Modes Of Surveillance Research Articles

Social surveillance and Let’s Play: A regional case study of gaming in Manila slum communities

This article examines the use of Let’s Play (LP) in Manila, Philippines. LP is an emerging genre in which players record, narrate, and broadcast video game play online. While in Western contexts LP is predominantly viewed in domestic settings, our focus is on the distinct manner in which LP is viewed in the Philippines, resulting in unique social architectures of play that coalesce public and private practices. In particular, the arcade-style vending machine, pisonet (a conflation between the Filipino piso [currency] + inter[net]), plays a key role in shaping net cultures within everyday life. Through the pisonet, unique forms of performative play happen in and around the watching play of LP. These types of performativity around LP see intergenerational and public forms of play, spectatorship, and surveillance entangle. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Metropolitan Manila, this study aims to conceptualize how public spaces, screens, and play—through the LP on pisonets—bring about unique modes of sociality and surveillance of care. In doing so, this paper complicates established viewership models of LP, exploring how their manifestation in Manila gives rise to a particular type of Filipino sense of play.

A New Intelligent Video Surveillance Architecture

Aimed at the old mode of traditional video surveillance for manual operation and forensics, and the fact that massive amounts of video data occupy a large amount of storage and transmission resources, an intelligent video surveillance architecture based on network and big data is proposed. The architecture includes three core modules: face real-time detecting, face intelligent coding, and face fast retrieval, which can automatically detect human faces, and then intelligently encode them and compare them with databases quickly. It greatly reduces the space occupied by video data storage and transmission, improves the intelligent level of video surveillance, and transforms “after-the-fact analysis” to “in-the-fact analysis” to meet modern criminal investigation requirements.

Surveillance, Secular Law, and the Reconstruction of Islam in the United States

Surveillance is often understood as simply a tool for collecting information, and opposition to the surveillance practices of the US government frequently relies on the analytical framework of privacy and rights violations. Other critical analyses of surveillance practices use the lenses of racial discrimination and/or neocolonial political domination. While all of these are valuable approaches, they downplay the extent to which specific modes of existence and ways of being have been targeted in the current surveillance paradigm. In this paper I discuss the role of religion and its relationship to the law—in other words, the state’s control of “appropriate” religion—in defining surveillance practices. Using critical interpretive and deconstructive readings of the discourse surrounding the surveillance paradigm, I show that surveillance is used as an instrument to revise and alter modes of non-Western moral and ethical life and to render human subjects more suitable for assimilation into the burgeoning secular/liberal world order, including its concept of “appropriate” religion. I argue that the current mode of government suspicion and surveillance in the US continues long-standing demarcations between acceptable and unacceptable religion in secular law (and in liberal/secular Western societies more broadly), and I demonstrate how this paradigm subordinates and marginalizes non-Protestant religions. In order to fully understand the US surveillance state, we need to pay attention to the way that secular order attempts to define and shape non-Protestant religions and in so doing endangers its own democratic principles of tolerance and neutrality.

Automated monitoring of mouse feeding and body weight for continuous health assessment.

Routine health assessment of laboratory rodents can be improved using automated home cage monitoring. Continuous, non-stressful, objective assessment of rodents unaware that they are being watched, including during their active dark period, reveals behavioural and physiological changes otherwise invisible to human caretakers. We developed an automated feeder that tracks feed intake, body weight, and physical appearance of individual radio frequency identification-tagged mice in social home cages. Here, we experimentally induce illness via lipopolysaccharide challenge and show that this automated tracking apparatus reveals sickness behaviour (reduced food intake) as early as 2-4 hours after lipopolysaccharide injection, whereas human observers conducting routine health checks fail to detect a significant difference between sick mice and saline-injected controls. Continuous automated monitoring additionally reveals pronounced circadian rhythms in both feed intake and body weight. Automated home cage monitoring is a non-invasive, reliable mode of health surveillance allowing caretakers to more efficiently detect and respond to early signs of illness in laboratory rodent populations.

Asking more of Siri and Alexa: feminine persona in service of surveillance capitalism

ABSTRACTThis paper illuminates how gendered stereotypes can be leveraged to assuage anxieties surrounding artificially intelligent virtual assistants (AI VA). In particular, the analysis shows that these AI objects routinely traffic in normative gender roles of the feminine as caretaker, mother, and wife in order to obfuscate modes of surveillance, and mediate the relationship users and potential users have with late-capitalist market logics in the platform economy. Mobilizing essentialist feminine personas characterized in this paper as “digital domesticity,” artificially intelligent objects orient users to engage productively with surveillance capitalism as natural. To illustrate this relationship between femininity and surveillance, this paper focuses on two case studies of AI VA. The essay turns to Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa as emblematic of AI VA that perform a stereotypically feminine persona that invites users to participate in increasingly intimate forms of data exchange that in turn contribute to surveillance capitalism. The study of AI VA, like Siri and Alexa, demonstrates the significant rhetorical capacities of the feminine persona as they are applied to objects with weak (that is, limited) artificial intelligence.

The body politics of the urban age: reflections on surveillance and affect

The article theorizes surveillance and affect in the context of urban security policy. Surveillance, as commonly understood, provides the means to “know” a person or a population, and to a certain extent to control or manage her/him/it. Hence, surveillance and knowledge are intimately tied together. New modes of surveillance are, therefore, also contingent upon new ways of knowing. This article discusses surveillance and affect in urban politics and let these concepts communicate with empirical research on urban security. The starting point is empirical research in three European cities on changes in local level security policy between 2000 and 2010. In all three cases, significant changes in the governance networks’ approaches about security were observed. These changes coincided with new developments in the use of surveillance technologies to increase feelings of security. In this process “performative” surveillance became a central aspect of urban security policy, with particular focus on affects related to fear of crime, old age, and gender. The article theorizes the relationship between security, surveillance, and affect. The argument put forward is that new security policies were instances of the production of a discourse in which the pre-cognitive, instinctual affects were increasingly targeted. The article shows how proponents of the new type of security governance articulate policy goals focusing on fear, threat, and surveillance. It contributes to a small body of literature on urban security and emotions by showing how cultural differences play out when similar policy goals that target citizens on the level of pre-cognitive affects are implemented.

Virtual Healing: Militarizing the Psyche in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

This article analyzes the use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) to treat combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. In this therapeutic practice, patients wear a head-mounted virtual reality display and enter a simulation designed to incarnate their triggering memories. VRET visualizes the formerly invisible site of psychotherapy, achieving a medical aspiration that has been pursued since the turn of the twentieth century. This visualization subjects therapy to a mode of surveillance and mediates the conditions in which trauma is processed. In this article, I consider how VRET’s user interfaces produce feelings of agency that reconfigure how power is distributed at the scene of therapy. I situate this novel practice at the intersection of two technological histories: the industrial history of the military-entertainment complex that spawned VRET, and the theoretical history that unites psychoanalysis and computation in their mutual ambition to formalize thought. Contending that neither of these histories can be disarticulated from the violent projects they have sustained, I interrogate the politics of a practice that visualizes and virtualizes psychotherapy, arguing that VRET processes trauma according to a militarized worldview.

Post-panoptic pedagogies: The changing nature of school surveillance in the digital age

The aim of this paper is to explore critically the everyday conditions of surveillance in the contemporary secondary school context. Using a classical ethnographic approach, it seeks to unpack the range of surveillance practices and processes that are at work within schools as institutional settings, and how these are encountered and experienced by students, teachers, administrators, and other members of a school community. The main concern is with the hypothesized evolution of panoptic to post-panoptic surveillance and whether or not surveillance in schools emulates such developments, specifically with regards to the levelling of power hierarchies as a result of the incorporation of both vertical and horizontal modes of surveillance. To offer concrete examples of this shift in models of surveillance, this paper examine three manifestations of surveillance in schools: CCTV, mobile phones, and e-learning and content management platforms as modes of dataveillance, a particularized form of surveillance that has come to characterize modern surveillance functions. The primary question that drives this research is what evidence is there for these functions/modes of surveillance, and how are digital technologies implicit in their operation?

A real-time surgical site infections surveillance mode to monitor surgery classification-specific, hospital-wide surgical site infections in a Chinese tertiary hospital.

We introduced a real-time surgical site infections surveillance mode (SSISM) to monitor hospital-wide surgical site infections (SSIs) based on the ICD-9-CM Volume 3 operational codes and the ICD-10 disease codes. Compared with the gold standard, the SSISM confirmed 71.9% (82/114) of SSIs from 3,048 operations with a 60-fold time-savings. The SSISM could obtain the SSI rates for each type of surgery or disease among hospital-wide inpatients in a tertiary hospital with 3,800 beds.

Taylorism, the European Science of Work, and the Quantified Self at Work

While the Quantified Self has often been described as a contemporary iteration of Taylorism, this article argues that a more accurate comparison is to be made with what Anson Rabinbach has termed the “European Science of Work.” The European Science of Work sought to modify Taylor’s rigid and schematic understanding of the laboring body through the incorporation of insights drawn from the rich European tradition of physiological studies. This “softening” of Taylorist methods had the effect of producing a greater “isorhythmia” or synchronicity between the bodily rhythms of workers and those of the mode of production itself and was embraced by employers as a way to dampen worker militancy. Through a discursive analysis of the promotion of sensor analytics by management consultants VoloMetrix and Humanyze, I argue that the contemporary quantification of the workplace represents a similar project of “soft domination,” as the intimate, bottom-up mode of surveillance it fosters seeks to more closely mold workers’ physiological and social rhythms to the structure of the workplace and the working day.

A Social Media mHealth Solution to Address the Needs of Dengue Prevention and Management in Sri Lanka.

BackgroundSri Lanka has witnessed a series of dengue epidemics over the past five years, with the western province, home to the political capital of Colombo, bearing more than half of the dengue burden. Existing dengue monitoring prevention programs are exhausted as public health inspectors (PHIs) cope with increasing workloads and paper-based modes of surveillance and education, characterizing a reactive system unable to cope with the enormity of the problem. On the other hand, the unprecedented proliferation and affordability of mobile phones since 2009 and a supportive political climate have thus far remained unexploited for the use of mobile-based interventions for dengue management.ObjectiveTo conduct a needs assessment of PHIs in Colombo with respect to their dengue-related tasks and develop a new mobile-based system to address these needs while strengthening existing systems.MethodsOne-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with 29 PHIs to a) gain a nuanced, in-depth understanding of the current state of surveillance practices, b) understand the logistical, technological and social challenges they confront, and c) identify opportunities for mobile-based interventions. Quantitative analysis included simple descriptive statistics while qualitative analysis comprised textual analysis of 209 pages of transcripts (or nearly 600 minutes of conversations) using grounded theory approaches.ResultsCurrent paper-based data collection practices for dengue surveillance involved a circuitous, time consuming process that could take between 7-10 days to officially report and record a single case. PHIs confronted challenges in terms of unreliable, standalone GIS devices, delays in registering mosquito breeding sites and lack of engagement from communities while delivering dengue education. These findings, in concert with a high motivation to use mobile-based systems, informed the development of Mo-Buzz, a mobile-based system that integrates three components – digitized surveillance, dynamic disease mapping and digitized dengue education – on a common platform. The system was developed through an iterative, evolutionary, collaborative process, consistent with the Spiral model of software development and is currently being used by all 55 PHIs in the CMC system.ConclusionsGiven the entrenched nature of existing paper-based systems in PHIs’ work habits, we expect a gradual adoption curve for Mo-Buzz in the future. Equally, we expect variable adoption of the system with respect to its specific components, and specific PHI sub-groups (younger versus older). The Mo-Buzz intervention is a response to multiple calls by the global mHealth community for collaborations in the area of mobile interventions for global health. Our experience revealed that the benefits of this paradigm lies in alleviating country-specific public health challenges through a commonly shared understanding of cultural mores, and sharing of knowledge and technologies. We call upon future researchers to further dissect the applicability of the Spiral Model of software development to mHealth interventions and contribute to the mHealth evidence debate from theoretical and applied perspectives.

Super-resolution Doppler beam sharpening imaging based on an iterative adaptive approach

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a super-resolution Doppler beam sharpening (DBS) imaging method in the wide-area surveillance mode based on the iterative adaptive approach (IAA). DBS imaging is an effective technique to improve the azimuth resolution in the wide-area surveillance mode. However, the conventional DBS imaging, which is realized by fast Fourier transform (FFT) method, suffers from poor resolutions and high sidelobes. In this paper, the IAA algorithm is introduced to replace the FFT method in the DBS imaging, in order to enhance resolution and reduce sidelobe levels. Both simulation and real data processing have validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Hybrid-Polarity and Reconstruction Methods for Sea Ice With L- and C-Band SAR

The potential of using the hybrid polarity (HP) mode for sea ice surveillance in L- and C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is investigated. The objective is to study the possibilities to reconstruct a pseudo-quad-polarimetric (QP) covariance matrix using existing and novel reconstruction methods. Our main goal is to study how close the HP mode, in terms of polarimetric information, is to the QP mode. Two new reconstruction methods are proposed and investigated. Although they exhibit similar performance to the known method developed by Souyris et al. , they are less complex and do not require any user input. We discovered that the median and standard deviation of the relative error between the true and the estimated cross-polarization intensity are better for the L-band compared to the C-band SAR data. This discovery is based on four pairs of quasi-simultaneous QP SAR images of Arctic sea ice acquired by Radarsat-2 and ALOS-2.

Threats and thrills: pregnancy apps, risk and consumption

In this article, we draw on the findings of a critical discourse analysis of pregnancy-related mobile software applications designed for smartphones (‘apps’) to examine how such apps configure pregnant embodiment. Drawing on a detailed analysis of all such apps available in June 2015 in the two major global app stores Google Play and Apple App Store, we discuss how such technologies (the ‘threats’ mode of representation) portray the pregnant body as a site of risk requiring careful self-surveillance using apps to reduce potential harm to women and particularly their foetuses. We show that the second dominant mode of representation (‘thrills’) constructs the pregnant body and self-tracking in more playful terms. App developers use ludification strategies and encourage the social sharing of pregnancy-related details as part of emphasising the enjoyable aspects of pregnancy. We found that both types of pregnancy-related apps endorse expectations around pregnancy behaviour that reproduce heteronormative and gendered ideals around sexuality, parenthood and consumption. These apps are sociocultural artefacts enacting pregnant bodies as sites of both risk and pleasure. In both cases, users of the apps are encouraged to view pregnancy as an embodied mode of close monitoring and surveillance, display and performance.

Micro‐Doppler radar signature identification within wind turbine clutter based on short‐CPI airborne radar observations

An application of machine intelligence technique for the identification of micro-Doppler features from an airborne pulsed-Doppler radar sensor is developed. The key challenges for surveillance mode are the dynamic nature of the wind farm clutters, short-CPI length, and lack of prior information on the specific wind turbine (WT) in the site. The micro-Doppler spectrum segments based on short CPIs are used as the fundamental feature vectors for detection and classification. Both supervised and unsupervised approaches, including artificial neural network and random forest, are applied to airborne plan position indicator scan outputs. A simulator for airborne pulsed-Doppler radar operation over wind farm is used with realistic WT scattering signatures, platform motion impacts as well as the terrain clutter impacts. Based on the clutter identification result, the feasibility of detecting small moving targets in the presence of WT clutter is discussed.

Antenatal Surveillance in Twin Pregnancies Using the Biophysical Profile.

Objectives-The nonstress test is currently the most widely used modality for antenatal surveillance in twin pregnancies, with a quoted false-positive rate of 11%-12%. Our objective was to report our experience with the sonographic portion of the biophysical profile in twin pregnancies as the primary screening modality.Methods-Women with twin pregnancies delivered by a single maternal-fetal medicine practice from 2005 to 2013 were included. We excluded monoamniotic twins. Twin pregnancies began weekly sonography for the biophysical profile starting at 32 to 33 weeks, or earlier if indicated. The nonstress test was performed if the sonographic biophysical profile score was less than 8 of 8. We reviewed biophysical profile scores and outcomes for all patients who delivered at 33 weeks or later to assess the false-positive rate for the biophysical profile, as well as the incidence of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) after initiation of antenatal surveillance.Results-A total of 539 twin pregnancies were included. The incidence of IUFD per patient was 2 per 539 (0.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1%-1.3%), and the incidence of IUFD per fetus was 2 per 1078 (0.19%; 95% CI, 0.05%-0.7%). The overall positive screen rate was 24 per 539 (4.45%; 95% CI, 3.0%-6.5%). The false-positive screen rate, defined as an abnormal biophysical profile that did not diagnose an IUFD or lead to delivery, was 10 per 539 (1.9%; 95% CI, 1.0%-3.4%).Conclusions-In twin pregnancies the use of the sonographic biophysical profile for routine antenatal surveillance has a low false-positive rate, with a very low incidence of IUFD. The sonographic biophysical profile should be considered as a primary mode for antenatal surveillance in twin pregnancies, with a reflex nonstress test for an abnormal score.

LGBT Populations in Studies of Urban Neighborhoods: Making the Invisible Visible

When I first began my training as a sociologist, I learned about urban poverty under the mentorship of William Julius Wilson at the Center for the Study of Urban Inequality in Chicago. The 1990s were an exciting time to be in dialogue with the different schools of thought among those examining life in metropolitan areas. I decided to narrow my focus to the study of U.S. family formation and sexuality in urban contexts, and more than 20 years later I have not strayed far from those interests. The great ethnographies of urban neighborhoods have taught us many things about the ways individuals and families use that space, about the constraints imposed on them by community and larger institutions, about the role of the police in these neighborhoods, and the varied modes of surveillance of daily life. However, as I began the research for my first book, Invisible Families: Gay Identities, Relationships and Motherhood among Black Women (Moore 2011), I could find very few indicators of sexual orientation in these detailed studies of life in big cities. I searched through appendices, endnotes, as well as the primary content and theoretical framing of these books, but with few exceptions, the experiences of sexual minorities living in these areas were not represented as part of the social fabric of urban neighborhoods. Most ethnographic approaches to the study of city life are biased toward the experiences of people who claim heterosexuality. We do not see sexual minorities incorporated into larger analyses of family life in urban areas, or included, in studies of how the various social groups in a community work together or against one another in the acquisition of resources, against a threat of encroachment, or in numerous other situations as they arise in day-to-day living and survival. Ethnographers who spent months or years studying the detailed and mundane aspects of life in urban areas have devoted very little space in their published work to the existence of sexual minorities who also inhabit these spaces. Yet, we know they exist in these neighborhoods. Historians of LGBT life have shown us that sexual minorities have long flocked to urban metropolises (Chauncey 1994). Demographers have found that the largest numbers of same-sex couples reside in the country’s major cities (Gates and Cooke 2011). We know that African-American, Latino/a, and Asian-American sexual minorities tend to live in cities and towns with large numbers of their racial and ethnic group members (Gates 2012), and lesbian and gay people have historically been integrated into the everyday life of these communities (Carbado et al. 2002; Han 2015; Ocampo 2012). LGBT people in these neighborhoods congregate on the same street corners and building stoops as other residents, they patronize the same

Spatiotemporal dynamics of effector CD8+ T cell responses within the liver.

CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in controlling hepatotropic viral infections, such as those caused by hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. The capacity of these cells to protect against such pathogens is mediated by antigen-experienced effector cells and relies on their ability to home to the liver, recognize pathogen-derived antigens, and deploy effector functions. Here, we review how dynamic imaging of hepatic effector CD8(+) T cell migration and function in mouse models of hepatitis B virus pathogenesis has recently revealed a unique and novel mode of adaptive immune surveillance. Circulating effector CD8(+) T cells initially arrest within liver sinusoids by docking onto adherent platelets and then actively crawl along the liver vasculature, probing hepatocytes for the presence of antigens by extending protrusions through the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatocellular antigen recognition and effector functions occur while CD8(+) T cells are still confined to the intravascular space and are inhibited by the pathologic processes that characterize liver fibrosis. A detailed understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of effector CD8(+) T cells within the liver is important for the rational design of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches for chronic liver infections.

Hyperlegality and Heightened Surveillance: The Case of Threatened Species Lists

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실시간 상황 인식을 위한 센서 운용 모드 기반 항공 영상 요약 기법

An Aerial video summarization is not only the key to effective browsing video within a limited time, but also an embedded cue to efficiently congregative situation awareness acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle. Different with previous works, we utilize sensor operation mode of unmanned aerial vehicle, which is global, local, and focused surveillance mode in order for accurately summarizing the aerial video considering flight and surveillance/reconnaissance environments. In focused mode, we propose the moving-react tracking method which utilizes the partitioning motion vector and spatiotemporal saliency ∙제1저자 : 이준표 ∙교신저자 : 이준표 ∙투고일 : 2015. 1. 7, 심사일 : 2015. 2. 7, 게재확정일 : 2015. 5. 19. * 서울예술대학교 영상학부(School of Film and Media Arts, Seoul Institute of the Arts) ※ 본 논문은 2015년도 서울예술대학교 교내 연구비 지원에 의해 연구되었음. 88 Journal of The Korea Society of Computer and Information June 2015 map to detect and track the interest moving object continuously. In our simulation result, the key frames are correctly detected for aerial video summarization according to the sensor operation mode of aerial vehicle and finally, we verify the efficiency of video summarization using the proposed mothed. ▸