-A-Fe3O4 3 wt% and roughness was increased with addition of A-Fe3O4 NPs (0,1,2 wt.%). Pore size analysis was conducted using water flux method. Hydrophilicity was characterized with measuring the water contact angle and pure water flux was measured using a pressurized membrane cell. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were analyzed using batch adsorption tests.

A novel route to the synthesis of an Fe3O4/h-BN 2D nanocomposite as a lubricant additive.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanocomposites as lubricant additives have been widely studied, but the synthetic process of the nanocomposites is not always environmentally friendly or economical. In this study, a new 2D nanocomposite, Fe3O4/h-BN, has been prepared by physical mixing of exfoliated h-BN nanosheets and organically modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The nanocomposite displays a unique 2D-layered structure without folds or wrinkles. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the h-BN nanosheet surfaces with the help of an elegant self-assembly strategy from van der Waals interactions. For the first time, Fe3O4/h-BN is studied as a lubricant additive and it exhibits excellent tribological properties. The coefficient of friction (COF) and the wear depth can be respectively reduced by 47% and 80% compared with the base oil. Based on the advantages of a simple and low-cost synthetic process and significant tribological properties, Fe3O4/h-BN offers great potential for lubrication application.

Chitosan-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract The iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and consequently stabilized by a chitosan coating. The characterization of the chitosan modified nanoparticles was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), SQUID magnetometer and MRI analysis. The particle size and ζ-potential measurement, the measured hydrodynamic diameter of chitosan modified magnetic nanoparticles was equal to 136.1 nm, while the ζ-potential is +48 mV. The superparamagnetic behaviour of both unmodified and chitosan modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles at room temperature was confirmed using a SQUID magnetometer. Finally, the relaxation times (T1 and T2) were measured by MRI. From the result of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, the relaxation rate (R) and relaxivity (r) have been calculated: r 1 = 0.713 mM−1 s−1, r 2 = 238.16 mM−1 s−1 and r 2 ∗ = 276.1 mM−1 s−1. An acquired high r2/r1 ratio (3 3 4) indicates that the prepared nanoparticles have a significant prevailing effect on the transversal relaxation time (T2) in comparison to the longitudinal relaxation time (T1). These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of chitosan-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles as a contrast agent for MRI.

Preparation and characterization of magnetic theranostic nanoparticles for curcumin delivery and evaluation as MRI contrast agent

In this study we described the production of curcumin (CUR) loaded L‐tyrosine (Tyr coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. CUR loaded Tyr modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (F@Tyr@CUR NPs) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer, X‐ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering techniques. The dynamic light scattering results showed that the ζ‐potential of F@Tyr@CUR NPs was about −15.4 mV. Also, the internal average size was about 25.81 ± 3.31 (mean ± SD (n = 30)) nm. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 8.87 ± 0.09% and 35.21 ± 0.41%, respectively. In addition, hemolysis test on human red blood cells were conducted to determine the hemocompatibility of F@Tyr@CUR NPs. Next, MTT assays on HEK‐293 were conducted to determine the toxicity of F@Tyr@CUR NPs. Lastly, the potential anticancer effect of F@Tyr@CUR NPs was considered on MCF‐7 cancer cell line. The outcomes indicated that these F@Tyr@CUR NPs are appropriate for delivery of CUR anticancer drug. Also, the MRI training established the effectiveness of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agent for the revealing of tumor as evidenced from the phantom images as well as higher T2 relaxivity.

Modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with carboranes

Recent developments in nanotechnology and application of magnetic nanoparticles, in particular in magnetic iron oxide nanosystems, offer exciting possibilities for cancer theranostics. This work focuses on the development of way of Fe3O4 nanoparticles surface functionalization with silicon based coatings for successful attachment of therapeutic agent—carborane. Comprehensive study of both pristine magnetic nanoparticles and covered/functionalized one was carried out as well as influence of modification on the structural and magnetic characteristics was analyzed. The prospects of (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles applications as carrier for target delivery of carboranes are thoroughly appraised.

Sonochemical fabrication of reduction-responsive magnetic starch-based microcapsules

In this work, a novel, biocompatible, non-immunogenic and reductive-responsive magnetic starch-based microcapsules (RMSMCs) were designed and fabricated successfully via a facile sonochemical method for targeted delivery and triggered release of hydrophobic drugs. TEM image indicated that oleic acid (OA) modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (OA-Fe3O4 NPs) were encapsulated into RMSMCs. The obtained RMSMCs were endowed with magnetism for drug targeted delivery because that the superparamagnetic OA-Fe3O4 NPs were encapsulated into RMSMCs. Moreover, Coumarin 6 (C6), a green fluorescent dye, was used as a model hydrophobic drug and loaded into RMSMCs. As drug carriers, the obtained spherical RMSMCs with the average size of 2 μm presented excellent reductive-responsive release ability for hydrophobic drugs. Accordingly, the obtained RMSMCs would be promising carriers for targeted delivery and triggered release of hydrophobic drugs in biomedical applications.

Poly(calixarene ionic liquid) modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as new sorbent for extraction of flavonoids in fruit juice and green tea

A novel magnetic sorbent has been synthesized by co-polymerization of calixarene ionic liquid and mercaptan-modified Fe3O4 particles. This material was used as a sorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction of trace-level flavonoids in the samples of bottled fruit juice and green tea without other pre-treatments. The experimental parameters were investigated and optimized. Coupled with high performance liquid chromatography, an analytical method was established and successfully applied to the determination of flavonoids in these beverages. The proposed method showed good linearity for the analytes with a correlation coefficient (r) > 0.9982, and detection limits for the flavonoids ranged 0.15–0.75 ng mL−1 were achieved. The proposed method has been used successfully to determine flavonoids in bottled fruit juice and green tea samples with satisfactory recoveries of 92.5–104.8% and relative standard deviations ≤ 5.2%. The results suggest that poly(calixarene ionic liquid) modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be used in the extraction of flavonoids in beverage samples.

Tannin-APTES modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a carrier of Methotrexate drug: kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies

In the present study, tannin and 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Tan-A-MNP (was synthesized and the adsorption of methotrexate (MTX) drug was studied. The surface morphology and characteristics of Tan-A-MNP was determined by FTIR, SEM, TEM and XRD analysis. The optimum values of the effective parameters such as pH, carrier dosage, drug concentration, contact time and temperature were determined. The maximum adsorption of MTX on Tan-A-Fe3O4 was obtained about 91% based on the optimum conditions. The FTIR and TEM analysis of Tan-A-Fe3O4 indicated that NH and OH groups play an important role in MTX adsorption. According to the study of equilibrium data and comparison of four types of isotherm models, Langmuir isotherm with adsorption capacity of 55.55 mg/L was the predominant model. So, monolayer adsorption of MTX was occurred. Pseudo second order kinetic model was more compatible with the equilibrium data than that of first order model. Intra-particle kinetic model also revealed that boundary layer effects can affect on the kinetic of drug adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis exhibited that MTX adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous.

New magnetic supported hydrazone Schiff base dioxomolybdenum (VI) complex: An efficient nanocatalyst for epoxidation of cyclooctene and norbornene

A new dioxomolybdenum (VI) complex with tridentate hydrazone Schiff base ligand (H2L) derived from 2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitrobenzaldehyde and benzhydrazide was synthesized and designated as [MoO2L (DMF)]·2H2O. The Fe3O4@SiO2‐CPS‐L‐MoO2 (EtOH) nanocatalyst was successfully prepared by grafting H2L ligand on modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles followed by reacting with MoO2 (acac)2. The complex and nanocatalyst were characterized by various techniques such as elemental analysis, mass, FT‐IR, UV–Vis, 1H NMR, 13C{1H}‐NMR, TGA, XRD, XPS, TEM, SEM and VSM. The catalytic activity of [MoO2L (DMF)]2H2O and Fe3O4@SiO2‐CPS‐L‐MoO2 (EtOH) were evaluated for the oxidation of various alkenes (cyclooctene, norbornene, cyclohexene, styrene and α‐methyl styrene) in the presence of tert‐butylhydroperoxide as oxidant. The results revealed that the catalysts were especially efficient for oxidation of cyclooctene and norbornene with 100% selectivity towards corresponding epoxide product. Fe3O4@SiO2‐CPS‐L‐MoO2 (EtOH) showed higher catalytic activity, shorter reaction time and higher turnover number (TON) compared with homogeneous complex [MoO2L (DMF)]·2H2O. Moreover, simple magnetic recovery from the reaction mixture and reuse for several times with no significant loss in activity were other advantages of the nanocatalyst.

Cu(II) Schiff base complex supported on Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an efficient nanocatalyst for the selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols

Herein, we have prepared a new Cu(II) Schiff base complex supported onto the surface of modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as highly stable, heterogeneous and magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst for the selective aerobic oxidation of different alcohols. The structure, morphology, chemical composition and magnetic property of the nanocatalyst and its precursors were characterized using FT‐IR, TGA, AAS, ICP‐AES, XRD, SEM, EDS, VSM and N2 adsorption–desorption analyses. Characterization results exhibited the uniform spherical morphology for nanocatalyst and its precursors. A promising eco‐friendly method with short reaction time and high conversion and selectivity for oxidation of various primary and secondary alcohols under O2 atmosphere condition was achieved. The synthesized nanocatalyst could be recovered easily by applying an external magnetic field and reused for least eight subsequent reaction cycles with only negligible deterioration in catalytic performance.

Synthesis and characterization of optically active magnetic PAI/Fe3O4 nanocomposites.

This work presents the preparation and characterization of hybrid organic-inorganic optically active poly(amide-imide)/nano-Fe3O4 composites with different amount of modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as new nanocomposites by ultrasonic irradiation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry. The surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxyl silane because of the homogeneous distribution of nano-Fe3O4 in polymer matrix, which the SEM results confirmed that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly in polymer matrix. Furthermore, as compared with pure polymer, thermogravimetric analysis data indicated an improvement of thermal stability of nanocomposites.

Porous multifunctional fluoropolymer composite foams prepared via humic acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized Pickering high internal phase emulsion using cationic fluorosurfactant as co-stabilizer

Fluoropolymers are very important owing to their excellent application performances, especially in extreme conditions. On the other hand, the preparation of porous fluoropolymers is a difficult task due to unavailability of suitable surfactants as well as tedious synthesis steps. Here we prepared multifunctional porous fluoropolymer composite foams with a simple process of “high internal phase emulsion (HIPE)” by using humic acid modified iron oxide nanoparticles (HA-Fe3O4 NPs) and cationic fluorosurfactant (CFS) (PDMAEMA-b-PHFBA) as co-stabilizer. The inclusion of HA-Fe3O4 NPs in the system made fluoro-HIPE more stable than the emulsion prepared using only CFS or other conventional stabilizers. Morphology of the prepared polyHIPE was easily controlled by altering the concentration of HA-Fe3O4 and/or CFS in the original formulation. Adjustment of the porous structure with open/close cells was performed and the average diameter of the pores tuned between 4.9 and 23 μm. With the increase in specific surface area by using nanoparticles (NPs) and CFS as co-surfactants, Pickering HIPE monoliths adsorbed double amount of oil compared to foams based solely on HIPE template. Multiple functional groups were bound onto Fe3O4 NPs through HA modification that made the fluoro-monolith capable of adsorbing dye, i.e. methylene blue, from water. A simple centrifugation enabled regeneration of the oil soaked foams and adsorption capacity was not decreased after 10 adsorption/regeneration cycles.

Poly (sodium p-styrene sulfonate) modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as effective additives in water-based drilling fluids

In this work, a series of low solid phase, economic and excellent performance water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) were obtained by introducing nanoparticles into conventional WBDFs. Fe3O4 nanoparticles which were surface modified by poly (sodium p-styrene sulfonate) (PSSS) through 3-(trimethoxysilyl) proryl methacrylate (TMSPMA) were adopted in low solid WBDFs containing 4 wt % bentonite (BT). The effect of temperature on rheological property and fluid filtration was investigated. When the concentration of Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles reached 0.1 wt %, shear thinning of WBDFs will be perfect at different temperatures. When the concentration of Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles reached 0.25 wt %, the WBDFs had superior rheological properties, as compared to other concentrations of the particles in salt environment. Rheological curves provide a closely fit for the Bingham model at low temperature, however, the curves fit Herschel-Bulkley model at higher temperature. Rheological tests indicated that higher concentration of Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles can effectively improve salt (KCl) tolerance. Under high temperature and high press (HTHP) filtration test, WBDFs with Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles exhibited minimum filtration loss volume with the concentration of Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles as low as 0.1 wt % at different temperatures. For salt tolerance test, the higher concentration of the Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles leads to the lower the amount of fluid loss at the same concentration of KCl. With the concentration of nanoparticles grows to 0.1 wt %, the amount of fluid loss volume was minimum, indicating that Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles in WBDFs improve the filtration. The WBDFs with performance improved by Fe3O4/PSSS nanoparticles can be used as effective drilling fluids even under high temperature and high salinity, demonstrating that the modified fluids are potential candidates for drilling in deep and salty formation.

Synthesis and characterization of graphite/magnetite composite as low cost potential adsorbent from graphite waste

The comparative properties of pre-treated graphite waste and composite with magnetite nanoparticles were studied. The present work describes the thermal-mechanical method for pre-treated graphite electrode waste and chemical modification on the pre-treated graphite waste with magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4). The raw material is graphite electrode waste. The variables of temperature and time that affected the properties of pre-treated graphite waste was also observed. Pre-treated of graphite electrode waste was prepared via thermal process at temperatures of 60, 75, 90°C and various times of 30, 60 and 90 minutes, followed by mechanical crushing of the resultant graphite waste to 75 μm particle size. The synthetic material (graphite waste/Fe3O4 composite) was prepared with hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) for activation of the pre-treated graphite waste, followed by chemical modification with pre-treated graphite waste to Fe3O4 mass ratio 1: 1 (w/w). The experimental results showed that the pre-treated graphite waste are non-porous. Effect of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) revealed that the surface area of graphite waste/Fe3O4 composite increased from 8.44 m2/g to 64.58 m2/g. The EDX composition of Fe increased from 0.08 to 38.68 wt%, indicated that the modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto graphite waste was carried out successfully. This data is useful for the preliminary treatment process of graphite electrode waste for further applications that require adsorbent preparation and modification.

Effect of modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the preparation of PMMA/Fe3O4 microspheres via suspension polymerization

In the presence of modified Ferro ferric oxide, PMMA/Fe3O4 microspheres have been successfully synthesized via a facile suspension polymerization. The effect of modified Fe3O4 on the preparation of Fe3O4/PMMA microspheres was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), the morphology of magnetic microspheres was studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal performance of magnetic polymer microspheres was studied by Thermo gravimetric (TG). From the above, with the increase of modified iron oxide, the magnetic polymer microspheres have enhanced magnetic properties and heat resistance.

Detection and degradation of leachate in groundwater using ag modified Fe3O4 nanoparticle as sensor

Highly active Ag modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were synthesized to exhibit both Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and Photocatalytic Degradation of landfill leachate. SERS signal of landfill leachate showed the presence of common pollutants in leachate viz., phenols, phthalate, pesticide and heavy metal (Cr (VI)). Furthermore, the obtained SERS signals from samples confirmed the landfill crisis in homeland aquifers. Ag modified Fe3O4 NPs also effectively decomposed the leachate with rate constant 0.003/min under UV irradiation. Hence, Ag modified Fe3O4 NPs may play an ideal entrant of various applications, including the recognition and removal of environmentally deleterious substances to improve the human living environment.