Modification Of Bentonite Research Articles

Adsorption studies of Orange II onto polyaniline/bentonite nanocomposite.

Modification of bentonite is essential for the adsorption of anionic dyes, as its negative surface charge. In this study, polyaniline/bentonite (PAni-Bent) nanocomposite was synthesized by in-situ intercalative polymerization technique and used to remove anionic dye Orange II (ORII) from synthetic wastewater. Its structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurements. The adsorption behaviours of PAni-Bent towards ORII in the single anionic dye wastewater, the cationic/anionic mixture dye wastewater, with or without salt or surfactant, were investigated principally. The results show that cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide have an obviously suppressing effect on dye removal in the MB/ORII mixture system. The Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models described the adsorption process better than Freundlich or Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model, and the pseudo-second-order and Boyd kinetic models fit better with the experimental data. Considering all these unique characteristics, PAni-Bent can be considered as effective adsorbent material for potential removal of dye from aqueous solution in industry.

Meta-Xylene Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Surfactant-Modified Bentonite: A Kinetic View

The bentonite used was a natural calcium bentonite from Enugu State, Nigeria. This was treated with Na2CO3 by ion exchange method to form a sodium bentonite described as unmodified bentonite (UB). Unmodified bentonite was treated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to produce a modified bentonite (MB). The performance of unmodified bentonite (UB) and modified bentonite (MB) were evaluated for the sorption of meta-xylene from aqueous solution. The resultant materials were characterized using kinetic model equations. The optimum contact time for the adsorption of meta-xylene was 120 minutes with a maximum percentage removal of 96.82 % for the modified adsorbent. Pseudo-second order equation gave the best correlation coefficient value (R2) of 0.999 for the adsorption of meta-xylene on the modified bentonite (MB). These results obtained confirmed the efficiency and effectiveness of modified bentonite in the removal of petroleum wastes.

Characterization of bentonite modified with humic acid for the removal of Cu (II) and 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution

This study examines the modification of bentonite with humic acid (HAB) as a novel sorbent for simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were conducted employing either single sorption or simultaneous sorption of Cu(II) and 2,4-DCP. Results indicated that the sorption of either Cu(II) or 2,4-DCP onto HAB was little influenced by the presence of the other contaminant. The amount of sorption was 22.40mgg−1 and 14.23mgg−1 for Cu(II) and 2,4-DCP, respectively at 30°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that HA was immobilized on the surface of bentonite. Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis indicated that Cu(II) was sorbed onto HAB. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the crystalline structure of bentonite did not change after being modified with HA. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed that new bonds and band intensity emerged after the sorption of Cu(II) and 2,4-DCP onto the HAB. These suggest that simultaneous sorption of 2,4-DCP and Cu(II) onto HAB could occur through: firstly, a mechanism that partitions between 2,4-DCP and HA; and secondly, the ion-exchange mechanism between Cu(II) and bentonite.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Silica with Raw and Modified Bentonite on the Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

Modified bentonite (M-BNT) was prepared by treating raw bentonite (BNT) with NaCl, tetradecyldimethylamine chloride salt and coco diethanolamide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy showed intercalation of the organic modifiers into the layers of M-BNT. The effect of partially replacing silica with BNT and M-BNT on the tensile properties of natural rubber (NR) composites was investigated. Results showed that 15 phr M-BNT, as well as 10/5 phr silica/BNT mixture filler, imparted great improvement in the tensile modulus and stresses at 100, 200 and 300% strain of NR composites. Moreover, 10/2.5/2.5 and 2.5/10/2.5 phr silica/M-BNT/BNT mixture filler gave the NR composites high tensile strength and elongation at break relative to unfilled NR. Contour plots showed that tensile properties of NR composites decreased with increasing amount of BNT.

Intercalation of ionic liquids into bentonite: Swelling and rheological behaviors

In this study, direct intercalation of three different green ionic liquids (ILs) having different salt and cation sizes into bentonite interlayer is investigated. The ILs covered in this study are: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [IL-1], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl-sulfate [IL-2], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [IL-3]. The aim of this IL modification of bentonite is to enhance both rheological and thermal stability of the modified bentonite. This objective is achieved by increasing the swelling of the bentonite interlayer, which is essential for many applications. The basal d-spacing of the ILs intercalated bentonite in comparison with dried bentonite powder as detected by XRD results showed that the cations of the three ILs are successfully intercalated into the interlayer of the bentonite platelets by a cation exchange mechanism and the swelling is likely influenced by the cation size, type and concentration of the ILs. The measurements of the equilibrium concentrations of the ILs in the solution suggested that adsorption is taking place on the external surfaces. This assumption is validated by Zeta potential measurements. The results from particle sizes and Zeta potential measurements have shown that bentonite intercalated with IL-1 and IL-2 are the most effective in decreasing the overall repulsive forces and increasing the attractive forces on the bentonite surface. Consequently, larger bentonite aggregates are produced by the chloride based IL intercalated bentonite rather than those intercalated with the bromide based IL or pure bentonite. In a similar manner, rheological measurements showed that the bentonite intercalated with IL-1 and IL-2 produced strong bentonite aggregates with higher G′, G″, τc and η* than those intercalated with IL-3 and the untreated bentonite samples. Rheological, Zeta Potential and XRD measurements have confirmed that green ionic liquids can be used in different applications to enhance bentonite swelling.

Adsorption Properties of Bentonite with In Situ Immobilized Polyaniline Towards Anionic Forms of Cr(VI), Mo(VI), W(VI), V(V)

A new composite material bentonite-PANI was synthesized by in situ immobilization of polyaniline (PANI) on the surface of natural mineral bentonite. It was established as a result of the modification of bentonite a surface area and an interlayer distance of mineral decrease and particles of bentonite transformed of irregular shape with different porosity on irregularly shaped particles of smaller size. It has been found that the total Cr(VI) ions extraction took place under the acid conditions (pH=1 – 2) and W(VI) ions have been well adsorbed in the pH range from 1 to 8 by the composite bentonite-PANI unlike the initial mineral. Whereas adsorption of oxo anions of V(V) and Mo(VI) made up some 50%. It is proved that the in situ immobilization of bentonite by polyaniline leads to increasing the value of adsorption capacity towards the investigated ions compared with the initial mineral. It was established that the adsorption properties of the synthesized composite with respect to the studied oxo ions were worse than the adsorption properties of composite vermiculite-PANI, similar to the composite Sokyryntsyy clinoptilolite-PANI and better than composites of polyaniline with Podilskyy saponite and Karelian shungite.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.22.2.6976

Organic modification of bentonite and its application for perrhenate (an analogue of pertechnetate) removal from aqueous solution

Technetium-99 (99Tc) is an important fission product of nuclear industry. Its characteristics can be predicted by studying rhenium (Re), a chemical analogue of technetium, thus avoiding the use of radioactive elements at high concentrations. The present work focused on the sorption of Re(VII) by hexadecyl trimethylammonium cation (HDTMA) modified bentonite. Our experimental results show that the bentonite sample has been successfully modified. The stability of HDTMA in the sample is satisfactory with the increasing of calcination temperature (<200°C). The uptake rate of Re(VII) is relatively rapid and the sorption kinetics of Re(VII) can be successfully described by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies reveal that the sorption process is more favorable at low temperature. The uptake ratio of Re(VII) on HDTMA modified bentonite was enhanced significantly compared with the unmodified one, the surface precipitate between HDTMA and Re(VII) is the main mechanism for Re(VII) uptake by HDTMA modified bentonite.

Thermodynamic and Isothermal Studies of Congo RedAdsorption onto Modified Bentonite

Adsorption of Congo Red (CR) from dye-containing effluents using modified bentonite (MB) has been investigated here. Isothermal studies were conducted to ascertain maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. MB exhibited superior adsorption capacity compared to other low-cost adsorbents. Experimental data fitted the Langmuir isotherm better, indicating monolayer coverage of CR on MB. The feasibility of the process was measured in terms of separation factor RL. The values of Gibbs free energy, entropy and enthalpy were calculated from the thermodynamics of the process. Adsorption was feasible and spontaneous, being endothermic. Analytical techniques including SEM, EDS, FTIR and XRD were applied to characterize MB and also to provide conclusive proof of the accumulation of CR on to MB.

Plasma-surface modification on bentonite clay to improve the performance of adsorption of methylene blue

The present study consists of the cold plasma treatment was applied for the surface modification of bentonite to improve the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. To achieve the aim, the conditions for adsorption, including cold plasma application time, plasma gas effect, and pH were investigated with respect to the adsorption capacity of MB. The changes of the surface property before and after cold plasma treatment were discussed. Cold plasma treated bentonite is characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), BET surface area, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir equations. Langmuir isotherm exhibited the best fit with the experimental data. Adsorption kinetics were fitted with pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second order. Cold plasma treated bentonite was exhibited largest adsorption capacity (303mg/g) at 30°C.

Bentonite modification with hexadecylpyridinium and aluminum polyoxy cations and its effectiveness in Se(IV) removal

Usage of bentonite as a buffer material is suggested in radioactive waste repositories. Although bentonites have higher sorption ability to cations, they cannot adsorp anions due to negative surface charge. Nowadays, ongoing researches focus on increasing anion adsorption ability of the bentonites with modification. Organic-pillared bentonite (OPBent) was produced by modification of sodium bentonite with aluminum polyoxy and hexadecylpyridinium cations in this study. Variation in structure after modification was demonstrated by using different characterization techniques. Se removal efficiency of OPBent is investigated by using 75Se, since selenium (Se) is one of the important long lived fission products found in radioactive waste and has toxic anionic species in an aqueous environment. The effect of reaction time, solid/liquid ratio, pH and concentration on the adsorption performance were examined. Se speciation and its effect onto adsorption were also investigated by measuring Eh-pH values under certain experimental conditions. Additionally, importance of the amount of Al-polyoxy cations used in modification was investigated by comparing these results with the results of other organic-pillared bentonite produced in our previous research. Experimental results confirmed that both cations were successfully placed into the bentonite interlayer and significant change in the host structure leads to increase Se adsorption. Consequently, bentonite modification improves its Se adsorption ability and further investigations are needed related to the usage of this adsorbent in other remediation studies especially in sorption of other anionic pollutants.

Salt Diffusion Through a Bentonite-Polymer Composite

AbstractBentonites are commonly used as chemical containment barriers to minimize liquid flow and contaminant transport. However, chemicals can adversely affect bentonite performance to the extent that modified bentonites have been developed to improve chemical resistance relative to traditional (unmodified) bentonites. The present study focused on the diffusion of potassium chloride (KCl) through a bentonite-polymer composite, or BPC, that was known to behave as a semipermeable membrane. Specifically, the effective diffusion coefficients, D*, for chloride (Cl−) and potassium (K+) were measured and correlated with previously measured membrane efficiency coefficients, ω, for the BPC. The values of D* at steady-state for chloride (Dss,Cl−*\$\end{document}) and potassium (Dss,K+*\$\end{document}) decreased as the ω values increased. The decrease in Dss,Cl−*\$\end{document} and Dss,K+*\$\end{document} was approximately a linear function of (1 − ω), which is consistent with previous research performed on unmodified Na-bentonite contained within a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). In contrast to the previous GCL tests, however, Dss,Cl−*\$\end{document} values for the BPC generally were greater than the Dss,K+*\$\end{document} values, and the differences between Dss,Cl−*\$\end{document} and Dss,K+*\$\end{document} decreased as KCl concentration increased. The apparent discrepancy between Dss,Cl−*\$\end{document} and Dss,K+*\$\end{document} is consistent with excess sodium (Na+) in the BPC prior to testing and the requirement for electroneutrality during testing. Also, despite an apparent linear trend in diffusive mass flux for K+, lack of agreement between the ratio of the diffusive mass flux of K+ relative to that for Cl− as required on the basis of electroneutrality at steady state suggested that steadystate diffusive mass flux for K+ had probably not been achieved due to continual K+-for-Na+ cation exchange. Nonetheless, the excess Na+ and bentonite modification did not affect the fundamental correlation between D* and ω, which requires that D* approaches zero as ω approaches unity (D* → 0 as ω → 1).

Investigation on the properties of rubber composites containing modified clay

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of organobentonite (OB) as reinforcing filler in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). The composites were prepared using different loadings of OB and studying in details their properties. A series of OB was modified using surfactant N-cetyl-N, N, N-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) with concentrations 0.5, 1 and 2 cation exchange capacity (CEC) of bentonite. Design/methodology/approach – The different bentonites were characterized using different analytical and spectro-photometric techniques, such as infra red, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy, while rubber vulcanizate rheological, morphological, swelling and thermal properties were examined using different standard instrumental testing and methods. Findings – The study revealed that the modification of bentonite using CTAB showed significant enhancement on NBR properties, and the optimum filler loading was 12 phr for both 0.5CEC OB and 2CEC OB. These modified bentonites improved reinforcing properties to NBR vulcanizates. Also, results showed that composites exhibited remarkable improvements in tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness in the presence of modified bentonite and also an increase in thermal stability. Research limitations/implications – Na-B cannot be applied in rubber matrix without modification because it is incompatible with it. Practical implications – The modified bentonite is considered as efficient reinforcing filler which can replace other fillers because it has lower surface energy and improved intercalating behaviour in rubber matrix. Originality/value – These papered bentonites are cheap with relatively high purity, which make rubber/clay composites emerge as new class of material and can be used in different fields other than rubber.

Structure, swelling and mechanical behavior of a cationic full-IPN hydrogel reinforced with modified nanoclay

Despite various applications of hydrogels, they have poor gel strength and low resistance against crack propagation which lead to the limitation of their applications. For overcoming this inherent weakness, the current study has focused on the simultaneous utilization of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure and nanocomposite hydrogels. It is known that IPN and nanocomposite gels can improve gel strength. The combination of IPN and nanocomposite structure was developed in hydrogels for improving gel strength. For this purpose, bentonite was successfully modified with a cationic surfactant, (3-methacrylamidopropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC), as intercalate, and characterized by TGA, XRD and FTIR. Then we synthesized a novel full-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) cationic hydrogel nanocomposite reinforced using the modified bentonite (MBe) nanoplatelets. The effect of MBe content on the chemical structure and mechanical properties was studied by means of XRD, FTIR, tensile and rheological measurements. Additionally, the swelling capacity of hydrogel networks was studied. The highest storage modulus for the swollen IPN nanocomposite hydrogel was obtained at 1 wt% of MBe. A similar trend was also demonstrated for the Young’s modulus of the elastic full-IPN hydrogels as the storage modulus of rheological measurements. Therefore, the optimized network had only 1 wt% MBe nanosheets.

Glucose Oxidase Immobilization on TMAH-Modified Bentonite

The influence of bentonite modification by tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) on its capability to immobilize glucose oxidase (GOX) was studied. Modification of bentonite was conducted by the adding of 0-5% (v/v) TMAH. The observed results show that the different concentrations of TMAH affect the percentage of immobilized enzyme. The results of this study show that the best concentration of TMAH is 5% (v/v) which can immobilize up to 84.71% of GOX. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies have been carried out to observe the structural changes in bentonite due to TMAH modification. The obtained immobilized GOX show the optimum catalytic activity on reaction temperature of 40-50 °C and pH of 7. The immobilized GOX kinetics at the optimum conditions determined the Km and Vmax value to be 4.96x10-2 mM and 4.99x10-3 mM.min-1 respectively. In addition, the immobilized GOX on TMAH-modified bentonite is stable enough so it could be re-used six times before its activity decreased by 39.44%.

Swelling and mechanical behavior of nanoclay reinforced hydrogel: single network vs. full interpenetrating polymer network

Despite the various uses of hydrogels, one of their weaknesses is the poor gel strength. To overcome this restriction, the current study has focused on simultaneously employing an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure and nanocomposite hydrogels. Through this approach, the influence of nanofiller in the single network and IPN hydrogel properties was also studied in detail. For this purpose, a novel full interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel nanocomposite based on 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS)/acrylic acid (AA)–sodium acrylate (AANa) was synthesized in two steps through a facile solution polymerization with incorporation of modified bentonite (MBE) as nanofiller. The prepared modified nanoplatelets, MBE, were characterized by XRD and FT-IR. The effect of MBE content on the chemical structure of single network and full IPN hydrogels was studied by FT-IR, XRD and DSC. The obtained swelling capacity for these IPN hydrogel nanocomposites was generally decreased by incorporation of MBE nanosheets. So that the lowest water absorbency (about 25 g/g) was obtained for the nanocomposite hydrogels containing 10 wt% of MBE. Moreover, rheological method and tensile test were used to investigate the mechanical properties of hydrogels. The results indicated that by increasing the MBE content in the IPN hydrogel network, the storage modulus of the prepared nanocomposite showed a totally different behavior compared to that of single network hydrogel. It is worth noting that IPN hydrogel containing only 1 % nanoclay showed the highest Young’s modulus in comparison to that of other prepared hydrogels. On the other hand, the highest elongation (about 600 %) was observed for MBE-free IPN hydrogel matrix. Thus, fascinating elastic responses and full recovery after a few minutes of unloading indicate that the synthesized IPN nanocomposite hydrogel exhibits admissible mechanical strength, which makes it a promising candidate for various applications.

Characterization of phosphate sequestration by a lanthanum modified bentonite clay: a solid-state NMR, EXAFS, and PXRD study.

Phosphate (Pi) sequestration by a lanthanum (La) exchanged clay mineral (La-Bentonite), which is extensively used in chemical lake restoration, was investigated on the molecular level using a combination of (31)P and (139)La solid state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR), extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and sorption studies. (31)P SSNMR show that all Pi was immobilized as rhabdophane (LaPO4·n H2O, n ≤ 3), which was further supported by (139)La SSNMR and EXAFS. However, PXRD results were ambiguous with respect to rhabdophane and monazite (LaPO4). Adsorption studies showed that at dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration above ca. 250 μM the binding capacity was only 50% of the theoretical value or even less. No other La or Pi phases were detected by SSNMR and EXAFS indicating the effect of DOC is kinetic. Moreover, (31)P SSNMR showed that rhabdophane formed upon Pi sequestration is in close proximity to the clay matrix.

Modification of bentonite with cationic surfactant for the enhanced retention of bisphenol A from landfill leachate.

Bentonite was modified with cationic surfactant hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) as landfill liner to retard the transportation of bisphenol A (BPA) for the first time. The modification was confirmed to form a lateral bi-layer in the interlayer space of bentonite by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The introduction of HTAB into the internal position of bentonite led to an increased interlayer space of bentonite from 15.0 to 20.9Å and a higher sorption affinity for BPA (10.449mg/g of HTAB-bentonite and 3.413mg/g of raw bentonite). According to the Freundlich model, the maximum adsorption capacity of the HTAB-bentonite was found to be 0.410mg/g. The sorption capacity of raw bentonite and HTAB-bentonite both decreased at alkaline conditions. Although the hydraulic conductivity of HTAB-bentonite was higher than that of raw bentonite, results of laboratory permeability and column tests indicated that HTAB-bentonite obviously extended the BPA breakthrough time by 43.4%. The properties of the HTAB-bentonite revealed its notable advantages as components of landfill liners material to retain BPA in leachate.

Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Cationic Polyelectrolyte Modified Bentonite

This study reports on the modification of natural bentonite by a cationic polyelectrolyte, which is a lignin-based aldehyde-ketone resin, and the application of this modified clay as adsorbent in the removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution. Modified bentonite was characterized by IR and zeta-potential test, its dye removal performance was evaluated. Results show that intermolecular interaction and electrostatic attraction between dyes and adsorbent are responsible for the adsorption behavior. The removal of reactive dyes increased with increasing temperature and the optimum pH range was 4.0-6.5. The negative values of ΔG reflected the spontaneous adsorption and the values of ΔH showed that it was a combination of chemical and physical adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption capacity for reactive red and reactive blue was 125.0 and 159.2 mg/g, respectively.

Organic modification of bentonite and its effect on rheological properties of paper coating

ObjectiveThe effect of organic modified bentonite on rheological behavior of paper coating was studied to extend the use of bentonite in the paper industry. BackgroundIn the coating process, the paper coating was performed in various shear forces. Therefore, the rheological properties of the coating had profound effects on the quality of coated paper. In order to achieve the good rheology, paper coating required the addition of thickener or rheology modifiers. Organic bentonite was a kind of thixotropic ge1, which was extensively used in a number of applications as rheology modifier to modify the rheology and control the stability of systems. MethodNa+-bentonite was modified with diallyl dimethylammonium chloride and dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride, respectively. The organic bentonite was characterized by XRD and TGA and the rheological properties of paper coating containing organic bentonite were measured by rheometer. ResultsThe XRD spectra showed that the 001 reflection of bentonite was shifted to a lower 2θ after the modification. Moreover, the modification with DTAC had more pronounced effect than with DADMAC. The TGA curve showed that one dehydration stage in the range of 30–155°C was observed. For organic bentonite, thermal degradation took place in two stages. The first step was obtained in the temperature range of 250–600°C and the second step took place between 600 and 900°C. The addition of modified organic bentonite resulted in the increases of yield stress and viscosity of coating, and they increased when the amount of organic bentonite was increased. The flow characteristics fitted well with the Herschel–Bulkley model, and the rheological properties of paper coatings exhibited typical pseudoplastic behavior. Conclusion(1) The organic modifying agents were successfully inserted into the interlayer space of bentonite, the bonded amount of DADMAC and DTAC was 0.107g/1g Bent-DADMAC and 0.124g/1g Bent-DTAC, respectively; (2) organic bentonites had the thickening and promoting rheological function for paper coating; and (3) the paper coating containing organic bentonite exhibits the pseudoplastic fluid.

Identification and Assessment of Natural Sodium Bentonite

Disordered application of bentonite in the waterproof projects has caused irreparable damage to the economic and environmental for the shortage of significant identification methods of natural sodium bentonite. Considering the complex domestic situation of bentonite using, 3 types of natural sodium bentonite and 6 types of bentonite materials in geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) in the market were studied and compared in this research to address means for identification and assessment of natural sodium bentonite. Against the potential modification of bentonite, various ways of characterization were applied in this study, including fluorescence analysis, X-ray- diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as the tests of retention rate of swelling index, Na+, K+ and Ca2+, Mg2+ ion content measurement, pH value, DSC, anion measurement, et.al. It was found that a series of parameters and corresponding indicators, which were confirmed to discriminate the applied modification means on the bentonite, could be used for the identification and assessment of natural sodium bentonite by mutual testifying the different parameters.