Mode Of Nutrition Research Articles

SPECIAL ASPECTS OF MIGRATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE AND BIOGENIC ELEMENTS IN SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL DEPENDING ON FERTILIZATION SYSTEM AND MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS

Objective. To study special aspects of vertical migration of products of biological transformation of organic matter and biogenic elements in sod-podzolic soil under different modes of root nutrition of plants. Methods. Lysimetric experiment, agrochemical, mathematical and statistical. Results. Based on studies conducted in a long-term lysimetric experiment on sod-podzolic soil, periodically washed type of water regime was established, as a result of which 37 mm of moisture, 23 kg/ha of water-soluble humic substances, nitrogen (NO3–) 55 kg/ha, calcium oxide 91 kg/ha and magnesium oxide 26 kg/ha magnesium oxide is lost at the background without inoculation per crop rotation when using mineral fertilization system. The use of microbial preparations reduces the loss of these elements to 33 mm, 20 kg/ha, 52 kg/ha, 83 kg/ha and 25 kg/ha, respectively. It was established that the average infiltration of moisture from the layer 0–155 cm under crops of continuous sowing was 25–37 mm at the background without the use of microbial preparations and 22–33 mm at the background of inoculation. The mineral fertilizer system increased the losses of the soil solution by 9 mm and 7 mm versus the control variants, respective to the backgrounds. The lowest losses of productive moisture were reported in the variants where sidereal fertilizers were used. When replacing the mineral fertilization system with sidereal-mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers without compromising the yield of crop rotations, it is possible to reduce the loss of productive moisture by 1.5 times, reduce the loss of labile soil organic matter by 1.7–1.8 times, nitrate nitrogen by 8–10 %, calcium by 18–24 % and magnesium by 40–50 %. Due to the use of biopreparations, there is a reduction in losses of nitrate nitrogen by 5–18 %, magnesium — by 5–14 %, calcium — by 6–16 %. Conclusion. To reduce non-productive losses of moisture, water-soluble organic matter and biogenic element compounds, it is advisable to use green mass of green manures and microbial preparations at the background of the mineral system and fertilizer system NPK+manure. The use of microbial preparations helps to reduce the loss of nitrate nitrogen by 5–18 %, magnesium — by 5–14 %, calcium — by 6–16 %.

The Genomic Impact of Mycoheterotrophy in Orchids.

Mycoheterotrophic plants have lost the ability to photosynthesize and obtain essential mineral and organic nutrients from associated soil fungi. Despite involving radical changes in life history traits and ecological requirements, the transition from autotrophy to mycoheterotrophy has occurred independently in many major lineages of land plants, most frequently in Orchidaceae. Yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this shift are still poorly understood. A comparison of the transcriptomes of Epipogium aphyllum and Neottia nidus-avis, two completely mycoheterotrophic orchids, to other autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids showed the unexpected retention of several genes associated with photosynthetic activities. In addition to these selected retentions, the analysis of their expression profiles showed that many orthologs had inverted underground/aboveground expression ratios compared to autotrophic species. Fatty acid and amino acid biosynthesis as well as primary cell wall metabolism were among the pathways most impacted by this expression reprogramming. Our study suggests that the shift in nutritional mode from autotrophy to mycoheterotrophy remodeled the architecture of the plant metabolism but was associated primarily with function losses rather than metabolic innovations.

Taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of root-associated fungi in bromeliads: effects of host identity, life forms and nutritional modes.

Bromeliads represent a major component of neotropical forests and encompass a considerable diversity of life forms and nutritional modes. Bromeliads explore highly stressful habitats and root-associated fungi may play a crucial role in this, but the driving factors and variations in root-associated fungi remain largely unknown. We explored root-associated fungal communities in 17 bromeliad species and their variations linked to host identity, life forms and nutritional modes by using ITS1 gene-based high-throughput sequencing and by characterizing fungal functional guilds. We found a dual association of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi. The different species, life forms and nutritional modes among bromeliad hosts had fungal communities that differ in their taxonomic and functional composition. Specifically, roots of epiphytic bromeliads had more endophytic fungi and dark septate endophytes and fewer mycorrhizal fungi than terrestrial bromeliads and lithophytes. Our results contribute to a fundamental knowledge base on different fungal groups in previously undescribed Bromeliaceae. The diverse root-associated fungal communities in bromeliads may enhance plant fitness in both stressful and nutrient-poor environments and may give more flexibility to the plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Macroecological diversification and convergence in a clade of keystone symbionts.

Lichens are classic models of symbiosis, and one of the most frequent nutritional modes among fungi. The ecologically and geographically widespread lichen-forming algal (LFA) genus Trebouxia is one of the best-studied groups of LFA and associates with over 7000 fungal species. Despite its importance, little is known about its diversification. We synthesized twenty years of publicly available data by characterizing the ecological preferences of this group and testing for time-variant shifts in climatic regimes over a distribution of trees. We found evidence for limited shifts among regimes, but that disparate lineages convergently evolved similar ecological tolerances. Early Trebouxia lineages were largely forest specialists or habitat generalists that occupied a regime whose extant members occur in moderate climates. Trebouxia then convergently diversified in non-forested habitats and expanded into regimes whose modern representatives occupy wet-warm and cool-dry climates. We rejected models in which climatic diversification slowed through time, suggesting climatic diversification is inconsistent with that expected under an adaptive radiation. In addition, we found that climatic and vegetative regime shifts broadly coincided with the evolution of biomes and associated or similar taxa. Together, our work illustrates how this keystone symbiont from an iconic symbiosis evolved to occupy diverse habitats across the globe.

Scope for biodiesel and bioactive compounds production in the diatom Nitzschia punctata

The isolated diatom Nitzschia punctata was subjected to different trophic modes - autotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy and evaluated variations in growth rate, morphology, biochemical composition, and fatty acid profiles of diatoms in response to different nutritional modes. Glucose was used as a nutrient source in hetero and mixotrophic cultivation. Significant morphological variations in mucilage (jelly) stalks were found in hetero- and mixotrophically grown diatoms. The biomass yield was highest in mixotrophic diatoms (139.16 ± 3 mg/L), followed by autotrophic (127.04 ± 4 mg/L) and heterotrophically grown diatoms (95.22 ± 3 mg/L). Confocal microscopy studies using Nile red revealed significant bright yellow-gold fluorescence dispersed intermittently along with the mucilage stalks of mixotrophic and heterotrophic diatom cultures. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic studies showed a sharp absorption peak in hetero- and mixotrophic cultures at 1741 cm-1, indicating the presence of esters of fatty acids (R-C(O)-O-R). Elemental composition analysis using scanning electron microscopy revealed higher C (~48%) in mixotrophic cultivation. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) assessment through Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) showed higher proportions of palmitoleic acid (C16:1; ~18 – 29%) and oleic acid (C18:1; ~26 – 35%) with saturates and monounsaturates of C16 – C18 up to 90%, confirming of superior biodiesel quality property, which is desirable. The presence of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in hetero- and mixotrophic cultivation proves the scope for its potential utilisation as a source of bioactive compounds for industrial application.

Lipids and their δ13C values reveal carbon assimilation and cycling in the methane-seep tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica from the South China Sea

Gutless tubeworms obtain their nutrition from their bacterial endosymbiotic partners, and the metazoan hosts provide the bacteria with sulfide, carbon dioxide, and molecular oxygen taken up through the plume. At seeps, tubeworms take up sulfide using their posterior end, allowing them to fix carbon dioxide and synthesize organic molecules. Compared to bulk tissue isotope compositions, lipid biomarkers and their compound-specific δ13C values of soft tissues allow to assign nutritional modes of endosymbionts and hosts, as well as associations between endosymbionts and the animal host. In this study, the tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica retrieved from the Haima seeps in the South China Sea (SCS) at approximately 1400 m water depth was analyzed using 16S rRNA, bulk tissue isotopes, lipid biomarkers, and compound-specific δ13C values. The Lamellibrachia sp. endosymbiont, a phylotype of the Gammaproteobacteria, is a bacterium gaining energy from oxidizing sulfur compounds (thiotrophic endosymbiont). Further, six phylotypes of Gammaproteobacteria and seven phylotypes of Alphaproteobacteria were identified in the trophosome. High contents of n-C16:1ω7, n-C18:1ω7 fatty acids, and n-C16:0 and n-C18:1ω7 fatty alcohols were found in the trophosome, and somewhat lower contents in the plume and vestimentum, consistent with the prevalence of thiotrophic endosymbionts in the trophosome. The fatty acids n-C16:1ω7 and n-C18:1ω7 produced by the endosymbionts yielded δ13C values ranging from −34‰ to −30‰, reflecting the use of marine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) rather than DIC derived from anaerobic oxidation of methane. The overall small differences in δ13C values (Δamong tissues ≤3‰) for n-C16:1ω7 and n-C18:1ω7 fatty acids in both symbiont-containing and symbiont-free tissues appear to represent the δ13C signatures of the endosymbionts. Generally, n-C16:1ω7 and n-C18:1ω7 fatty acids should be more 13C-depleted than the respective n-C16:0, n-C18:0 fatty acids resulting from desaturation. However, in this study, the saturated n-C16:0, n-C18:0 fatty acids in soft tissues were 13C depleted by 4‰–10‰ compared to the respective n-C16:1ω7 and n-C18:1ω7 fatty acids, suggesting complex trophic interactions between P. echinospica, its endosymbionts, other bacteria living in P. echinospica, and the environment. Sterols, yielding the lowest δ13C values from −49‰ to −46‰, are interpreted to be derived from bioconversion of dietary sterols by the animal host. The combination of microbial diversity, bulk tissue isotopes, and lipid biomarkers used here is a valuable approach to evaluate the nutritional associations between symbionts and hosts in chemosymbiosis as well as the diet of the animal host.

Biogeography and Ecology of Magnaporthales: A Case Study.

The order Magnaporthales belongs to Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota. Magnaporthales includes five families, namely Ceratosphaeriaceae, Pseudohalonectriaceae, Ophioceraceae, Pyriculariaceae, and Magnaporthaceae. Most Magnaporthales members are found in Poaceae plants and other monocotyledonous herbaceous plants ubiquitously as plant pathogens or endophytic fungi, and some members are found in decaying wood or dead grass as saprophytic fungi. Therefore, studying the biogeography and ecology of Magnaporthales is of great significance. Here, we described the biodiversity of endophytic Magnaporthales fungi from Poaceae at three latitudes in China and conducted a meta-analysis of the geography and ecology of Magnaporthales worldwide. We found that Magnaporthales is a dominant order in the endophytic fungi of Poaceae. More than half of the endophytic Magnaporthales fungi have a taxonomically uncertain placement. Notably, few endophytic fungi are grouped in the clusters with known saprophytic or pathogenic Magnaporthales fungi, indicating that they may have saprophytic and parasitic differentiation in nutritional modes and lifestyles. The meta-analysis revealed that most species of Magnaporthales have characteristic geographical, host, and tissue specificity. The geographical distribution of the three most studied genera, namely Gaeumannomyces, Magnaporthiopsis, and Pyricularia, in Magnaporthales may depend on the distribution of their hosts. Therefore, studies on the endophytic fungal Magnaporthales from monocotyledonous plants, including Poaceae, in middle and low latitudes will deepen our understanding of the biogeography and ecology of Magnaporthales.

Macromycobiota in Bessarabia

The research on the taxonomic diversity of macromycetes, conducted for over three decades (1976-2019) has revealed 836 taxa, in the mycobiota of the Republic of Moldova, which belong to 227 genera, 81 families, 26 orders, 8 classes, included in 3 phyla from 2 kingdoms – Fungi and Protozoa. According to the mode of nutrition, all species are classified into three trophic groups: symbiotrophic, saprotrophic and saproparasitic. The spectrum of macromycetes from the investigated forest areas has revealed a numerical superiority of taxa in pedunculate oak forests. The study on the practical significance of the inventoried macromycobiota has indicated 121 edible species and 57 toxic species.

ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery

Early oral feeding is the preferred mode of nutrition for surgical patients. Avoidance of any nutritional therapy bears the risk of underfeeding during the postoperative course after major surgery. Considering that malnutrition and underfeeding are risk factors for postoperative complications, early enteral feeding is especially relevant for any surgical patient at nutritional risk, especially for those undergoing upper gastrointestinal surgery. The focus of this guideline is to cover both nutritional aspects of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) concept and the special nutritional needs of patients undergoing major surgery, e.g. for cancer, and of those developing severe complications despite best perioperative care. From a metabolic and nutritional point of view, the key aspects of perioperative care include the integration of nutrition into the overall management of the patient, avoidance of long periods of preoperative fasting, re-establishment of oral feeding as early as possible after surgery, the start of nutritional therapy immediately if a nutritional risk becomes apparent, metabolic control e.g. of blood glucose, reduction of factors which exacerbate stress-related catabolism or impaired gastrointestinal function, minimized time on paralytic agents for ventilator management in the postoperative period, and early mobilization to facilitate protein synthesis and muscle function.

Sharing and double-dating in the lichen world.

Historic and modern efforts to understand lichen diversity and evolution have overwhelmingly concentrated on that of the fungal partner, which represents one of the most taxonomically diverse nutritional modes among the Fungi. But what about the algal and cyanobacterial symbionts? An explosion of studies on these cryptic symbionts over the past 20+ years has facilitated a richer understanding of their diversity, patterns of association, and the symbiosis itself. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Dal Forno et al. (2021) provide new insight into one of the most fascinating lichen symbioses. By sequencing cyanobacterial symbionts from over 650 specimens, they reveal the presence of overlooked cyanobacterial diversity, evidence for symbiont sharing among distantly related fungi, and utilize a comparative dating framework to demonstrate temporal discordance among interacting fungal and cyanobacterial lineages.

Extended phylogeography of the ancestral Morchella anatolica supports preglacial presence in Europe and Mediterranean origin of morels

ABSTRACT Over 80 species are recognized in the commercially important genus Morchella, many of them endemic to specific regions or continents. Among them, M. anatolica and M. rufobrunnea are the earliest diverging lineages and are key in decoding the evolutionary history, global biogeography, and ecological trends within this iconic genus. Early ancestral area reconstruction (AAR) tests postulated a western North American origin of morels but had not included in the analyses M. anatolica, whose phylogenetic identity remained at the time unresolved. Following new collections of M. anatolica and M. rufobrunnea from the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus, Kefalonia, Lesvos, Malta, and Zakynthos, we performed revised AAR tests to update the historical biogeography of the genus. Our results, inferred from multilocus analysis of an expanded data set of 79 phylospecies, challenge previous reconstructions and designate the Mediterranean basin as the most likely place of origin for morels. Detailed morphoanatomical analyses demonstrate that ascocarp rufescence, the nondarkening apothecial ridges, the absence of a sinus, and the stipe pruinescence are all stable synapomorphic features of sect. Rufobrunnea, which could be interpreted as ancestral for the genus. The saprotrophic mode of nutrition, suggested by the prolific in vitro growth of M. anatolica, might also be an ancestral trait. Emended descriptions, including extensive imagery and scanning electron microscopy, are provided, and a new evolutionary hypothesis of the genus is proposed.

Peptidylarginine Deiminase (PAD) and Post-Translational Protein Deimination-Novel Insights into Alveolata Metabolism, Epigenetic Regulation and Host-Pathogen Interactions.

Simple SummaryAlveolates are a major group of free living and parasitic organisms; some of which are serious pathogens of animals and humans. Apicomplexans and chromerids are two phyla belonging to the alveolates. Apicomplexans are obligate intracellular parasites; that cannot complete their life cycle without exploiting a suitable host. Chromerids are mostly photoautotrophs as they can obtain energy from sunlight; and are considered ancestors of the apicomplexans. The pathogenicity and life cycle strategies differ significantly between parasitic alveolates; with some causing major losses in host populations while others seem harmless to the host. As the life cycles of some are still poorly understood, a better understanding of the factors which can affect the parasitic alveolates’ life cycles and survival is of great importance and may aid in new biomarker discovery. This study assessed new mechanisms relating to changes in protein structure and function (so-called “deimination” or “citrullination”) in two key parasites—an apicomplexan and a chromerid—to assess the pathways affected by this protein modification. Our findings point to novel regulatory mechanisms in these parasites’ lifecycles via protein deimination and may provide novel insights into their adaptability to different environments and hosts as well as host–pathogen coevolution.The alveolates (Superphylum Alveolata) comprise a group of primarily single-celled eukaryotes that have adopted extremely diverse modes of nutrition, such as predation, photoautotrophy and parasitism. The alveolates consists of several major phyla including the apicomplexans, a large group of unicellular, spore forming obligate intracellular parasites, and chromerids, which are believed to be the phototrophic ancestors of the parasitic apicomplexans. Molecular pathways involved in Alveolata host–pathogen interactions, epigenetic regulation and metabolism in parasite development remain to be fully understood. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a phylogenetically conserved enzyme family which causes post-translational protein deimination, affecting protein function through the conversion of arginine to citrulline in a wide range of target proteins, contributing to protein moonlighting in physiological and pathological processes. The identification of deiminated protein targets in alveolate parasites may therefore provide novel insight into pathogen survival and host-pathogen interactions. The current study assessed PAD homologues and deiminated protein profiles of two alveolate parasites, Piridium sociabile (Chromerida) and Merocystis kathae (Apicomplexa). Histological analysis verified strong cytoplasmic PAD expression in both Alveolates, detected deiminated proteins in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of the alveolate parasites and verified the presence of citrullinated histone H3 in Alveolata nucleus, indicating roles in epigenetic regulation. Histone H3 citrullination was also found significantly elevated in the host tissue, indicative of neutrophil extracellular trap formation, a host-defence mechanism against a range of pathogens, particularly those that are too large for phagocytosis. Proteomic analysis of deiminated proteins from both Alveolata identified GO and KEGG pathways strongly relating to metabolic and genetic regulation, with some species-specific differences between the apicomplexan and the chromerid. Our findings provide novel insights into roles for the conserved PAD/ADI enzyme family in the regulation of metabolic and epigenetic pathways in alveolate parasites, possibly also relating to their life cycle and host–pathogen interactions.

The Evolution of Life Modes in Stictidaceae, with Three Novel Taxa.

Ostropales sensu lato is a large group comprising both lichenized and non-lichenized fungi, with several lineages expressing optional lichenization where individuals of the same fungal species exhibit either saprotrophic or lichenized lifestyles depending on the substrate (bark or wood). Greatly variable phenotypic characteristics and large-scale phylogenies have led to frequent changes in the taxonomic circumscription of this order. Ostropales sensu lato is currently split into Graphidales, Gyalectales, Odontotrematales, Ostropales sensu stricto, and Thelenellales. Ostropales sensu stricto is now confined to the family Stictidaceae, which includes a large number of species that are poorly known, since they usually have small fruiting bodies that are rarely collected, and thus, their taxonomy remains partly unresolved. Here, we introduce a new genus Ostropomyces to accommodate a novel lineage related to Ostropa, which is composed of two new species, as well as a new species of Sphaeropezia, S. shangrilaensis. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of mitochondrial small subunit spacers (mtSSU), large subunit nuclear rDNA (LSU), and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequence data, together with phenotypic data documented by detailed morphological and anatomical analyses, support the taxonomic affinity of the new taxa in Stictidaceae. Ancestral character state analysis did not resolve the ancestral nutritional status of Stictidaceae with confidence using Bayes traits, but a saprotrophic ancestor was indicated as most likely in a Bayesian binary Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC) approach. Frequent switching in nutritional modes between lineages suggests that lifestyle transition played an important role in the evolution of this family.

Temperature fluctuations in a warmer environment: impacts on microbial plankton.

Warming can cause changes in the structure and functioning of microbial food webs. Experimental studies quantifying such impacts on microbial plankton have tended to consider constant temperature conditions. However, Jensen’s inequality (or the fallacy of the average) recognizes that organism performance under constant conditions is seldom equal to the mean performance under variable conditions, highlighting the need to consider in situ fluctuations over a range of time scales. Here we review some of the available evidence on how warming effects on the abundance, diversity, and metabolism of microbial plankton are altered when temperature fluctuations are considered. We found that fluctuating temperatures may accentuate warming-mediated reductions in phytoplankton evenness and gross photosynthesis while synergistically increasing phytoplankton growth. Also, fluctuating temperatures have been shown to reduce the positive warming effect on cyanobacterial biomass production and recruitment and to reverse a warming effect on cellular nutrient quotas. Other reports have shown that fluctuations in temperature did not alter plankton responses to constant warming. These investigations have mostly focused on a few phytoplankton species (i.e. diatoms and haptophytes) in temperate and marine ecosystems and considered short-term and transient responses. It remains unknown whether the same responses apply to other species and ecosystems and if evolutionary change in thermally varying environments could alter the magnitude and direction of the responses to warming observed over short-term scales. Thus, future research efforts should address the role of fluctuations in environmental drivers. We stress the need to study responses over different biological organization and trophic levels, nutritional modes, temporal scales, and ecosystem types.

Genomic analysis of a novel species Halomonas shambharensis isolated from hypersaline lake in Northwest India.

Genome analysis of Halomonas shambharensis, a novel species, was performed to understand the osmoprotectant strategies used by the strain to overcome the salinity stress and to explore the prospective industrial uses. It will also help to better understand the ecological roles of Halomonas species in hypersaline habitats. Ultrastructure of the cell was determined by using transmission electron microscopy. Standard microbiological methods were used to find out growth parameters and heterotrophic mode of nutrition. For Genome analysis, complete bacterial genome sequencing was performed using the Oxford Nanopore MinION DNA Sequencer. Assembly, annotation and finishing of the obtained sequence were done by using a Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP) (SPAdes v. 3.10.1). Predicted Coadingsequences(CDSs) obtained through the PGAP were used for functional annotation using Clusters of Orthologous Groups and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) platforms. TheH. shambharensis was found to be a Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, motile with a peritrichous flagella. The H. shambharensis bacterium can grow in a wide range of temperature (from 25 to 65°C), pH (pH4 to pH 12.0) and salt concentration (5.0% NaCl to 30.0% NaCl). After annotation and assembly, the total genome size obtained was 1,533,947bp, which revealed 146 subsystems, 3847 coding sequences, and 19RNAs with G+C content of 63.6%. Gene annotation identified the genes related to various metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and stress tolerance. The genomic dataset of H. shambharensis will be useful for analysis of protein-coding gene families and how these coding genes are significant for the survival and metabolism among the different species of Halomonas. The complete genome sequence presented here will help to unravel the biotechnological potential of H. shambharensis for production of the high-value products such as betaine, or as a source of gene-mining for individual enzymes.

Body Mass Index and Fat Content in Women with Different Somatotypes in the North

The aim of the study was to detect the age-related variability of the body mass index and the variability of fat deposition in a random sample of women belonging to different constitutional groups and somatotypes, permanent residents of the Republic of Karelia.Material and methods. A comprehensive somatometric examination of women (n=905) was performed applying classical technique and a standardized set of instruments. The body mass index and its component composition were calculated using anthropometric formulas. I. B. Galanta – B.A. Nikityuk – V.P. Chtetsova technique was used to determine somatotype of the women. The results obtained were statistically processed using STATISTICA 6.0 program.Results. The analysis demonstrated a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of the Republic of Karelia in the second mature and old age periods, which was manifested by the maximum values of the thickness of skin and fat folds, absolute and relative fat mass. Regardless of age, the megalosomal constitutional type was found with a high frequency, with an age-related increase in the proportion of people with the euriplastic somatotype. There were revealed somatotypological differences in the age dynamics of the body mass index and the content of the fat component in women. The values of the body mass index and fat component exceeding the norm were determined in the representatives of euriplastic and pyknic somatotypes over several age periods.Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to analyze the level of physical development of the population, these findings should be taken into account when comprehensively assessing health, risk factors for metabolic diseases for their timely detection, correcting the diet, mode of nutrition, physical activity and providing population with preventive information.

Multiple Fetal Nutritional Patterns Before Parturition in Viviparous Fish Sebastes schlegelii (Hilgendorf, 1880)

Sebastes schlegeliiis a commercially important fish with a special viviparous reproductive system that is cultured in near-shore seawater net cages in East Asia. In the gonadal development of the species, the gonad of males mature before those of females, which mature after mating. Mating in male/female fishes occurs in October of each year. Then, females undergoing oocyte maturation complete fertilization using stored sperm in March of the following year. The pregnancy is completed when larvae are produced in the ovary. It has been reported that embryonic nutrient supply originates entirely from the female viviparous reproductive systems. However, until now, the nutritional patterns and the processes of nutrient provision inS. schlegeliibefore parturition have not been clear. The goal of this research was to study the embryos, larvae and juveniles ofS. schlegeliiduring pregnancy. Anatomical observations, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the developmental characteristics of early embryos and larvae and the connecting structures between the mother and the fetus. The results showed the following: (1) Placental-like structures were found during the process of embryonic development inS. schlegelii, and these placental-like structures proliferated after fertilization. (2) The embryos ofS. schlegeliiwere encased by a saclike structure composed of blood vessels, connective tissue, and surface epithelial cells. The vessels near the embryo existed in the thecal layer. Vascularized proliferation was detected following embryonic development. (3) Starting in the gastrula stage, connections between the embryo and surrounding cells loosened, and ovarian fluid became abundant. In addition, a large number of small holes and cristae were observed on the surface of the embryo. We speculate that embryos may be able to absorb nutrients from the ovarian fluid. (4) Yolk was present throughout embryo development. (5) Two types of nutritional modes were observed, lecithotrophic and matrotrophic during embryonic development. Three forms of placental analogs may exist inS. schlegelii: (1) external epithelial absorptive surfaces; (2) trophonemata, with modifications of the ovarian epithelia for absorbing the histotroph; and (3) a follicular pseudoplacenta, with close apposition between follicle cells and embryonic absorptive epithelia.

悬浮物对造礁石珊瑚营养方式的影响及其适应性研究进展

营养方式是造礁石珊瑚获取能量与营养物质的基础，影响其生长与分布。近年来珊瑚礁区悬浮物含量与组分结构发生显著变化，其对造礁石珊瑚营养方式的诸多影响正成为当前研究热点。研究系统综述了珊瑚礁区悬浮物变化特征、悬浮物对造礁石珊瑚营养方式的影响及其适应性研究现状。发现近年来人类活动加剧与强降雨事件频发是驱动珊瑚礁，尤其是近岸珊瑚礁区悬浮物含量递增、组分改变与变频加剧的主因；悬浮物变化对造礁石珊瑚光合自养与异养营养的影响存在显著的种间差异，这主要与悬浮物消光效应、生物可利用性及造礁石珊瑚种类密切相关。虽然少数种类造礁石珊瑚具光合可塑性或异养可塑性，能在高含量悬浮物存在的弱光环境中较好生长。然而对绝大多数造礁石珊瑚而言，其营养方式适应性较差，无法在悬浮物影响下较好地获取生命活动所需的能量与营养物质，进而难以生存。总体来说，悬浮物被认为是近年来影响造礁石珊瑚生长与分布的重要环境因子之一，而关于造礁石珊瑚营养方式对悬浮物变化的响应及其适应机制，当前研究仍较薄弱，需要进一步加强相关研究。;The nutritional mode is the basis for scleractinian corals to obtain energy and nutrients, which affects their growth and distribution. In recent years, the content and composition of suspended sediment in coral reefs have changed significantly, and many effects on the nutritional mode of scleractinian corals are becoming the focus of current research. This article reviewed the characteristics of the suspended sediment changes in coral reefs, the effects of suspended sediment on the nutritional mode of scleractinian corals and their adaptability. The results show that the intensification of human activities and the frequent occurrence of heavy rainfall events in recent years are the main reasons driving the increase in suspended sediment concentration, composition changes and frequency conversion in coral reefs, especially in fringing reefs. The influences of suspended sediment on autotrophy and heterotrophy of scleractinian corals are significantly different, which are mainly related to the extinction effect and bioavailability of suspended sediment, and the species of scleractinian corals. Although some species of scleractinian corals have photosynthetic plasticity or heterotrophic plasticity, they can grow well in low-light environments where high levels of suspended sediment exist. However, for the majority of scleractinian corals, the adaptability of nutritional mode is poor, so they can't obtain the energy and nutrients needed for living better under the influence of suspended sediment, which makes them difficult to survive. Overall, suspended sediment is considered to be one of the important environmental factors affecting the growth and distribution of scleractinian corals in recent years. However, the present studies on the response and adaptability mechanism of the nutritional mode of scleractinian corals to the change of suspended sediment are still rare, and further research is needed.

Study of the influence of group fitness training on the physical health of women aged 35-40

The main goal of the work was to study the influence of group fitness training on the physical health of women aged 35-40 years. In the experimental method, functional training, additional equipment, as well as step platforms, exercise bikes and training devices were used. In the course of our work, we studied the dynamics of women’s physical health, determined changes in the main stereotypes of lifestyle, nutrition and motor mode. The experimental technique is an effective tool for correcting body weight, contributing to changes in the indicators of total body weight and girth values, influenced the change in the skin and fat folds in the anatomical areas of women. The desire of a person to strengthen his health is his natural need, as a result of physical exercises, there is an increase in the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system, blood pressure is normalized, the functional state of the musculoskeletal and bone systems improves, efficiency increases, the digestive system improves, and resistance to stress increases. The results of the study allow us to recommend this theoretical and practical material for instructors of group fitness training in clubs of various physical culture and sports orientation.

UKM2 Chlorella sp. Strain Electricity Performance as Bio-anode under Different Light Wavelength in a Biophotovoltaic Cell

A biophotovoltaic cell (BPV) is an electrobiochemical system that utilises a photosynthetic microorganism for instance is algae to trap sunlight energy and convert it into electricity. In this study, a local algae strain, UKM2 Chlorella sp. was grown in a BPV under different trophic conditions and light wavelengths. Once the acclimatisation phase succeeded, and biofilm formed, power generation by UKM2 algae at the autotrophic mode in synthetic Bold’s Basal media (BBM) under white, blue and red lights were tested. Polarisation and power curves were generated at these different conditions to study the bioelectrochemical performance of the system. Later, the condition switched to algal mixotrophic nutritional mode, with palm oil mill effluent (POME) as substrate. Maximum power generation obtained when using UKM2 in BBM under red light where a power density of 1.19 ± 0.16 W/m3 was obtained at 25.74 ± 3.89 A/m3 current density, while the open circuit voltage OCV reached 226.08 ± 8.71 mV. UKM2 in POME under blue light recorded maximum power density of 0.85 ± 0.18 W/m3 at current density of 16.75 ± 3.54 A/m3, while the OCV reached 214.05 ± 23.82 mV. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal reached an efficiency of 35.93%, indicating the ability of wastewater treatment and electricity generation in BPV at the same time.