Flow Mode Research Articles

Blood flow modulation to improve motor and neurophysiological outcomes in individuals with stroke: a scoping review.

Ischemic Conditioning (IC) is a procedure involving brief periods of occlusion followed by reperfusion in stationary limbs. Blood Flow Restriction with Exercise (BFR-E) is a technique comprising blood flow restriction during aerobic or resistance exercise. Both IC and BFR-E are Blood Flow Modulation (BFM) strategies that have shown promise across various health domains and are clinically relevant for stroke rehabilitation. Despite their potential benefits, our knowledge on the application and efficacy of either intervention in stroke is limited. This scoping review aims to synthesize the existing literature on the impact of IC and BFR-E on motor and neurophysiological outcomes in individuals post-stroke. Evidence from five studies displayed enhancements in paretic leg strength, gait speed, and paretic leg fatiguability after IC. Additionally, BFR-E led to improvements in clinical performance, gait parameters, and serum lactate levels. While trends toward motor function improvement were observed post-intervention, statistically significant differences were limited. Neurophysiological changes showed inconclusive results. Our review suggests that IC and BFR-E are promising clinical approaches in stroke, however high-quality studies focusing on neurophysiological mechanisms are required to establish the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of both in stroke. Recommendations regarding future directions and clinical utility are provided.

Numerical investigation of serration angle on trailing edge noise reduction

The influence of serration angle on the three-dimensional flow characteristics and noise attenuation mechanisms of a NACA6512-63 airfoil is explored in this research using large eddy simulation (LES) and spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) methods. Analysis of the mean flow field reveals the formation of counter-rotating vortex pairs, resulting from the outward flow towards the serration edges and the downwash flow in the valleys. This flow modification alters the effective angle of the serration, which in turn impacts its noise reduction performance. Furthermore, the noise reduction mechanism is investigated by comparing the general solution of Lyu's semi-analytical equation with the SPOD mode results, and the frequency range associated with noise attenuation is analyzed. The findings indicate that the case with λ/h=0.15 demonstrates the most significant noise reduction effect. This research offers valuable insights into the interplay between serration geometry and the resulting flow characteristics and noise reduction mechanisms.

Growth and performance of n++ GaN cap layer for HEMTs applications

Apart from providing high-quality ohmic contacts to III-N devices, n++ GaN cap layers can eliminate surface-related current collapse effects in high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Various metal-organic chemical vapor deposition conditions and n-type doping are tested in GaN growth on sapphire by using triethylgallium as a Ga precursor, replacing more conventional trimethylgallium. Consequently, despite relatively low temperature of the growth at 800 °C to facilitate InAlN barrier capping, optimized growth conditions and SiH4 flow provided free electron concentration of 7.2 × 1019 cm−3 and mobility of 103 cm2/Vs. Moreover, electron concentration in the range of 1020 cm−3 is demonstrated by using flow modulation epitaxy. On the other hand, as calibration growths indicated, excessive SiH4 flow alone can lead to high density of edge dislocations and surface undulations without enhancing free electron concentration. 6 nm (Si: 4.2 × 1019 cm−3) and 8 nm thick (Si: 7.2 × 1019 cm−3) n++ GaN cap is implemented in normally-off n++ GaN/InAlN/AlN/GaN HEMTs grown on Si, with a collapse-free performance for the latter case. By calculating energy band and free carrier concentration profiles of the heterostructures it is shown, that free electrons of a sufficiently thick and doped n++ GaN cap can shield the channel from the unstable surface potential.

Deep deoxidation of water in a miniaturized annular rotating device: Experimental investigation and machine learning modeling

Conventional gas–liquid devices exhibit limitations, including inadequate dispersion efficiency and significant backmixing, leading to low conversion and large equipment volume. Thus, a miniaturized annular rotating device (m-ARD) was proposed based on microscale effects and rotating flow field to achieve efficient gas–liquid mass transfer and high conversion. Nitrogen-oxygenated water was selected as the experimental system to evaluate the performance of the m-ARD. The gas–liquid flow characteristics were investigated. The analysis focused on examining the impact of different factors on deoxygenation efficiency. The deoxygenation performance was optimized and compared with different devices. The study found that the m-ARD enables a continuous counter-current gas–liquid flow mode, with superior mixing performance and a narrow residence time distribution. The deoxygenated water with an oxygen concentration as low as 0.14 ppm can be produced, with a volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of 0.26 s−1, a theoretical stage value of 4.22, and a handling capacity of 30 mL/min under optimized experimental conditions. In addition, kLa was predicted using an artificial neural network model and showed good agreement with the simulated values. This work provides a promising reactor for chemical reactions that require high conversions.

Dual-Column Stopped-Flow GC Method for Quantification of Permanent Gases, Water, and Organic Acids from a Single Injection.

Analysis of permanent gases and organic acids is typically performed with separate methods due to challenges in achieving sufficient resolution when using GC columns that are chemically compatible with acids. We developed a method to analyze samples containing high levels of water, organic acids, oxygenates, and permanent gases (CO, CO2, and C2H4) using a single injection. Resolution is achieved using two columns: (1) an HP-FFAP column resistant to water and acids, which separates compounds based on hydrogen-bonding affinity, and (2) a GS-CarbonPLOT column capable of separating permanent gases. We employed a column isolation methodology using rotary valves to allow a heart cut of permanent gases, which coelute off the HP-FFAP column, to be trapped on the CarbonPLOT column. After separation and analysis of water, organic acids, and oxygenates via the HP-FFAP column, flow is resumed on the CarbonPLOT column, and the permanent gases are separated independently. By utilizing the unique combination of columns and the stopped-flow sequence, we achieved separation and quantification of the wide array of compounds occurring during lactic acid dehydration to acrylic acid from a single injection without the need for a sophisticated flow modulator or multiple GCs or detector arrays. This GC apparatus serves as an economical in-line analysis method for our catalytic studies and is applicable to a wide array of samples relevant to biobased fuels and chemicals.

Flow field characteristics and vibration responses of saddle-shaped membrane structures

Elastically mounted flexible membrane roofs exposed to flows are prone to vortex-induced vibrations and even aero-instability due to the strong fluid–structure interaction (FSI). This study is to investigate the FSI mechanism in the saddle-shaped membrane structure over a range of Reynolds numbers and wind directions in laminar flows, by bridging structural vibration responses and flow dynamics. The aeroelastic characteristics of membrane structures, including statistics of displacement responses, oscillation frequency, and oscillation damping ratios, were identified from the perspective of time and frequency domains. Simultaneously, the particle image velocimetry system was employed to visualize the flow features, including velocity vector, turbulence intensity, and vortex evolution in both space and time. The flow modes were further decomposed by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to capture the salient aspects of the flow. Three patterns of POD modes are identified, and the first mode plays the dominant role in POD modes. It showed that as the wind Reynolds number increases, the space between the shear layer and membrane surface would be narrowed, and resultantly the vortices turn out smaller in scale and closer in space. This trend leads to an increase in the frequency of vortex shedding and a stronger FSI effect. When the frequency of vortex shedding approaches the fundamental frequency of structures, the vibration of the membrane would be shifted from turbulent buffeting to vortex-induced resonance, featured with lock-in frequency, significant amplified displacement, and negative aerodynamic damping ratio.

Influence of back pressure adjustment of porous media on cavity flow noise control

Control of self-sustained oscillation and noise reduction poses a significant challenge. The present study employs Implicit Large Eddy Simulation at a Mach number of 0.85 to investigate the influence of a porous cavity floor on flow dynamics. By substituting the solid floor with porous media, the fundamental pressure–velocity relationship within the medium is established according to Darcy's law. Findings reveal marked suppression of wall pulsations, accompanied by a 10 dB decrease in sound pressure levels. The porous medium induces blowing and suction effects, effectively modulating large-scale re-circulation and mitigating shear layer instability, thereby approximating free mixing layer characteristics and suppressing cavity flow oscillations. At an optimized porosity for maximum noise reduction, altering back pressure at the cavity floor induces a transition in the local flow regime from suction-dominated to blowing-dominated state. Excessive reduction of back pressure promotes suction; conversely, increased pressure intensifies blowing, further attenuating feedback mechanisms and enhancing noise reduction. To explore noise reduction mechanisms, mode decomposition analyses demonstrate the efficacy of porous media in disrupting large-scale coherence structures within shear layer and redistributing energy from dominant modes to a broader frequency spectrum that engages smaller flow structures. This energy reallocation mechanism contributes to the mitigation of cavity flow noise and deepens insights into the role of porous media in flow modulation and noise control.

Proper orthogonal decomposition of wall-bounded high-pressure transcritical fluids

This study explores the principal modes of high-pressure transcritical channel flow from direct numerical simulation data. The four cases investigated correspond to CO2 at high-pressure conditions (P/Pc=1.5) confined between a cold/bottom wall (T/Tc=0.8−0.95) and a hot/top wall (T/Tc=1.1−1.4); Pc and Tc correspond, respectively, to the pressure and temperature of the critical point. The bulk velocity ranges between Ub=0.5−1.0 m/s with corresponding bulk Reynolds numbers of Reb≈1000−2500. The four cases considered are first characterized into laminar and turbulent regimes, followed by an analysis of energy decay using singular value decomposition. This method allows us to identify the most energetic modes of velocity, temperature, and specific isobaric heat capacity for the laminar and turbulent cases considered. The results reveal that fewer modes are needed to represent the hydrodynamics compared to the thermodynamics of the system. The findings also highlight that the pseudo-boiling region, prevalent in high-pressure transcritical systems, disrupts the coherent structures formed (especially) in the hotter region of the flow. Finally, a correlation analysis between the most energetic modes shows an interdependence between velocity and specific isobaric heat capacity modes when conditioned to focus solely on the pseudo-boiling affected regions. This correlation underscores the complex interplay between hydrodynamic and thermodynamic variables in such high-pressure transcritical environments.

Transient Tropopause Waves

Abstract Flight-level airborne observations have often detected gravity waves with horizontal wavelengths near the tropopause. Here, in situ and remote sensing aircraft data of these short gravity waves trapped along tropopause inversion layer and collected during a mountain-wave event over southern Scandinavia are analyzed to quantify their spectral energy and energy fluxes and to identify nonstationary modes. A series of three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to explain the origin of these transient wave modes and to investigate the parameters on which they depend. It turns out that mountain-wave breaking in the middle atmosphere and the subsequent modification of the stratospheric flow are the key factors for the occurrence of trapped modes with . In particular, the intermittent and periodic breaking of mountain waves in the lower stratosphere forms a wave duct directly above the tropopause, in which the short gravity waves are trapped. The characteristics of the trapped, downstream-propagating waves are mainly controlled by the sharpness of the tropopause inversion layer. It could be demonstrated that different settings for optimizing the numerical solver have a significantly smaller influence on the solutions.

Mechanisms of Reappeared Period Shifts of Internal Solitary Waves Based on Mooring Array Observations in the Northern South China Sea

AbstractMooring observations have revealed that the daily reappeared time (DRt) of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) manifests systematic shifts. This study aims to reveal the dynamic mechanisms behind this phenomenon using the theory of modulation of shear flow to the internal tide wave (IT) propagation. Approximate solutions for the frequency modulation function (FMF) and the amplitude modulation function (AMF) of ITs are derived and validated by the mooring array measurements on the northern SCS continental shelf in 2019 and 2020. Namely, the mechanisms of the ISW reappeared period shift (RPS derived from DRt) and amplitude variation are attributed to the modulation of low‐frequency flow with a period of about 7 days to ITs. The FMF is induced by the vorticity of the low‐frequency flow (FS1) and the Doppler shift (FS2). Thus, the sign of the FMF value may be positive (blue shift) and negative (red shift), depending on the algebraic summation of the two terms. The FS2 derived from mooring observed velocities confirms the modulation effects of mean current on the frequency shift and the amplitude variation of ITs and ISWs.

Experimental evidence of the correlation between the flow rolling structures and momentum transfer in Rayleigh–Bénard convection

The formation of large-scale circulating structures (LSC) is one of the critical characteristics of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC). Although the effect of LSC in turbulent RBC was disputed due to conflicting results, recently, the results of three-dimensional direct numerical simulation [Zwirner et al., “Elliptical instability and multiple-roll flow modes of the large-scale circulation in confined turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 54502 (2020)] confirmed that in RBC flows with a low Prandtl number, Pr=0.1 within Oberbeck–Boussinesq assumption, the formation of higher number of LSC leads to a decrease in heat and momentum transfer. However, it was shown that for higher Prandtl numbers, heat/momentum transfer is not correlated with the number of LSC. Experimental evidence is investigated of an inverse correlation between the momentum transfer and small-scale rolling structures for high Prandtl non-Oberbeck–Boussinesq condition. Experiments were undertaken at a Prandtl number of Pr=7 and Rayleigh number of Ra=5.3×107 in a cubical convection cell with an unit aspect ratio. Particle image velocimetry along with a robust combinatorial vortex detection algorithm was used to capture the flow field, detect the rolling structures, and estimate their size. It was found that although the flow structures were dominated by the LSC, the number of smaller rolling structures was significant. The results also showed that after the initiation of convection while the flow was still undeveloped, the majority of rolling structures were small scale. For this state, an inverse correlation between the number of rolling structures and momentum transfer was observed highlighting the influence of flow rolling structures regardless of the formation of the LSC.

Pore-scale simulation of two-phase flow in biporous media

Enhancing both permeability and capillary pumping in porous structures has emerged as a key focus for researchers, leading to the development of biporous media. While experimental studies on these structures have been conducted recently, there is a lack of numerical simulations due to difficulties in describing the geometry. To address this gap, the present study explores pore-scale numerical simulation of two-phase capillary flow in biporous media. A new simplified biporous structure is proposed, featuring a staggered arrangement of clusters, with each cluster composed of closely packed solid particles. For comparison, a monoporous media case is contrasted and represented using a conventional staggered arrangement of solid particles. Both passive and active capillary flow modes are considered in the present study. The numerical results align well with previous experimental findings on biporous media, indicating that the proposed biporous geometry effectively models two-phase flow in complex structures at a reasonable computational cost. The results show that capillary effects in biporous media are up to two times more effective than in monoporous structures. Simultaneously, permeability is enhanced by a factor of four in biporous media under similar circumstances, with most of the mass flow rate (more than 95%) passing through the larger pores between clusters. This combined impact of increased capillary action and higher permeability leads to enhanced wicking performance in biporous structures. The outcomes can help to understand two-phase flow physics in the biporous structure and develop reliable models for the simulation of biporous media on a macroscopic scale. Numerical modeling and comprehension of capillary structures play a crucial role in designing optimized geometries to enhance their performance.

Epitaxial RuO2 and IrO2 films by pulsed laser deposition on TiO2(110)

We present a systematic growth study of epitaxial RuO2(110) and IrO2(110) on TiO2(110) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. We describe the main challenges encountered in the growth process, such as a deteriorating material flux due to laser-induced target metallization or the delicate balance of under- vs over-oxidation of the “stubborn” Ru and Ir metals. We identify growth temperatures and oxygen partial pressures of 700 K, 1 × 10−3 mbar for RuO2 and 770 K, 5 × 10−4 mbar for IrO2 to optimally balance between metal oxidation and particle mobility during nucleation. In contrast to IrO2, RuO2 exhibits layer-by-layer growth up to 5 unit cells if grown at high deposition rates. At low deposition rates, the large lattice mismatch between film and substrate fosters initial 3D island growth and cluster formation. In analogy to reports for RuO2 based on physical vapor deposition [He et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 2692 (2015)], we find these islands to eventually merge and grow to continue in a step flow mode, resulting in highly crystalline, flat, stoichiometric films of RuO2(110) (up to 30 nm thickness) and IrO2(110) (up to 13 nm thickness) with well-defined line defects.

Sequential DBD plasma-assisted tandem tri-electrodes Fenton process for enhanced antibiotics treatment and denitrification

Ozone generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has the potential for water treatment; however, its limitations, including water solubility, performance in complex matrices, and resistance to some pollutants. This study explored a sequential DBD plasma assisted by a tandem tri-electrode Fenton (S-PEF) process, using a three-stage treatment approach for degrading antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, SMX; amoxicillin, AMX; and norfloxacin, NOF) in continuous flow mode for 220-bed volumes. Initially, antibiotics such as SMX and AMX underwent degradation in DBD plasma gas, which housed the mixing chamber. The more resilient NOF was removed by hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the following anodic chamber of the tandem trielectrodes by Fenton assisted oxidation. The continuous cyclic redox regeneration of Fe in tandem trielectrodes prevents secondary Fe sludge pollution. Finally, NO3-N and NO2-N were denitrified into N2 with 95 % selectivity in a cathodic chamber using copper oxide nanowires. This sequential treatment is crucial to mitigating the competitive effects of CO32− and humic acid in wastewater since O3 is less susceptible to them compared to OH. The S-PEF completely degraded all antibiotics regardless of water temperature (10 and 25 °C) compared to sole plasma treatment. Finally, toxicity assessments using an ecological structure–activity relationship (ECOSAR) and E. coli disinfection assays showed a significant reduction in toxicity. This study highlights the promising potential of the S-PEF as an advanced technology for wastewater treatment.

Modeling the Tilt of Bend‐Traversing Turbidity Currents: Implications for Sinuous Submarine Channel Development

AbstractThe controls on the development of submarine channel sinuosity are contested: slope gradient and Coriolis forcing have both been recognized as key governing factors: gradient via an inverse relationship (low sinuosity at high slope and vice versa), and Coriolis forcing through its effect on sedimentation patterns (reducing lateral bend migration, and hence sinuosity development, at high latitudes and/or in large channels). Using theoretical models to calculate the bulk properties of channelized turbidity currents, this study investigates the joint role of the Coriolis force and parameters including channel size, downchannel slope and turbidity current properties in the development of submarine channel sinuosity. Model validation is undertaken through the comparison of the calculated turbidity current tilting against the measured tilting of channel levees in the Northwest Atlantic Mid‐Ocean Channel; this approach is then used to evaluate the controls on channel sinuosity in nine other modern seafloor channels. The results indicate that the Coriolis force only becomes significant when the size of the channel, the slope gradient and flow conditions are within appropriate ranges instead of solely being dependent on latitude. Thus, thick and dense (≥1% bulk sediment concentration) flows traveling within steep‐gradient, small‐scale channels were shown to be relatively less susceptible to flow modification by Coriolis forcing even at high latitudes. On the other hand, thin and dilute (≪1% bulk sediment concentration) flows in shallow‐gradient, large‐scale channels showed susceptibility to Coriolis forcing at all latitudes. These results offer new insights into submarine channel evolution and intra‐channel sedimentation patterns.

Moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion for the open repair of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with shaggy aorta

Shaggy aorta is severe luminal surface degeneration of the aorta leading to an increased risk of plaque destabilization and embolization to the peripheral or visceral vessel beds. It represents a challenging clinical entity for both endovascular and open repair owing to potential atheroembolization, increased early morbidity and mortality, and poor long-term survival. Patients may be denied repair owing to its high risks. Herein, we present a novel approach to open repair of a juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm with shaggy aorta using moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion and concurrent flow modification to mitigate the risk of atheroma embolism.

A simple but effective vision transformer framework for visible-infrared person re-identification

In the context of visible-infrared person re-identification (VI-ReID), the acquisition of a robust visual representation is paramount. Existing approaches predominantly rely on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which are guided by intricately designed loss functions to extract features. In contrast, the vision transformer (ViT), a potent visual backbone, has often yielded subpar results in VI-ReID. We contend that the prevailing training methodologies and insights derived from CNNs do not seamlessly apply to ViT, leading to the underutilization of its potential in VI-ReID. One notable limitation is ViT’s appetite for extensive data, exemplified by the JFT-300M dataset, to surpass CNNs. Consequently, ViT struggles to transfer its knowledge from visible to infrared images due to inadequate training data. Even the largest available dataset, SYSU-MM01, proves insufficient for ViT to glean a robust representation of infrared images. This predicament is exacerbated when ViT is trained on the smaller RegDB dataset, where slight data flow modifications drastically affect performance—a stark contrast to CNN behavior. These observations lead us to conjecture that the CNN-inspired paradigm impedes ViT’s progress in VI-ReID. In light of these challenges, we undertake comprehensive ablation studies to shed new light on ViT’s applicability in VI-ReID. We propose a straightforward yet effective framework, named “Idformer”, to train a high-performing ViT for VI-ReID. Idformer serves as a robust baseline that can be further enhanced with carefully designed techniques akin to those used for CNNs. Remarkably, our method attains competitive results even in the absence of auxiliary information, achieving 78.58%/76.99% Rank-1/mAP on the SYSU-MM01 dataset, as well as 96.82%/91.83% Rank-1/mAP on the RegDB dataset. The code will be made publicly accessible.

BGFlow: Brightness-guided normalizing flow for low-light image enhancement

Low-light image enhancement poses significant challenges due to its ill-posed nature. Recently, deep learning-based methods have attempted to establish a unified mapping relationship between normal-light images and their low-light versions but frequently struggle to capture the intricate variations in brightness conditions. As a result, these methods often suffer from overexposure, underexposure, amplified noise, and distorted colors. To tackle these issues, we propose a brightness-guided normalizing flow framework, dubbed BGFlow, for low-light image enhancement. Specifically, we recognize that low-frequency sub-bands in the wavelet domain carry significant brightness information. To effectively capture the intricate variations in brightness within an image, we design a transformer-based multi-scale wavelet-domain encoder to extract brightness information from the multi-scale features of the low-frequency sub-bands. The extracted brightness feature maps, at different scales, are then injected into the brightness-guided affine coupling layer to guide the training of the conditional normalizing flow module. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the superiority of BGFlow over existing deep learning-based approaches in both qualitative and quantitative assessments. Moreover, we also showcase the exceptional performance of BGFlow on the underwater image enhancement task.

Microscale Flow Control and Droplet Generation Using Arduino-Based Pneumatically-Controlled Microfluidic Device.

Microfluidics are crucial for managing small-volume analytical solutions for various applications, such as disease diagnostics, drug efficacy testing, chemical analysis, and water quality monitoring. The precise control of flow control devices can generate diverse flow patterns using pneumatic control with solenoid valves and a microcontroller. This system enables the active modulation of the pneumatic pressure through Arduino programming of the solenoid valves connected to the pressure source. Additionally, the incorporation of solenoid valve sets allows for multichannel control, enabling simultaneous creation and manipulation of various microflows at a low cost. The proposed microfluidic flow controller facilitates accurate flow regulation, especially through periodic flow modulation beneficial for droplet generation and continuous production of microdroplets of different sizes. Overall, we expect the proposed microfluidic flow controller to drive innovative advancements in technology and medicine owing to its engineering precision and versatility.

Management of jellyfish outbreaks to achieve good environmental status

Jellyfish and gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) in general, fulfill important ecological roles with significant impacts, although they are often oversimplified or misunderstood. This paper reviews the impacts, pressures, monitoring methods and current management strategies for various GZ groups. It also introduces potentially applicable indicators for their assessment in ecosystem-based management approaches, such as the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This multi-faceted review is primarily envisioned to serve as a state-of-the-art document for scientists and policymakers to foster a holistic assessment and management of GZ across European regional seas. The systematic review on global impacts of GZ shows a notable increase in the number of studies since the early 2000s. Stings were the main cause of human health impacts. Mechanisms that impact biodiversity included direct predation, modification of trophic flows or competition for resources. Several GZ taxa may be beneficial to biodiversity acting as biological regulators and provide societal ecosystem services such as food provision or medical applications. The systematic review on monitoring techniques outlined a variety of methods, such as nets (the most common technique), continuous plankton recorder (CPR), polyp and jelly-fall monitoring, acoustic methods, remote aerial and underwater imaging, molecular methods, and citizen science. Furthermore, several currently employed management strategies were enumerated, including the use of anti-jelly nets, bubble curtains, chemical compounds, or the introduction of GZ predators. This study highlights the pressing need for enhanced GZ-dedicated monitoring, assessment, and anticipatory management of GZ populations to address future GZ crises more effectively and cost-efficiently. Moreover, exploring GZ ecosystem services unveils opportunities to harness marine resources while mitigating adverse effects, thereby supporting sustainable blue economies.