Modern Telecommunication Networks Research Articles

Modelling of Timestamp Processing within Transport Network Equipment

The modern telecommunication networks are forming on the basis of different transmission and data processing technologies. High load on the transport layer nodes demands quality synchronization of equipment that works on it. The transport network is an important element which delivers the time scale to slave nodes. Using the time-division multiplexing for the high-speed channel processing with the use of wavelength division multiplexing (OTN, Optical Transport Network) and classic Ethernet networks as a transport layer systems needs the precision time synchronization which can be achieved with the use of Precision Time Protocol (PTP). The modeling apparatus of PTP messages exchanging within OTN multiplexers and IP-network based on the routers are suggested. The packet transferring through the network are given as sequence of simple processing steps. The impact of a network load on PTP information processing capacity on the routers and efficiency of the Forward Error Correction algorithm for OTN equipment are analyzed. The experimental distribution of variable delays on that network elements are given.

Large-scale quantum key distribution network simulator

The wide range of supported services in modern telecommunication networks has increased the demand for highly secure means of communication. Common security frameworks based on the computational security model are expected to become insecure due to significant advances in quantum computing. Quantum key distribution (QKD), a new secret key agreement primitive, enables long-anticipated practical information-theoretical security (ITS). Over the past two decades, academic and industrial communities have devoted their time and resources to developing QKD-based networks that can distribute and serve ITS keys to remote parties. However, because the availability of QKD network testbeds to the larger research community is limited and the deployment of such systems is costly and difficult, progress in this area is noticeably slow. To address this problem and spur future development and education, we provide a valuable, unique tool for simulating a QKD network. The tool is essential to testing novel network management methodologies applied to large-scale QKD networks. The simulator model contained in the tool was validated by simulating a network with six nodes and three pairs of users. The results indicate that the designed functional elements operate correctly.

Fiber Optics Communication: Evolution of Guided Media

Abstract: Fiber Optic Communication system is a key element in modern day telecommunication network used all around the globe. Larger bandwidth signal transmission where data received with lowest possible delay serves as a big edge to both, the telecommunication industry and consumer. Recently, optical fiber communication technology has made great progress, where constantly exploring new technologies has greatly enhanced communications capabilities in the traditional sense. This paper gives an overview of fiber optic communication systems including their key technologies, and also discusses their technological trend towards the next generation. The recent developments in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different Fiber types, their properties, optical sources, detectors, system limitations and applications are also discussed in the paper.

Performance evaluation of a firewall service based on virtualized IncludeOS unikernels

Network function virtualization technology has long moved beyond the experimental phase to become a standard in the implementation of modern telecommunications networks. It is anticipated that in the near future all network services will be implemented in software based on cloud-native architecture. As a result, telecommunications service providers have started exploring containers and unikernels as alternative technologies to traditional virtual machines. This paper presents performance evaluation of a firewall service based on IncludeOS unikernels. It shows that IncludeOS unikernels achieve promising performance results compared to Ubuntu-based virtual machines and containers. The presented evaluation is based on a number of experiments and benchmarks performed to investigate how different parameters of a firewall service change depending on the number of firewall rules.

АНАЛИЗ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ОШИБОК ЦИФРОВЫХ КАНАЛОВ И ТРАКТОВ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЮЩИХ ПЛЕЗИОХРОННУЮ И СИНХРОННУЮ ЦИФРОВЫЕ ИЕРАРХИИ

The aim of the work is to summarize the main features of normalizing the of digital channel and path error parameters for modern telecommunications network equipment. The research methods are comparative analysis combined with the analysis of domestic standards and foreign recommendations regarding the standardization of digital channel and path error parameters. The main calculated relationship for the digital channel and path error characteristics are presented, namely long-term standards for the coefficient of seconds with errors, the coefficient of seconds with significant errors and the coefficient of blocks with background errors. Examples show the procedure for their calcu-lation and analysis. The paper specifies that the number of units to be monitored per second should be increased with the transmission rate to keep a unit size constant. The error rates of synchronous digital paths are emphasized to re-main zero for long periods of time even at Gbit/s rates, and a significant factor of error seconds corresponds to poor quality paths, so monitoring the error seconds must be performed for maintenance purposes. The findings are that long-term standards for error parameters of digital channels and paths don’t only take into account the type of digi-tal hierarchy and rate modes, but also the composition of the hypothetical reference path and its length.

Bases selection with pseudo-random functions in BB84 scheme

Because the spectrum of services available in modern telecommunication networks is constantly expanding, security has become increasingly important. Simultaneously, in an era of constant progress in mathematics and computing, the security of existing cryptographic solutions becomes questionable. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising secret key agreement primitive that enables long-awaited practical Information-Theoretical Secure (ITS) communications. The key generation rate, however, is one of the limitations of its widespread application to secure high throughput data flows. This paper addresses the aforementioned limitation by employing perfectly correlated bases selection defined by the output of Pseudo-Random Functions based on the keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code construction. In theory, the proposed variant of the BB84 scheme is ITS, reduces memory requirements, and reduces communication overhead during the post-processing stage. It can benefit QKD networks as a service by increasing capacity and accommodating users with varying security needs.

Multi-Provider IMS Infrastructure With Controlled Redundancy: A Performability Evaluation

In modern telecommunication networks, services are provided through Service Function Chains (SFC), where network resources are implemented by leveraging virtualization and containerization technologies. In particular, the possibility of easily adding or removing network resources has prompted service providers to redefine some concepts including performance and availability. In line with this new trend, we propose a performability study of a multi-provider containerized IP Multimedia Subsystem (cIMS), an SFC-like infrastructure used in the core part of 4G/5G networks to handle multimedia sessions. On the one hand, performance issues are tackled by modeling each cIMS node in terms of a G/G/m queueing system to derive the Call Setup Delay (CSD), a performance metric related to the user-end experience in multimedia communications. On the other hand, availability issues are addressed through the Multi-State System (MSS) formalism, to take into account different performance rates of the system. Then, we devise an algorithm called PE-MUGF (Performability Evaluation through Multidimensional Universal Generating Function) to identify the minimum-redundancy cIMS configuration which meets given performance and availability targets at the same time. Finally, an extensive experimental analysis based on Clearwater, a containerized IMS testbed, allows us to estimate most of system parameters whose robustness is evaluated through a sensitivity analysis.

Equalization methods for Filter Bank Multicarrier OQAM

Filter bank multi-carrier offset-quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC OQAM) is a hot topic in 5G multi-carrier research. In order to achieve high data rates and reliable wireless communication, receiver channel equalization is required. This is because of the equalizer's excellent spectral efficiency, exceptionally low side-lobe leakage, zero periodic cyclic prefixes (CP), and multiphase filter design. However, a number of degradations, including fading, Doppler shifts, and intermittent symbol interference (ISI), are added to the transmitted data symbols as they traverse the wireless channel, reducing the network's overall quality. To mitigate the negative effects of channel defects, many channel equalization algorithms have been developed for use in modern telecommunications networks. Six different equalizer approaches have been implemented. Using the Pedestrian A and Vehicular B channel in our simulations, we examine how well they function. The system was simulated using MATLAB's Communications Toolbox (an M file). Bit-error-rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were used to evaluate the outcomes. The Bit error rate was calculated by checking for differences between the sent and received bit sequences. The best value of the bit error ratio using frequency domain equalization and the time domain equalization 5.4 and 4.7 , respectively.

Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Analytical Model of a Queuing System with a Finite-Compression Mechanism in Relation to Real Service Disciplines

The article presents the findings of a study that evaluates the feasibility of using an analytical model for a multi-service queuing system with a SDFIFO queuing service discipline and finite compression mechanism to approximate queuing systems with different queuing service disciplines (e.g., FIFO, cFIFO) while also incorporating finite compression. The evaluation involves comparing results obtained from an analytical model with those of simulation studies. The study considers the blocking probability and average queue length as factors. Additionally, two types of compressed traffic were analysed: elastic and adaptive. These are characteristic of modern telecommunications networks, particularly in multimedia applications. This paper is an extended version of our paper published in 4th CoBCom 2022.

Approaches to the intellectualization of information and telecommunication networks security control in transport

The specifics of modern information and telecommunication networks in transport, as an object of information security control, are investigated. The main trends in the development of information and telecommunication network protection technologies (TNPT) have been identified. The presence of the interrelation of the main integrative properties: readiness, mobility, throughput, stealth, accessibility, manageability, which is a consequence of the convergence of information transmission and processing technologies, is noted. A new integrative property of ITCS has become the presence and characteristics of distributed system memory, which allows storing transmitted messages for a certain time. An important feature of modern TNPT is the presence of artificial intelligence, which is formed on the basis of information and algorithmic support of modern TNPT, providing flexibility of the system behavior. These trends indicate the transformation of TNPT into a supersystem, the management tasks of which are insufficiently investigated at present. The purpose of this work is to study new approaches to ensuring the safety management of modern TNPT critical infrastructure, which includes modern systems of sea and river transport, taking into account their features. The object of the study is the information security control system of modern TNPT. The subject of the study is the scientific and methodological support of the TNPT critical infrastructure control. The research objectives are to analyze existing and develop new conceptual frameworks, as well as approaches to improving the TNPT information security control system based on intellectualization methods. The analysis of the existing methodology for managing complex organizational and technical systems and information security control technologies is carried out. The concept of TNPT information security control is formalized schematically. The analysis of the existing approach to the organization of the TNPT information security control process is carried out. The tasks of control intellectualization are defined. The problem of ensuring the efficiency and reliability of the TNPT control is formulated. The main scientific tasks of the development of the TNPT information security control methodology are defined.

Finite element modelling of lattice angle steel structures exposed to wildland fires

Essential civil infrastructure such as transmission line supporting towers and communication base towers that are traditionally formed from lattice angle steel structures are critical global assets, since their development promotes the establishment of electric power supply systems and modern telecommunication networks. Because this infrastructure is commonly located in rural and urban wildland areas, such towers may be prone to wildland fire attack, particularly in the current climate of severe heatwaves and droughts. Accordingly, a comprehensive study of the behaviour and response of lattice angle steel structures under fire loading is needed to assist in structural design to resist fire loading. In this paper, a finite element (FE) model of lattice angle steel structures is constructed using ABAQUS software. Several aspects that include material and geometric non-linearities, load eccentricities on component members, bolted joint slippage, and the use of the explicit dynamic analysis technique for a quasi-static loading procedure, are considered and applied in the FE model. The accuracy and reliability of the FE representation are validated by comparing its predictions with relevant existing experimental results. By incorporating the codified temperature-dependent material properties of structural steel as well as a calibrated load-slip relationship for bolted connections at elevated temperatures, the FE model is extended for performing structural fire analysis. The variations of the steelwork temperatures in wildland fires can be calculated based on representative temperature-time wildland fire curves and is adopted in the fire analysis. By invoking the FE model, an example of lattice angle steel structures is contrived to elucidate the fundamental behaviour of these structures in wildland fires, through both steady and transient state fire analyses. Parametric studies are also undertaken to evaluate the effects of the changes in the wind load direction, bolt pretension and the protection of critical panel sections on the behaviour of lattice structures when exposed to wildland fires.

Multi-Layer QoE Learning System Implemented by Fiberhost

Modern telecommunications networks, despite their ever increasing capacity, mostly attributed to optical fiber technologies, still fail to provide ideal channels for transmitting information. Disruptions in ensuring data throughput or the continuous flow of data required by applications remain as major unresolved problems. Most network mechanisms, protocols and applications feature adaptations that allow them to change the parameters of the transmission channel and try to minimize the negative impact of the network on the perceived quality, for example by temporarily changing the modulation scheme, or coding scheme, or by re-transmitting lost packets, or buffering to compensate for the interruptions in transmission. To respond appropriately, network operators are interested in knowing how well these adaptations are performing in order to assess the ultimate quality of their networks from the user perspective, i.e., Quality of Experience (QoE). Due to the huge amount of data associated with the collection of various parameters of the telecommunications network, machine learning methods are often needed to discover the relationships between various parameters and to identify the root cause of the observed network quality. In this paper, we present a Multi-layer QoE learning system implemented by Fiberhost for QoE analysis with a multi-layer approach based on machine learning tools.

Digital Object Architecture for IoT Networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent technology, which implies the union of objects, “things”, into a single worldwide network. This promising paradigm faces many design challenges associated with the dramatic increase in the number of end-devices. Device identification is one of these challenges that becomes complicated with the increase of network devices. Despite this, there is still no universally accepted method of identifying things that would satisfy all requirements of the existing IoT devices and applications. In this regard, one of the most important problems is choosing an identification system for all IoT devices connected to the public communication networks. Many unique software and hardware solutions are used as a unique global identifier; however, such solutions have many limitations. This article proposes a novel solution, based on the Digital Object Architecture (DOA), that meets the requirements of identifying devices and applications of the IoT. This work analyzes the benefits of using the DOA as an identification platform in modern telecommunication networks. We propose a model of an identification system based on the architecture of digital objects, which differs from the well-known ones. The proposed model ensures an acceptable quality of service (QoS) in the common architecture of the existing public communication networks. A novel interaction architecture is developed by introducing a Middle Handle Register (MHR) between the global register, i.e., Global Handle Register (GHR), and local register, i.e., Local Handle Register (LHR). The aspects of the network interaction and the compatibility of IoT end-devices with the integrated DOA identifiers in heterogeneous communication networks are presented. The developed model is simulated for a wide-area network with allocated registers, and the results are introduced and discussed.

Tracking Normalized Network Traffic Entropy to Detect DDoS Attacks in P4

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks represent a persistent threat to modern telecommunications networks: detecting and counteracting them is still a crucial unresolved challenge for network operators. DDoS attack detection is usually carried out in one or more central nodes that collect significant amounts of monitoring data from networking devices, potentially creating issues related to network overload or delay in detection. The dawn of programmable data planes in Software-Defined Networks can help mitigate this issue, opening the door to the detection of DDoS attacks directly in the data plane of the switches. However, the most widely-adopted data plane programming language, namely P4, lacks supporting many arithmetic operations, therefore, some of the advanced network monitoring functionalities needed for DDoS detection cannot be straightforwardly implemented in P4. This work overcomes such a limitation and presents two novel strategies for flow cardinality and for normalized network traffic entropy estimation that only use P4-supported operations and guarantee a low relative error. Additionally, based on these contributions, we propose a DDoS detection strategy relying on variations of the normalized network traffic entropy. Results show that it has comparable or higher detection accuracy than state-of-the-art solutions, yet being simpler and entirely executed in the data plane.

New dinuclear lanthanide complexes derived from Schiff base ligand and β-diketonate co-ligand: Synthesis, crystal structures, luminescent and magnetic properties

Six new rare earth metal complexes with the general formula [RE2(HL)2(dbm)2(CH3OH)2].2CH3OH (RE = Y (1), Tb (2), Dy (3), Ho (4), Er (5), Yb (6)) have been synthesized and constructed by Schiff base ligand and β-diketonate co-ligand. The single crystal X-ray structure study shows that 1–6 are phenoxo-O-bridged centrosymmetric dinuclear complexes and crystallize in the monoclinic P21/n space group. The near-infrared luminescent study indicates that complex 5 and 6 exhibit the characteristic emission peaks of the Er (III) and Yb (III) ions. Significantly, the emission peak of complex 5 at 1530 nm is located in the third telecommunication window of telecommunication, suggesting complex 5 has great potential application in modern telecommunication network. The alternating-current magnetic analysis reveals that the dysprosium complex exhibits single-molecule-magnet behavior under an applied dc field of 3000 Oe. In addition, the effective energy barrier of 3 is 12.45 K and pre-exponential factor is 1.08 × 10−6 s.

Recent Trends in IoT : A review

The first wave of the internet revolution came in with the growth of personal computers and in the second wave the internet came right onto our palms that is with the advent of mobile devices and here we are, living the third wave where all electronics devices are almost already connected to internet or will be in the near future. We are quickly going into another universe of computing and network. Machines with sensors and sensors catching information sending this data to distributed storage for additional and future use and this cycle in the area of science and innovation many are calling as "The Internet of Things". Machine to machine, machine to system, machine to condition, the Internet of everything, the web of clever things, sharp structure — call it as the need might arise, but it's going on, and its future open doors is enormous and huge. In this paper, we seek to highlight the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) in general, as well as reviewing the main challenges of the IoT environment by focusing on the recent research directions in this topic. Recently, IoT has emerged as a new technology that is used to express a modern wireless telecommunication network, and it can be defined as an intelligent and interoperability node interconnected in a dynamic global infrastructure network, also it seeks to implement the connectivity concept of anything from anywhere at any time. They range widely in use, size, energy capacity, and computation power. However, the integration of these smart things into the standard Internet introduces several security challenges because the majority of Internet technologies and communication protocols were not designed to support IoT.

ОЦЕНКИ МОЩНОСТИ КЛАССОВ ОТОБРАЖЕНИЙ, ПРИМЕНЯЕМЫХ В ПРОТОКОЛАХ КВАНТОВОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ КЛЮЧЕЙ

Introduction: In the near future, quantum cryptography will play an important role in maintaining a sufficient level of information security of modern telecommunication networks in the conditions of a quantum challenge, which refers to the emergence of quantum computers that will be able to effectively solve the mathematical problems on which, for example, modern key distribution systems are based. Now quantum cryptography is actively used by commercial and government agencies around the world and, in particular, in the Russian Federation. At the same time, a large amount of research is being carried out in the field of development and implementation of quantum key distribution systems, as the main part of quantum cryptography. In this regard, the task of developing new and refining existing protocols for quantum key distribution, as well as studying various mathematical and physical objects that are associated with these protocols, is an urgent task. In particular, one of the stages of the classical BB84 protocol implement ed in a noisy quantum channel is associated with the problem of studying correlation immune and stable mappings, part of which is the problem of estimating their number, which has not been completely solved. Purpose: to find mathematical expressions for exact and asymptotic estimates of the cardinalities of classes of (n,m,k) stable and correlation immune of order k boolean mappings. Results: The best currently asymptotic upper and lower bounds for the number of such classes of mappings with the number of outputs greater than or equal to five are obtained. Recurrent relations were also proved, which allow one to find the exact distribution of the cardinalities of classes of similar mappings for the case of small numbers n and m. Practical relevance: the results obtained allow us to estimate the probability that with a random choice of mapping to enhance secrecy at the stage of secondary processing of the BB84 protocol, the situation will be neutralized when the adversary has access to k photons sent over a communication chan nel of his choice.

Mathematical Model of the Delay in Communication Networks Based on QS with a Time Lag

In the mathematical modeling of modern computer networks, telecommunication networks, traffic flows, logistics and many others, the methods of queuing theory are widely used. In turn, in studies of queuing systems (QS) G/G/1 with arbitrary distribution laws of intervals between adjacent requirements of the incoming flow and their service time, the spectral decomposition method (MSD) of solving the Lindley integral equation is often used. This method is based on the search for zeros and poles of the constructed spectral decomposition in the form of some fractional-rational function using numerical methods to determine the roots of polynomials. In this case, the coefficients of the polynomial in the numerator of the expansion are expressed through the unknown parameters of the distribution laws used to describe the QS. In the case of teletraffic research, usually these unknown parameters of the distribution laws can be determined through the numerical characteristics of the intervals between traffic packets by the method of moments. The purpose of this article is to present a fundamentally new mathematical model of a system formed by two flows with distribution laws shifted to the right. This is possible only for those probability distribution laws whose density functions are Laplace transformable. The main advantages of such systems, let us call them time lag systems, are that they provide less queue latency compared to conventional systems, and that they extend the range of traffic parameters. The article presents the results obtained on the average delay of requests in the queue for a system with exponential and hyper-Erlang distributions, an algorithm for calculating the average delay and the results of computational experiments in the Mathcad package.

СИНТЕЗ ПОДСИСТЕМЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО МОНИТОРИНГА ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИОННОЙ СЕТИ ВЕДОМСТВЕННОГО СИТУАЦИОННОГО ЦЕНТРА

The problem statement: based on the analysis of the features of the development of modern public information and telecommunications networks (ITN), which consist in the geographical dispersion of network resources, sources and recipients of information; the pulsating nature of network traffic; heterogeneity of elements and applied network technologies; randomness of functioning; “intolerance” to management; the essential inconsistency of the main char-acteristics and the impossibility of a complete mathematical description, make it impossible to use the existing methods of control of the information and telecommunications system and the need to synthesize its subsystem of intellectual monitoring, as well as to develop new methods based on intelligent approaches. The purpose of the work is to provide synthesis of the subsystem of intelligent monitoring of the information and telecommunications network of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, as one of the key segments of the situation center of the department being created at the present time. Structuring of the controlled space by the terms “monitoring zone”, “critical element” and “technical condition classes” form the basis of a new approach to intelligent monitoring, regardless of the constant improvement (evolution) and heterogeneity of heterogeneous network infrastructures. The values obtained in the course of parametric synthesis of acceptable optimal values of the degree of loading of channels with measuring information make it possible to calculate the throughput of technological channels of tele-measurement-tele-signaling and the necessary amount of buffer memory with a known network topology and a given gravity matrix, providing the average minimum delivery time of intelligent agents (packets of measuring information) and the value of the maximum probability of failure 
 in their service within acceptable limits. Based on the proposed hypergraph of the topological relationship of the monitoring zones of ITN of a household, the structure of its monitoring subsystem is constructed at the levels of fragmentation during the aggregation of controlled processes. The obtained results of the structural and parametric synthesis form the basis of the conceptual model of intelligent monitoring of ITN of the department

Legal regime regulating the laying and protection of submarine cables in the Republic of Croatia

One of the strategic development priorities of the Republic of Croatia is the development and construction of a modern telecommunications network and the availability of high-speed Internet throughout its territory, especially in rural areas and on islands. To enable this, it is important to build a reliable and resilient communication infrastructure. With the cooperation of all stakeholders in the construction, from telecom operators to local and state administrations responsible for the maritime demesne, and with efficient legislation, it is possible to achieve sustainable development of submarine cable infrastructure. The paper provides an overview of the legal aspects of submarine optical cable infrastructure design and application at the national and international levels. Special attention is dedicated to the analysis of a national legal regime regulating the protection and sustainable use of submarine cables. Thus, the authors will provide critical analysis of a kind of dualism present in the application of the Ordinance on the Register of Concessions and the Ordinance on the Register of Concessions on the Maritime Demesne and offer suggestions for potential improvements of a national legal framework pertaining to the right of laying and legally protecting submarine cables.