Modern War Research Articles

A tale of two military missions: The Germans in the Ottoman Empire and the Americans in the Republic of Turkey

Turkey requested big and influential military advisory missions against the Russian threat both from Germany in 1913 and America in 1947. Although these missions were charged with revitalising an antiquated armed force to fight a modern war as soon as possible, in reality Turkish leaders saw both missions as the first step towards a comprehensive military alliance against the Russians. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the Korean War in 1950 provided chances to induce Germany and America to agree upon Turkish desires for long-term military alliance. The military missions had to transform themselves and assumed duties other than those originally contemplated. In both cases a snowballing process of growth started in a relatively short time. The inflow of thousands of military personnel, most of whom were independent of the mission command and pursued different objectives, resulted in fragmentation and sometimes anarchy. There were many similarities between the experiences of both missions. They both suffered from ignorance, insensitivity, and cultural prejudices due to their poor linguistic and cultural preparation.

Dynamics of psychovegetative disorders in participants in modern wars

Twenty modem war participants who have had a mild brain trauma in Afganistan war were engaged in 7,000,30 year follow-up study. The basic vegetative state, regulatory brain system function, emotional state (MMPY, Scmiscek-Litman test, Spilberger questionnaire) were investigated in the follow-up study. The increase of nonspecific brain structure dysfunction clinical characteristics: suchas vegetative dysfunction with elevation of sympathetic activity and emotional shift to depressive and hypochondric disturbances was found.

World global demining problem: Ukrainian vector

The global problem of demining with a projection on Ukraine is actualized. The place and role of mine weapons in modern low-intensity wars, including the hybrid war against Ukraine, are highlighted. The consequences and problematic issues of mine wars for the world and Ukraine are considered on a systematic basis. The situation with the development of mine detection tools in other countries is analyzed. A multi-subject analysis of the situation related to the demining of Ukrainian territories is conducted, and conclusions were made about its current state. The importance of developing research in Ukraine aimed at creating the latest means of detecting explosive devices is emphasized.

Specific Emitter Identification of Frequency Hopping Signals Based on Feature Extraction and Deep Residual Network

In the modern war with complex and changeable electromagnetic environment, Specific Emitter Identification (SEI) is an important and difficult problem, which is of great significance in obtaining intelligence information, identifying ourselves or foe, and specifying combat plans. In order to solve the problems of low accuracy, poor robustness and difficulty in extracting effective individual features of frequency hopping (FH) radio set, this paper studies the generation of PSK signal constellation to proposes a radio frequency fingerprint(RFF) based on constellation. We also improved the existing RFF extraction method, combined with the deep learning recognition method based on the Deep Residual Network (ResNet), to achieve effective feature fusion. By comparing different input methods, we found that the recognition accuracy is improved, and reaches 96.16% in the outfield experiments of 15 FH radio sets. In addition, we also designed a ResNet structure to compare the recognition accuracy under different signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), different network structure, different number of individuals, different modulation methods and different recognition algorithms, which proved the superiority of our method.

Cучасні війни та воєнні конфлікти: сутність, класифікація, особливості та вплив на економіку

A characteristic feature of the modern confrontation between individual countries is the lack of a common understanding of the signs of the onset of a military conflict and the procedures for the transition to a state of war, which leads to the use of military force without a formal declaration of the beginning of the war, the difficulty of determining the main actors of hostilities. In this regard, the scientific substantiation of the typology and classification of military conflicts and wars acquires fundamental importance and relevance. The purpose of the article is to study the essence, classifications and features of modern wars and military conflicts and their impact on the economies of the countries that are their participants. To achieve this purpose, using the methods of analysis, synthesis and abstraction, the interpretation of the concepts of «war», «military conflict», «armed conflict» proposed by various scholars is investigated. Using the comparison method, similar and distinctive features between these concepts are determined. The analysis of theoretical views on the typology and determination of the essence of the modern military conflict and types of wars was carried out, their main classification features were determined, allowing to draw conclusions about the causes of contradictions in the qualification of generally accepted procedures for the transition from armed conflict to a state of war. The proposed classification of military conflicts and modern wars made it possible to better understand the current tendencies in these processes. Carrying out a typology and definition of types of modern wars and military conflicts allowed to examine their impact on the economy. It is determined that the economic consequences of modern military conflicts depend on many factors, in particular, the nature of economic consequences and macroeconomic indicators are influenced by the duration of a military conflict, which can reduce the negative effect in the event of low-intensity clashes, which is not accompanied by significant destruction of infrastructure; the impact on changes in GDP per capita, government spending, public external debt, export and import indicators, and domestic investment may vary from the nature and conditions of armed conflicts (interstate or civil wars).

Moralni faktor u ratu - prema teorijama domaćih i stranih autora krajem 19. i početkom 20. veka

This paper is an attempt to establish, on the basis of a number of articles and publications from the end of the 19th century to 1914, what was the view of the role of morality, that is, the will in modern war. The way in which the First World War was waged and huge losses prove that the role of determination and will was overestimated in relation to material and technical conditions. In numerous texts and polemics led within the Serbian officer corps on the pages of Ratnik and other sources , an essential disagreement came to light. On the one hand, there was the old-time Prussian and Russian influence that requested training and drill of individuals, while on the other hand there were those that assessed the human nature and its demands more rationally and soberly. For the former, the goal and ideal were obedient automaton soldiers or religious-national fanatics who attacked and died without thinking, while for the latter, soldiers who would soberly accept the fight because that was the way to victory without unnecessary sacrifices. The impression is that the first school of thought prevailed among Serbian officers. Also, such outdated views on war, in completely changed technical circumstances, prevailed in other armies, as well, so the conclusion is drawn that such wrong assumptions at the start contributed to this war becoming bloodier than it would have been if it had been theoretically approached in a different way. Opinions, which emphasized the volitional-motivational factor as the decisive one for a victory, were mainly expressed in numerous articles published on the pages of Ratnik, as well as in special publications, while the technological performance of improved weapons was frequently underestimated.

International Financing Directions for the Transformation of the Country’s Economy in the Modern War (Ukraine as the Example)

International Financing Directions for the Transformation of the Country’s Economy in the Modern War (Ukraine as the Example)

АНАЛІЗ ДОСВІДУ СТВОРЕННЯ ТА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ БАТАЛЬЙОННИХ ТАКТИЧНИХ ГРУП У ХОДІ ВІЙН І ЗБРОЙНИХ КОНФЛІКТІВ СУЧАСНОСТІ

The article, based on the analysis of the experience of using battalion tactical groups during modern wars and armed conflicts, summarizes and systematizes information about examples of the creation and use of battalion tactical groups, presents the structure of a battalion tactical group, which, with the support of attached (interacting) units, ensures the effective conduct of highly maneuverable and autonomous combat operations (fulfillment of assigned tasks) and gives some of its features, clarifies the list of main tasks for battalion tactical groups in modern conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of the actions of units composed of battalion (company) tactical groups during participation in operations (combat missions). In this article, a battalion tactical group should be understood as a temporary military formation made up of regular units of a brigade (regiment), which can perform tactical tasks both as part of a group of troops (forces) and independently, acting in a separate direction. The battalion is used as a base with the means of strengthening attached (supporting) units, including army and tactical aviation. Based on experience, it is better to have less numerous temporary formations than large regiments and brigades, but such that can quickly fulfill assigned defensive and offensive combat tasks, while participating in stabilization, raiding and specific actions. The advantages in the actions of the BTG forces in such a case will be their ability to: quickly adapt to changes in the situation and perform various tasks; act autonomously for a long period of time and separately from each other; inflict damage on the enemy with artillery fire of attached units from long-range positions. Instead, among the shortcomings, it should be highlighted: the dependence of the duration of the battle (fulfillment of tasks), the presence of a developed network of logistical routes and the ability of the BTG to replenish ammunition stocks and other material and technical means in a timely manner; a relatively small radius of their tactical (operational) actions; low effectiveness of BTG during conducting combat actions in the urban areas. Since there is no typical structure of the BTG, they can be either a simplified version or quite numerous, due to the additional staffing of the attached (supporting) units with human and material and technical resources, depending on the conditions of the situation and the nature of the future tasks, which even with the same volume of tasks does not guarantee the formation and filling of BTG with the same number of forces and means.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article has analyzed views of domestic and foreign authors on the essence and content of the concepts of "information warfare", "psychological war" and "information-psychological war" as components of a hybrid war. Within the psychological paradigm, information warfare is understood as the latent impact of information on individual, group and mass consciousness through methods of propaganda, misinformation, manipulation to form new views on the socio-political organization of society through changes in values and basic attitudes. The concept of "world psychological warfare", various theoretical approaches, tools of information and theoretical approach are considered. The tools of the information warfare against Ukraine are propaganda; manipulation; attempts to change public opinion; psychological and psychotropic pressure; spreading rumors, blocking TV and radio broadcasts; removal of Ukrainian channels in the occupied territories; disinformation and distribution of fake news; distribution of fake information. The defining features of the concepts of "information warfare" and "psychological war" are that information warfare is conducted mostly in cyberspace, while psychological – in social space. The organizational differences of the information influence of the Russian Federation in the basic training of law enforcement specialists are investigated. The main directions of work, forms of information warfare activities which were carried out by the Russian party are characterized. The main psychological challenges of modern information wars are shown. The psychological challenges caused by the war are identified, which are conditionally divided into the following four groups: challenges to Ukrainians as a community; challenges to the mental health of the individual; challenges to psychological well-being; challenges to Ukrainian psychologists as a professional community. In the course of the study, recommendations for confrontation in the information warfare were formed. The main necessary measures to counteract the information aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine are suggested.

Hrushevsky M. and the concept of Ukrainian unity (1917–1918)

The article reveals M. Hrushevsky's contribution to the substantiation of the concept of the unity of Ukraine. Historiography includes a wide range of publications devoted to elucidation of the phenomenon of the development by scientist and constant leader of the Central Council of a comprehensive, multifaceted, polyhedral concept of the Ukrainian national democratic revolution, while its organic, integral (though in some sense self-sufficient) component – the theoretical formation of projects to collect in a heap ethnically related branches of Ukrainianness, the territories in which they lived – much less often became the subject of special study and evaluation, freely or unwillingly moved to the periphery of the analysis. As a rule, attention shifted to the events of late 1918-early 1919, when the historical figure no longer exerted such influence on social processes as before. However, the fact remains that a prominent intellectual, impeccably possessing scientific methodology and historical data, in particular – statistics, convincingly proved that the most reliable, most logical and understandable, by the large extent and in general terms legitimate version of the constructive movement to the desired goal must be strict adherence to the ethnographic principle. On its basis, the general boundaries of the settlement of the Ukrainian ethnic group were objectively delineated and specifically calculated real proposals were formulated (such work was not simple and not momental) as to include in the revived state at the district level (of course, especially in borderline cases) historically formed lands, where the undoubted predominant array was Ukrainianness. In controversial and сontradictory situations, taking into account the dynamics of revolutionary change, local referendums and plebiscites were planned. Honest, verified, fair approaches formed the basis of the defining documents that guided the current and perspective process of formation of Ukrainian statehood – the Universals of the Central Council and the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Theoretical hypothetical constructions were subsequently seriously confirmed in their deep essence by life practice. The author concludes that the specified aspect acquires a special sound and political relevance in connection with the modern information war, the epicenter of which has recently been more than a century of experience of Ukrainian statehood, especially its unity component.

ГЕНДЕРНЫЙ ФАКТОР ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МОБИЛИЗАЦИИ В РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ: МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ

Gender approach popularity in modern historiography is marked by the development of a range of ideas that characterize the importance of the gender factor under the conditions of the new and modern time wars. The article analyzes the methodological foundations and historiographic practices of understanding the role of the First World War in the transformation of the gender order in Russia. It is shown that the methodology for studying the issue is interdisciplinary in nature and includes approaches and tools of the historicalanthropological gender research, gender political science and linguistics, theories of propaganda and mass communication. The author highlights achievements in the study of the “woman and war” issue, women’s daily life and activities at the front and in the rear, the significance of the First World War in the transformation of the social role of women in Russia. The article describes the results of the study in gender aspects of military propaganda, perception of events and behavioral practices of combatants and non-combatants. The author emphasizes the continuing relevance of studying the mechanisms and specifics of gender perception of propaganda, ways of male and female involvement in the information and political communication. The article notes the importance of creating a complex study of the gender factor for political mobilization in Russia, considered in a comparative way, compared with similar processes that took place in other countries participating in the conflict.

Defense Strategies for Large Island and Cluster of Small Island in Preparation for Modern Warfare

The war between Russia and Ukraine opened the eyes of the entire international community about the potential for modern wars and third world wars, especially for Indonesia which implemented the defense strategy of the major islands. The strategy is oriented towards building defense forces on large islands, so as to protect themselves from attacks from the enemy and provide protective assistance to small islands located nearby. But the concept of defense that focuses on large islands needs to be reviewed for its suitability to face the threat of modern warfare, especially proxy wars, which instead focus on small and outer islands that are not the main focus of defense force development. Based on this, this research was carried out with the aim of examining the suitability of the defense strategies of large islands to deal with modern warfare, as well as the development of strategies that can effectively face modern warfare. The Research method that was used for this study literature. The research used the secondary method of data collection. The method of data analysis was content analysis. The results stated that the defense strategy of the big islands has loopholes, making it less effective to deal with the threat of modern warfare in the form of proxy wars. The development of a strategy that can be done is to establish the radar defense strategy as one of the orientations in the defense strategy of the big island. Thus, the construction of defenses on large islands is not only oriented inward, but also to the surrounding small islands. Practically speaking, the defense concept is part of the defense of large islands that prioritizes the implementation of joint tni trimatra operations that are conventional and non-conventional, which have a wider scope to reach all areas of small islands around large islands.

Дефинизация категории «война» в международном политико-правовом контексте

The variety of characteristics of the phenomenon of war in the theories of modern wars is studied. It is concluded that the identification of characteristic features of non-traditional warfare will help to overcome the problem of defining the category of “war”, as well as expand the ways of its classification.

Martyrdom and the Visual Production of Otherness in Europe, 1450-1650

In Christian thought and imagination, martyrdom is a fundamental expression of religious belief. During the Early Modern wars of religion and in an age of conflictive relationships between Europeans and their Eastern neighbors, biblical martyrdom, and in particular infant martyrdom, was used as a metaphor to represent contemporary killings and massacres. This article studies representations of real massacres as scenes of martyrdom in early modern Europe during two centuries that go from the fall of Constantinople to the Thirty Years’ War. The text starts with a brief description of the iconography of martyrdom that emerged at the end of the Middle Ages and soon after became topical. Next it discusses the use of this iconography to represent massacres in realistic, propagandistic, and artistic imagery. It also discusses the construction of identities based on the display of innocence and victimhood, and the emergence of a religious Other (Muslim, Catholic, and Protestant in each respective case) imagined as cruel and barbaric.

Lieber and Clausewitz: The Understanding of Modern War and the Theoretical Origins of General Orders No. 100

Lieber and Clausewitz: The Understanding of Modern War and the Theoretical Origins of General Orders No. 100

Nevojni aspekti strateškog odvraćanja

Nowadays state and its citizens are exposed to a wide range of threats that are not necessarily of a military character, which requires a systemic and strategic response. The main hypothesis of the paper is that the very change in the perception of security, as well as the increasingly diverse manners of endangering it, which are also reflected in the theories of modern wars, impose on state the obligation to expand the concept of strategic deterrence to other spheres of social activities, in addition to the military, which still remains crucially important. In order to better understand the concept of strategic deterrence, the authors try to provide answers to the questions: who should be deterred and what from? In addition to armed aggression, which strategic deterrence is primarily aimed at, the paper indicates that the focus has to also be on all other phenomena and activities that lead to the destabilisation of society, the collapse of institutions, some form of intrastate conflict and, ultimately, the collapse of state and/or violent regime change. Having in mind that deterrence is, in essence, a matter of perception, a special part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of the situation in Serbia, that is, the perception of its internal weaknesses that affect the ability of strategic deterrence. For the purpose of this analysis, in the paper the authors use some databases and reports by international organizations, which make it possible to do a comparative analysis with other countries and monitor its trends. Theoretical assumptions and analysed data are used as a basis for answering the question: how to deter? For strategic deterrence to be effective, first of all it must not be partial and has to encompass all domains of national power. In this sense, it is pointed out that military power is important, but not sufficient. Moreover, in the context of strategic deterrence, the importance of strengthening the international position of state through cooperation with others, as well as attracting foreign investment, is emphasized. Finally, as a key condition for the credibility of strategic deterrence, the authors emphasize political stability and the functioning of institutions. Bearing in mind the expansion of the context of strategic deterrence, important institutions in this regard are, in addition to the military, police, intelligence and security services, certainly also the judiciary, financial institutions, educational and health system, cultural and information institutions, etc. For a country that has not managed to ensure the minimum of unity within its society for strategic decisions, or at least the absence of extreme polarisation, as well as the proper functioning of the state apparatus and other segments of society, there are not armed forces that could defend it. Such a state will not be externally attacked by potential enemies, but internally. Precisely due to this, the authors conclude that without a comprehensive and systemic approach, without strong and efficient institutions, without establishing a functional and democratic society, there is no successful deterrence.

The Causes of International Terrorism as a State-Legal Problem

At present, deep crisis is observed in international economic relations; changes are taking place in the spiritual life of the entire society. The modern world is facing ever new threats (including international terrorism), which are most often of a global nature and require an adequate assessment by the entire world community and the immediate adoption of joint efforts to eliminate these threats. In recent years, international terrorism has become one of the most important and global problems of humanity. Modern terrorism is developing in the context of the globalization processes taking place on the planet, which leads to a sharp increase in the level of its threats to both national and international security. The borders between domestic and international terrorism are being erased, and terrorism as a phenomenon and terror as a method of intimidation are being supported in every possible way by a number of countries, becoming a means of unleashing modern wars and armed conflicts. The causes of international terrorism can be divided into three main groups: political, religious and socio-economic. The emergence of the information society is the first and one of the most important prerequisites for the spread of international terrorism. The real state problems that arise in the process of historical development in various spheres of public life in any country are the second prerequisite for international terrorism. Scientific and technological progress is the third prerequisite for terrorist manifestations in the world.

Jugoslovenska vojska u Aprilskom ratu 1941. godine

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia found itself in a difficult position at the beginning of World War II. The internal antinomies caused by unresolved national and political issues reflected badly on the state of the military. The Yugoslav Army was unprepared for a modern war. The military factories in Yugoslavia only produced a segment of light weapons and ammunition, bombs and basic equipment. The active officer staff was few in numbers, which hindered the transition of the peacetime armed forces into the state of war. The military measures that were undertaken were inadequate, inefficient and implemented without a clear plan. The Yugoslav Army's war plan, called R-41, was ill-suited for the situation. It became obvious that three thousand kilometers of state borders were undefendable against a far superior enemy. On April 6th, 1941 Germans launched an attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The outcome of the war and the faith of the Yugoslav Army were decided by three German attacks, performed from a circular base: in Macedonia on April 6th, in Serbia on April 8th, and in Croatia on April 10th. German and Italian troops advanced rapidly, and by April 13th they took Vojvodina, Slovenia, Croatia and Western Bosnia. German troops entered deserted Belgrade on the eve of April 12th. The unconditional capitulation was signed on April 17th, and the entire fighting ceased on April 18th, at 12 PM. The majority of the Yugoslav Army was taken into captivity.

Репрезентація присутності в аерозйомці як пізньомодерна форма організації практик простору

The contemporary Russia-Ukraine war is the first massive late modern war, which shows us not new technologies, but new techniques of its use. At the same time, both in the dimension of the visual experience itself, and in the dimension of its connection with the direct presence of bodies on earth. On the one hand, this is of course a view from a distance, but the compression of the "kill-chain" – time between vision and damage – and the high degree of detail turns the observer into an actor and at the same time an actor into a spectator. The specificity of the Russia-Ukraine war lies in the democratization of this view, because we are talking about the mass use of quadrocopters with a small depth of reconnaissance, actually tactical-level UAVs, in a war that in some places is eerily similar to the First World War. On the other hand, the techniques of the Ukrainian infantry represent a resistance tactic, which usually belongs to the weak position of "given in a view". But in this position, thanks to the drones, they incorporate the "gaze from above" as a proper sensory medium that is closely related to their bodies on the battlefield, bodies that smell, touch, suffer, and die. It is a "gaze from above" of a localized in the landscape bodily concreteness, which is confronted with a fragmented and opaque reality in the horizon of one's own experience. Not only the possibility of defeating the enemy depends on one's own heterotopic view from above, but also one's own security and vulnerability, as well as the possibility of improvisation in the landscape. Such a heterotopic way of seeing is an example of the realization of a late-modern version of the "culture of presence" within the totality of visual experience and is, perhaps, a practical manifestation of a new cultural regime of vision, which will lead to the discovery in a unifying abstract space, within which the visual was the main basis of the logocentric "culture of meanings" and applied representation of space, a new differentiated space as plurality of spaces of representations. One of the tasks of this article is to demonstrate the need for complementarity of spatial and visual turns.

О дате модернизации Аккерманской крепости Франсуа Кауффером

One of the most famous periods in the construction history of the Akkerman Fortress is associated with the name of the French engineer in the Turkish service — François Kauffer. As a result of his activities, the medieval stronghold significantly changed its appearance in the last decade of the 18th century, adapting to the tasks of conducting a modern siege war with the help of heavy powder artillery. The dating of these large-scale works in Ackerman remained under question. Some new documentary sources with their detailed information made such dating possible. Kauffer fixed his presence in the fortress with an autograph on the wall of the citadel tower. Apparently, the modernization took place here in the spring and summer of 1796. Equally, the end of the works was marked by the tughra of the ruling Sultan Selim III, installed on the facade of the main gate. The date on Selim III’s tarih and the one in Kauffer’s autograph is 1796.