Modern Russian Federation Research Articles

The main vectors of the development of the ethnopolitical process in modern Russia

Relevance. The problem of the evolution of the ethnopolitical process is one of the factors of the stable political development of modern Russia. The actual state of ethnopolitical relations in the Russian Federation practically does not correspond to the most common expert assessments of the past years. Guided by these largely outdated ideas, state institutions are experiencing difficulties in finding effective tools for regulating interethnic relations in Russia of the 21st century.The purpose of the study is to analyze the main vectors of the development of the ethnopolitical process in the modern Russian Federation Research objectives: to systematize the main scientific approaches to the problem of nation-building, to identify the prerequisites for the causes of contradictions in the field of interethnic relations in post-Soviet Russia, to consider the main vectors of development of the modern ethnopolitical process.Methodology. Structural-functional, historical, and comparative methods were used to solve the research tasks. To clarify the parameters of the transformation of ethnopolitical relations in the Russian Federation, the provisions of the conflictological, primordialist and constructivist approaches were used.The results of the study. The content of the modern ethnopolitical process in Russia is determined by the collision of vectors of endogenous and exogenous content. The dominant problem remains the unwillingness of the expert community and state institutions to reconsider the concepts of the state national policy that have not justified themselves. The vectors of the ethnopolitical process in the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future will be determined by the collision of such leading strategies as "civil identity", "multiculturalism" and the project "Russian political nation". Conclusions. The main prerequisites and causes of contradictions in the interethnic relations of Russian society are revealed. They are associated with the influence of globalization processes and the specific conditions of political, economic and socio-cultural relations in the Russian Federation. The need to adjust traditional approaches to the implementation of state national policy in the modern Russian Federation is argued.

Collectivization as a page of history and its place in the national ideology of modern Russia

The article substantiates the necessity of the national ideology of the modern Russian Federation to be based on adequate representations of most important events of the Soviet period of the country’s history. Russian historiography will inevitably form a system of such representations in the near future. The authors confidently position collectivization of the peasant village as the central of the events in question, showing why the Soviet version of collectivization is approximately as far from the historical truth as the ideological interpretation of the 90s, which arrived to substitute the so-called «Marxism-Leninism». Local history investigations and family chronicles contain one of the principal proofs of this, confirming the consistence of Peasant Studies as a tool for historical and sociological research.

Потенциальный биоклиматический ареал Ephedra distachya L.

The paper presents modern data on the distribution of Ephedra distachya L. an attempt was made to model the bioclimatic range of the species using the maximum entropy method and compare the obtained data with the range defined in the report «Flora of the USSR», taking into account additions from the monographs «Flora of the European Part of the USSR» and «Geography of Trees plants of the USSR». MaxEnt modeling of the potential range of E. distachya was carried out on the basis of the herbarium collections of Saratov State University (SARAT), the GBIF database and the Plantarium electronic atlas. A total of 6973 species location points were used. In accordance with the obtained bioclimatic model, in the modern climate the most favorable conditions for the existence of the species are on the coasts of the Black, Azov, Marmara, Mediterranean and Caspian Seas, in the territories of the former AzSSR, Ukrainian SSR and Georgian SSR. In the RSFSR (modern Russian Federation), the species is optimally located in the Volga, North Caucasus and Southern federal districts. A sharp narrowing of the potential range is observed in the Ural and Central Federal Districts of the Russian Federation, as well as in the territories of the former TurSSR and KazSSR. The accuracy of the model is confirmed by the high AUC (Area Under Curve) score, which is 0.933 for training data and 0.930 for test data. Climatic parameters have been established that influence the distribution of the species, in which its existence is optimal. The greatest contribution to the construction of the model after permutation was made by isothermality (32%), average annual temperature (23.1%), average monthly daily temperature amplitude (12.4%), as well as the maximum temperature of the warmest month (11.6%). A correlation analysis of the parameters that made the greatest contribution after permutation was carried out. When estimating the error using the jackknife method, a variable (average annual temperature) was obtained that contains the most information that is not in other variables; the exclusion of this variable leads to deterioration of the model.

State Migration Policy: Determining Criteria of Effectiveness in the Recipient State

A significant increase of migration flows directed to the Russian Federation from the PostSoviet states makes it possible to consider the modern Russian Federation as one of the main centers of migration attraction in the world, namely, the recipient state of external migration. Migration policy of the recipient state has certain features, which is due to the need to differentiate external migration into demanded and undesirable, to ensure a balance between the interests of government and society, to combine aspects of national security of the state and the personality with an economic and demographic approach to migration. Currently, there are several methods for determining the effectiveness of state migration policy developed by various international organizations, but these methods are focused on developing countries, which, as a rule, are the donor states of migration, or consider the effectiveness of individual components. For example, socio-cultural adaptation and integration of migrants into the host society. In this regard, the need to create new approaches of evaluation the set of measures realized by the state in the field of external migration in the context of the recipient state itself is actualized. Effective migration policy of the recipient state combines approaches that ensure the protection of national interests, the security of the state, society and the personality. It closes addressable the temporary needs of the national labor market, which makes it possible to formulate a number of objective criteria for its evaluation.

Migration Policy of the Russian Federation: Concept, Formation and Development under the Influence of Administrative and Administrative Procedural Legislation

The article discusses the features of the migration policy of the Russian Federation. It has been established that migration policy in the administrative aspect represents an integral system of political, legal, social, economic and ideological measures to regulate migration processes, which are regulated by the norms of administrative and administrative procedural legislation. Attention is paid to the problems of the mechanism for regulating migration processes in the realities of the modern Russian Federation. The need to implement state migration and legal policy has been established, taking into account modern trends characteristic of the main directions of Russia’s activities in the migration sphere. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop the Migration Code of the Russian Federation, systematize migration legislation and its codification.

Путінське задзеркалля: псевдоісторичні ремінісценції як ідеологічне обгрунтування антиукраїнської експансії

The purpose of the research is to characterize the main immanent properties of the rhetoric of the President of the Russian Federation, V. Putin, which appeals to the history of Russia and Ukraine. The methodological approaches are based on the theoretical work of leading experts in history, political science, law, social psychology, hermeneutics and the application of interdisciplinary methods and modern terminology. The scientific novelty of the material is determined by reference to several Putin texts, which ideologically and motivationally framed the large-scale invasion of the Russian army into Ukraine. For the first time, they are analyzed together as forming the core "concept" of the Kremlin's aggressive anti-Ukrainian course. Conclusions. Historical and related commemorative politics play a special role in totalitarian and authoritarian states, as they effectively mobilize society and legitimize existing regimes. In the modern Russian Federation, historical politics serves as a tool for justifying the expansionist, imperialist course of the Kremlin to its neighbors. The disintegration of the Union of the SSR caused a shock to most Russians, who were overwhelmed by feelings of resentment and nostalgia for the lost greatness of the world power. On these psychological strings, the President of the Russian Federation, V. Putin, "plays" who systematically resorts to historical reminiscences, in which he searches for arguments for asserting an aggressive line of behavior in the international arena. The fact that these appeals to the past are accompanied by falsifications and even outright lies is of no particular importance to the "deep Russian people." After all, the speaker determines the degree of truth of what is said there. Manipulation of the mass consciousness of Russian citizens enabled the Russian authorities to mentally and physically involve tens of millions of people in the war against Ukraine. The texts of Putin's articles and addresses convince that the Russian leadership and society have lost their ethical and value orientations, ignore the principles of the rule of law, democratic freedoms, and respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other countries.

The connection of religiosity and political preferences: the experience of foreign and domestic research

The subject of the study is the relationship between religiosity and political preferences of the voter; the object is actual statistical and scientific research on the problems of electoral behavior in Russia, Eastern Europe and the United States of America. The article summarizes the most popular research approaches in the study of the influence of religion on politics, the author presents a brief summary of the materials of influential scientific papers, on the basis of which he makes his own conclusions. The article presents a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the study of the relationship between religion and politics. The author notes that foreign studies in this area have a more extensive database, thanks to a long study of the problem of the relationship between religiosity and political preferences. Nevertheless, Russian researchers also continue to develop this topic and emphasize the increasing role of the religious factor in the politics of the modern Russian Federation. The results obtained by the author are achieved through the use of the methodology of review and critical analysis of statistical research and scientific literature. It is concluded that religiosity and political preferences in the United States and European countries have an impact on the final electoral field. In Russia, scientists recognize the insignificant influence of the religious factor on the general trends of political behavior. Nevertheless, among the believers of Russia, the connection between their religiosity and preferences exists and differs depending on the degree of this very religiosity. It is important to note that the use of data from polling stations and in-depth interviewing in the Russian reality can significantly distort the databases of sociological data. These features of the Russian research field create understandable limitations that are often ignored by researchers, and therefore the data are incomplete. In the conclusion of the article, the author notes the possibility of interaction of religiosity and political preferences through the construct above them.

Социальные цели и духовные смыслы современного политического управления в России

The article is devoted to the analysis of the content and purpose of political management as a special type of management that has ample opportunities for organizing and optimizing relations in society and relations between society and the state. The resources of political management are revealed in conditions of geopolitical risks that negatively impact the Russian state and Russian society and which are neutralized by technologies of political management. Social goals and the spiritual aspect of political governance in the modern Russian Federation, which are based on traditional Russian spiritual values, are highlighted. The thesis is made about the need for sociality, spirituality, morality of politics, without which it is impossible to maintain the stability of the political system.

Политико-правовая идеология И.В. Сталина: общий дискурс

Introduction. The study of the state and law of the USSR, whose successor and legal continuer is the modern Russian Federation, is impossible in isolation from the activities and political outlook of I.V. Stalin, one of its founders and state leader for almost thirty years. The subject of the paper is the discourse analysis of the political and legal ideology of I.V. Stalin by studying the ontological and epistemological prerequisites of its content and identifying on this basis the historical and cultural conditionality of its conceptual idea. Methods. The methodological framework for the work is a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are a combination of dialectics and metaphysics, formational and civilizational approaches, and a number of general scientific and specific scientific methods. The main content of the paper is to establish the features of Stalin’s worldview as a politician and theorist and to study the main points of view on the general nature of his political ideology to provide its most adequate scientific description and definition. Results and conclusions. In relation to the general discourse of I.V. Stalin’s political ideology, the most adequate definitions would be “national Bolshevism” for the period of its formation and crystallization and “national-state socialism” for a later period, which characterizes its content in its mature and final version much more accurately. The fundamental conceptual formula of the Russian nationalization of the communist doctrine was the Stalinist idea of the possibility of building socialism in one single country. It became the value foundation of Stalin’s socio-political project, in whose theoretical justification there was a creative synthesis of the teachings of Marxism-Leninism with the traditions of Russian statehood.

Revival and institutionalization of Cossacks in the south of Russia: stages, peculiarities and current state of affairs

The article discusses the basic principles of the state's interaction with representatives of modern Cossack communities and their organisations in the Southern regions of Russia. It takes into account both the cultural potential of the region and the global political challenges facing the state. The article presents arguments in favour of the idea that modern Cossack communities play a significant role in the social life of Southern Russia. It also highlights the positive influence of Cossack communities on regional security and the promotion of high patriotic sentiments among the local population.
 The author emphasises that the high cultural potential of the Cossack communities in Southern Russia can be utilised for the institutionalisation of civic patriotism. However, the article also acknowledges the cultural and historical peculiarities of the region, particularly the historical memory of the residents considering themselves direct descendants of pre-revolutionary Cossacks who greatly suffered from the state policy conducted by the Bolsheviks during the Soviet era.
 Therefore, the integration of the history of Cossacks in Southern Russia into the national history of the modern Russian Federation remains relevant, especially given the challenges and threats of recent decades. The article highlights that representatives of Cossack organisations actively participate in institutionalising the historical memory of the region's residents.
 Attention is drawn to the fact that the Cossacks possess important resources that, in collaboration with the authorities and local self-government bodies, enable them to pursue a policy aimed at ensuring socio-cultural security in Southern Russia. In conclusion, the author suggests that consistent measures should be taken to strengthen socio-cultural security in the Southern regions of Russia, with active involvement and support from Cossack organisations.

Воєнні та військові злочини в кримінальному законодавстві Російської імперії, РРФСР та Російської Федерації: теорія і безпосередня практика

The qualification of military and war crimes in the legislation of the Tsardom of Muscovy, the Russian Empire, the RSFSR and modern Russia is considered. A conclusion about the primacy of military expediency over considerations of universal morality and humanism is made. Thus, the legislation of the Tsardom of Muscovy foresaw the possibility of turning the so-called boyar children (the younger layer of the boyars), suspended by the tsar from service, into kholops (serfs). The military legislation of Peter I does not distinguish between the suicide of a soldier and treason. The military reform of Alexander II, carried out by Minister Milyutin, somewhat liberalized military legislation and created a clear system of military courts. The refusal of the Provisional Government to use the death penalty disorganized the Russian army, and this was considered by the Bolsheviks while creating the Red Guards and the Red Army. During the civil war, the Bolshevik headship even used decimation regarding the Red Army men. After the end of hostilities, military crimes (Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1922) were generally punished more mildly, but the tightening of the screws in the direction of repression’s increase began almost immediately. These processes reached their apogee during the Second World War when the widest range of cases was handed over to military tribunals. In the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1960, the number of military crimes doubled, and the sanction became as severe as possible (up to the death penalty). The concept of a war crime is first mentioned in Article 67.1. The use of biological weapons, but it was introduced into the Code by the Law of the Russian Federation, dated 29.04.1993. The criminal code of the modern Russian Federation includes both military and war crimes, the sanctions are severe, but thesein no way restrain the Russian army, Rosgvardiya (National Guard of Russia), and paramilitary formations during a full-scale war against Ukraine. The world has witnessed numerous crimes against the civilian population, prisoners of war, and the environment (the blowing up of the Kakhovka HPP).

Образ «грядущего царя» и мифологемы современного эсхатологического монархизма

This article presents a hermeneutic analysis of the key concept of eschatological monarchism, i.e. the image of the coming eschatological tsar, whose accession to the throne is expected at the end of the world’s existence, shortly before the onset of the last apocalyptic events. Such mythologemes are particularly popular among Orthodox fundamentalists, the movement of tsarebozhniki (tsar worshippers), who endow the monarch and monarchy with a special sacred religious status. They commonly hold the idea that the modern Russian Federation is an illegitimate state. The author starts with analysing the modern Russian monarchical discourse, in which two varieties are distinguished: legitimism and eschatological monarchism. The latter consists of Orthodox-like subcultures, characterized by radical antiglobalism; Satanist Masonic conspiracy mythologemes; apostasy of the hierarchy of the Moscow Patriarchate; fight against ecumenism, modernism, crypto-Catholics, information technology, bank cards, documents, methods of encoding information, and modern technology. This phenomenon is based on the nostalgic mythologemеs of the Golden Age, idealizing the Russian Empire and the tsardom of Ivan the Terrible, as well as on the mythologemes of the heroic myth about the tsar as an invincible warrior hero defeating evil forces, and conspiracy mythologemes about the tsar as the only force capable of resisting powerful enemies-conspirators. The sources of monarchical eschatological mythologemes are mainly prophecies attributed, with varying degrees of certainty, to canonized saints or to non-canonized, but widely revered persons, as well as anonymous, pseudonymous and apocryphal texts. The coming eschatological tsar is not considered by the adherents as a successor to the Russian emperors: he is the first and only in his ranks. The nature of his use of monarchical power contains a mythological reference to the image of Ivan the Terrible. The image of the coming tsar is formed by a set of messianic ideologemes and mythologemes, such as “the coming tsar is an invincible military leader”, “the coming tsar will be feared by the antichrist himself”, “the tsar will cleanse the church of apostate hierarchs and various heretics”, “the form of government will be authoritarian and totalitarian”, “under the tsar’s rule, Russia will become the most powerful state in the world” or “under the tsar’s rule, Russia will be a materially poor, but spiritually rich state”.

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL LABOR MARKET IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PERM REGION)

Introduction. The long-term sustainable functioning of regional socio-economic systems in modern conditions of economic transformation directly depends on the pace, ratio and structural characteristics of regional labor markets. At the same time, in fact, in the regional socio-economic systems of the modern Russian Federation, the functions of the labor market are implemented in most cases not in full and insufficiently effectively. Methods. The research is based on analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, critical analysis of special literature, economic and statistical analysis. Results. The analysis of the current state of the regional labor market of the Perm Region is characterized by a number of quantitative and qualitative indicators that influence the trends in labor productivity, the financial and economic efficiency of the functioning of the region's economy and, ultimately, the level and quality of life of the population. Conclusions. The main trends and problems of the development of the regional labor market of the Perm Region (2016-2022) are identified, as well as the directions and problems of its influence on the functioning of the regional economy as a whole.

Ecological situation in the modern Russian Federation: comparison with other countries as a basis for new ideas for the development of the state

Most of the existing environmental problems have not been resolved yet, and some of them become aggravated. There is awareness that the tools that have been used so far to solve these problems can’t handle them. There is an interest in the analysis of existing environmental problems among social activists. The purpose of this article is to develop new ideas and directions for improving the environmental policy of Russia, based on an analysis of existing problems. In work elements of comparative and systematic approaches and general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction were used. The main environmental problems that exist in Russia are: waste management issues, water pollution, deforestation, skepticism towards alternative and green energy. The study revealed the need to consider new trends in the environmental policy of Russia from the standpoint of political ecology. Among the necessary measures, it is worth noting the following: the introduction of a new ideology that will put in the first place the harmonious relationship between nature and a human; introduction of environmental education; a new system of preparing the specialists, including courses on an environmentally oriented lifestyle; information policy, revealing the essence of existing environmental problems; support for environmental organizations; introduction of a new approach to alternative energy and green technologies.

Economic Aspects of the Development Processes of Urbanized Territories

The article is devoted consideration of the processes of ecologization of urbanized territories. The author notes that urbanization has caused many environmental problems, among which the vulnerability of urban systems and the low level of environmental quality can be noted. In the modern Russian Federation, 75% of the total population of the country lives in urban areas. The features of the development of modern urbanized territories, leading to environmental pollution and further degradation, are highlighted. Improving the system of green spaces, based on urban zoning, soil conditions, climatic features, can significantly improve the ecological situation in the urban environment. It is noted that urban ecology leads to an increase in the quality of life of the population living in these territories through the greening of urban landscapes, approaching the natural environment, phytomelioration , and the formation of an attractive image of the city. Some physiological and ecological features of green spaces, which determine their important role in the greening of urban areas, have been studied. Plant species that are most suitable for landscaping urban areas in modern conditions are proposed. It is also noted that the growth of the ecological and economic competitiveness of the territory based on the use of an environmentally sound approach in the creation and operation of urban green spaces can cause an increase in revenues to the municipal budget.

Вопросы подведомственности споров третейскому разбирательству. Анализ законодательства Литовской Республики

The issues of jurisdiction of civil legal disputes of business entities to arbitration proceedings are analyzed. The institution of commercial arbitration is understood as non-state economic justice. Particular attention is paid to the issues of jurisdiction of arbitration institutions to resolve certain types of disputes. Lithuanian Republic’s legislation and the activities of Lithuanian arbitration institutions are studied. It is argued that this state has formed a fairly developed market economy with a certain trade turnover. Accordingly, commercial arbitration is in demand as a non-state method of resolving economic disputes, both national and international, between business entities. Attention is drawn to the genesis of the legal system of Lithuanian Republic, which was influenced by both the legal system of the former USSR and the modern Russian Federation, as well as the legal systems of Western and Eastern European countries. The industry of commercial arbitration of Lithuanian Republic and the legal regulation of issues of jurisdiction of disputes and the competence of arbitration institutions are examined in detail. Conclusions are formulated on the legislative regulation of issues of jurisdiction of disputes in arbitration proceedings.

Social Media and Political Communication: Studying the Interactive Component

The study purpose is to examine the measure of popularity of separate interactive components of political discourse delivery through social media in the modern Russian Federation. The research methodology builds on an empirical approach through a door-to-door survey. It involved a total number of 1,000 residents of Moscow, the Russian Federation. Respondents were divided into 5 groups of 200 people. They had to choose one of the following types of social media as the most frequently used: social networks, online video platforms (OVPs), blogs, and messengers. Accordingly, the research results demonstrated that social networks are the most popular (53.4%) among study participants. Less number of respondents (19%) consider messengers effective, 15.4% of study participants find video hosting the most significant type of social media, and only 12.2% believe that blogs are the most effective among others. Furthermore, the following factors determined the interactive component of political discourse in social media: the involvement of respondents regarding the participation in online voting, commenting and reposting content (48%), maintaining a blog with a political intent (34%), and refusal to participate in political dialogue (18%). The research results may contribute to further study regarding the behavioral features of media platform users and ways to establish communication between government structures and the public. It may also grant improving the methods of psychological influence on the citizen worldview within political science. The research has a practical significance as the results obtained may facilitate lobbying the interests of political subjects and develop campaigning activities.

Советский Союз как империя: к вопросу о политико-правовой природе территориального устройства СССР

Introduction: despite the fact that the modern Russian Federation is the legal successor of the USSR and historically has grown out of it, the necessary theoretical analysis of the Soviet statehood does not occur in modern social sciences. This also applies to the problem of the political and territorial structure of the Soviet Union, about the form of which there is a significant range of opinions in the literature, often diametrically opposed. The subject of the paper is to find the most accurate methods of studying the nature of the territorial organization of the Soviet state, and its purpose is to determine on this basis an adequate state form of the USSR. Methods: the methodological framework for the work is a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the dialectical and historical-legal methods and the civilizational approach are of key importance in the systematic analysis of the basic conditions of education and trends in the evolution of the Soviet statehood. The results of the study show that when searching for the optimal model of the state form, especially in a revolutionary situation, it is impossible to dogmatically oppose democracy to dictatorship, unitarianism to federalism, centralization to autonomy, etc., which was well demonstrated by the leadership of the Bolshevik Party by creating an updated version of the giant Eurasian (Russian) continental empire of the socialist type. Conclusions: the Soviet Union possessed a sufficient set of political and legal features that allow it to be attributed to empires. Therefore, looking in many external parameters as a historical break with the St. Petersburg Empire, the Soviet state that replaced it, from the point of view of the logic of Russian history and its political and legal content, was a necessary link in the evolution of the Russian statehood, representing a completely natural phase of its development and having at its core an imperial geopolitical nature, genetically characteristic of the Russian civilization.

Культура отмены в современной России: политические аспекты

This article analyzes the features of the ineffectiveness of the culture of cancellation in the political system of the modern Russian Federation. The circumstances that impede the active use of the culture of cancellation in Russia in the near future are revealed. General assessments of the culture of cancellation, as well as the mechanism of confrontation with it, are not considered in the text.

The Alan capital *Magas: A preliminary identification of its location

AbstractThis article proposes that *Magas, capital city of the North Caucasian Kingdom of Alania, can be identified with the gorodishche (hillfort) of Il'ichevsk, in Krasnodar Krai in the modern Russian Federation. The Kingdom of Alania was the most powerful polity in the North Caucasus in the tenth and eleventh centuries; however, the location of its capital has never been satisfactorily established. This article reviews the evidence of written sources on *Magas – notably Masʿūdī, Juvayni, Rashid al-Din, and the Yuan-Shi – and identifies four criteria which can be used to identify the site of *Magas. These are its occupation between the tenth and thirteenth centuries; the influence of the Alan kings over it; its massive fortifications; and its capture by the Mongols in 1239–40. All of these features can be identified at Il'ichevsk, in contrast to previously proposed sites of *Magas.